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asciidoc.html
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="application/xhtml+xml; charset=UTF-8" />
<meta name="generator" content="AsciiDoc 8.6.4" />
<title>AsciiDoc User Guide</title>
<style type="text/css">
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h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6,
div.title, caption.title,
thead, p.table.header,
div#toctitle,
span#author, span#revnumber, span#revdate, span#revremark,
div#footer {
font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;
}
/* Serif font. */
div.sectionbody {
font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif;
}
/* Monospace font. */
tt {
font-size: inherit;
}
body {
margin: 1em 5% 1em 5%;
}
a {
color: blue;
text-decoration: underline;
}
a:visited {
color: fuchsia;
}
em {
font-style: italic;
color: navy;
}
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color: #083194;
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tt {
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color: navy;
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h3 + * {
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div.sectionbody {
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p {
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margin-bottom: 0.5em;
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pre {
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font-weight: bold;
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}
span#revnumber, span#revdate, span#revremark {
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div#footer {
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margin-bottom: 1.5em;
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margin-bottom: 2.0em;
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color: #606060;
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div.content { /* Block element content. */
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/* Block element titles. */
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color: #527bbd;
font-weight: bold;
text-align: left;
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margin-bottom: 0.5em;
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div.title + * {
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td div.title:first-child {
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text-align: left;
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/* DEPRECATED: Pre version 8.2.7 verse style literal block. */
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div.imageblock div.content { padding-left: 0; }
span.image img { border-style: none; }
a.image:visited { color: white; }
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margin-bottom: 0.8em;
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dt {
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margin-bottom: 0;
font-style: normal;
color: navy;
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dd > *:first-child {
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ul, ol {
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ol.arabic {
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ol.loweralpha {
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ol.upperalpha {
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ol.lowerroman {
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ol.upperroman {
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div.compact ul, div.compact ol,
div.compact p, div.compact p,
div.compact div, div.compact div {
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margin-bottom: 0.1em;
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div.tableblock > table {
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thead, p.table.header {
font-weight: bold;
color: #527bbd;
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tfoot {
font-weight: bold;
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td > div.verse {
white-space: pre;
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p.table {
margin-top: 0;
}
/* Because the table frame attribute is overriden by CSS in most browsers. */
div.tableblock > table[frame="void"] {
border-style: none;
}
div.tableblock > table[frame="hsides"] {
border-left-style: none;
border-right-style: none;
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div.tableblock > table[frame="vsides"] {
border-top-style: none;
border-bottom-style: none;
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div.hdlist {
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margin-bottom: 0.8em;
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div.hdlist tr {
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dt.hdlist1.strong, td.hdlist1.strong {
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td.hdlist1 {
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padding-right: 0.8em;
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td.hdlist2 {
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.comment {
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#footnotes {
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padding: 7px 0 0 0;
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#footnotes hr {
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height: 1px;
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margin-left: 0;
width: 20%;
min-width: 100px;
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div.colist td {
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div.colist td img {
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@media print {
div#footer-badges { display: none; }
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div#toc {
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div#toctitle {
color: #527bbd;
font-size: 1.1em;
font-weight: bold;
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 0.1em;
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font-size: 0.9em;
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span.aqua { color: aqua; }
span.black { color: black; }
span.blue { color: blue; }
span.fuchsia { color: fuchsia; }
span.gray { color: gray; }
span.green { color: green; }
span.lime { color: lime; }
span.maroon { color: maroon; }
span.navy { color: navy; }
span.olive { color: olive; }
span.purple { color: purple; }
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span.teal { color: teal; }
span.white { color: white; }
span.yellow { color: yellow; }
span.aqua-background { background: aqua; }
span.black-background { background: black; }
span.blue-background { background: blue; }
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span.green-background { background: green; }
span.lime-background { background: lime; }
span.maroon-background { background: maroon; }
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span.purple-background { background: purple; }
span.red-background { background: red; }
span.silver-background { background: silver; }
span.teal-background { background: teal; }
span.white-background { background: white; }
span.yellow-background { background: yellow; }
span.big { font-size: 2em; }
span.small { font-size: 0.6em; }
</style>
<script type="text/javascript">
/*<+'])');
// Function that scans the DOM tree for header elements (the DOM2
// nodeIterator API would be a better technique but not supported by all
// browsers).
var iterate = function (el) {
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if (i.nodeType == 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */) {
var mo = re.exec(i.tagName);
if (mo && (i.getAttribute("class") || i.getAttribute("className")) != "float") {
result[result.length] = new TocEntry(i, getText(i), mo[1]-1);
}
iterate(i);
}
}
}
iterate(el);
return result;
}
var toc = document.getElementById("toc");
var entries = tocEntries(document.getElementById("content"), toclevels);
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div.className = "toclevel" + entry.toclevel;
toc.appendChild(div);
}
if (entries.length == 0)
toc.parentNode.removeChild(toc);
},
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Footnotes generator
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/* Based on footnote generation code from:
* http://www.brandspankingnew.net/archive/2005/07/format_footnote.html
*/
footnotes: function () {
var cont = document.getElementById("content");
var noteholder = document.getElementById("footnotes");
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// Because JavaScript has no s (dotall) regex flag.
note = spans[i].innerHTML.match(/\s*\[([\s\S]*)]\s*/)[1];
noteholder.innerHTML +=
"<div class='footnote' id='_footnote_" + n + "'>" +
"<a href='#_footnoteref_" + n + "' title='Return to text'>" +
n + "</a>. " + note + "</div>";
spans[i].innerHTML =
"[<a id='_footnoteref_" + n + "' href='#_footnote_" + n +
"' title='View footnote' class='footnote'>" + n + "</a>]";
var id =spans[i].getAttribute("id");
if (id != null) refs["#"+id] = n;
}
}
if (n == 0)
noteholder.parentNode.removeChild(noteholder);
else {
// Process footnoterefs.
for (i=0; i<spans.length; i++) {
if (spans[i].className == "footnoteref") {
var href = spans[i].getElementsByTagName("a")[0].getAttribute("href");
href = href.match(/#.*/)[0]; // Because IE return full URL.
n = refs[href];
spans[i].innerHTML =
"[<a href='#_footnote_" + n +
"' title='View footnote' class='footnote'>" + n + "</a>]";
}
}
}
}
}
/*]]>*/
</script>
</head>
<body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>AsciiDoc User Guide</h1>
<span id="author">Stuart Rackham</span><br />
<span id="email"><tt><<a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>></tt></span><br />
<div id="toc">
<div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
<noscript><p><b>JavaScript must be enabled in your browser to display the table of contents.</b></p></noscript>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>AsciiDoc is a text document format for writing notes, documentation,
articles, books, ebooks, slideshows, web pages, blogs and UNIX man
pages. AsciiDoc files can be translated to many formats including
HTML, PDF, EPUB, man page. AsciiDoc is highly configurable: both the
AsciiDoc source file syntax and the backend output markups (which can
be almost any type of SGML/XML markup) can be customized and extended
by the user.</p></div>
<div class="sidebarblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="title">This document</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This is an overly large document, it probably needs to be refactored
into a Tutorial, Quick Reference and Formal Reference.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you’re new to AsciiDoc read this section and the <a href="#X6">Getting Started</a> section and take a look at the example AsciiDoc (<tt>*.txt</tt>)
source files in the distribution <tt>doc</tt> directory.</p></div>
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_introduction">1. Introduction</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>AsciiDoc is a plain text human readable/writable document format that
can be translated to DocBook or HTML using the <tt>asciidoc(1)</tt> command.
You can then either use <tt>asciidoc(1)</tt> generated HTML directly or run
<tt>asciidoc(1)</tt> DocBook output through your favorite DocBook toolchain or
use the AsciiDoc <tt>a2x(1)</tt> toolchain wrapper to produce PDF, EPUB, DVI,
LaTeX, PostScript, man page, HTML and text formats.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The AsciiDoc format is a useful presentation format in its own right:
AsciiDoc markup is simple, intuitive and as such is easily proofed and
edited.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>AsciiDoc is light weight: it consists of a single Python script and a
bunch of configuration files. Apart from <tt>asciidoc(1)</tt> and a Python
interpreter, no other programs are required to convert AsciiDoc text
files to DocBook or HTML. See <a href="#X11">Example AsciiDoc Documents</a>
below.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Text markup conventions tend to be a matter of (often strong) personal
preference: if the default syntax is not to your liking you can define
your own by editing the text based <tt>asciidoc(1)</tt> configuration files.
You can also create configuration files to translate AsciiDoc
documents to almost any SGML/XML markup.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><tt>asciidoc(1)</tt> comes with a set of configuration files to translate
AsciiDoc articles, books and man pages to HTML or DocBook backend
formats.</p></div>
<div class="sidebarblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="title">My AsciiDoc Itch</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>DocBook has emerged as the de facto standard Open Source documentation
format. But DocBook is a complex language, the markup is difficult to
read and even more difficult to write directly — I found I was
spending more time typing markup tags, consulting reference manuals
and fixing syntax errors, than I was writing the documentation.</p></div>
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="X6">2. Getting Started</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_installing_asciidoc">2.1. Installing AsciiDoc</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>See the <tt>README</tt> and <tt>INSTALL</tt> files for install prerequisites and
procedures. Packagers take a look at <a href="#X38">Packager Notes</a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="X11">2.2. Example AsciiDoc Documents</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The best way to quickly get a feel for AsciiDoc is to view the
AsciiDoc web site and/or distributed examples:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Take a look at the linked examples on the AsciiDoc web site home
page <a href="http://www.methods.co.nz/asciidoc/">http://www.methods.co.nz/asciidoc/</a>. Press the <em>Page Source</em> sidebar menu item to view
corresponding AsciiDoc source.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Read the <tt>*.txt</tt> source files in the distribution <tt>./doc</tt> directory
along with the corresponding HTML and DocBook XML files.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_asciidoc_document_types">3. AsciiDoc Document Types</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are three types of AsciiDoc documents: article, book and
manpage. All document types share the same AsciiDoc format with some
minor variations. If you are familiar with DocBook you will have
noticed that AsciiDoc document types correspond to the same-named
DocBook document types).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Use the <tt>asciidoc(1)</tt> <tt>-d</tt> (<tt>--doctype</tt>) option to specify the AsciiDoc
document type — the default document type is <em>article</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By convention the <tt>.txt</tt> file extension is used for AsciiDoc document
source files.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_article">3.1. article</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Used for short documents, articles and general documentation. See the
AsciiDoc distribution <tt>./doc/article.txt</tt> example.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>AsciiDoc defines standard DocBook article frontmatter and backmatter
<a href="#X93">section markup templates</a> (appendix, abstract, bibliography,
glossary, index).</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_book">3.2. book</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Books share the same format as articles, with the following
differences:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
The part titles in multi-part books are <a href="#X17">top level titles</a>
(same level as book title).
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Some sections are book specific e.g. preface and colophon.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Book documents will normally be used to produce DocBook output since
DocBook processors can automatically generate footnotes, table of
contents, list of tables, list of figures, list of examples and
indexes.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>AsciiDoc defines standard DocBook book frontmatter and backmatter
<a href="#X93">section markup templates</a> (appendix, dedication, preface,
bibliography, glossary, index, colophon).</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><div class="title">Example book documents</div><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Book
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The <tt>./doc/book.txt</tt> file in the AsciiDoc distribution.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Multi-part book
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The <tt>./doc/book-multi.txt</tt> file in the AsciiDoc distribution.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_manpage">3.3. manpage</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Used to generate roff format UNIX manual pages. AsciiDoc manpage
documents observe special header title and section naming conventions — see the <a href="#X1">Manpage Documents</a> section for details.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>AsciiDoc defines the <em>synopsis</em> <a href="#X93">section markup template</a> to
generate the DocBook <tt>refsynopsisdiv</tt> section.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>See also the <tt>asciidoc(1)</tt> man page source (<tt>./doc/asciidoc.1.txt</tt>) from
the AsciiDoc distribution.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="X5">4. AsciiDoc Backends</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <tt>asciidoc(1)</tt> command translates an AsciiDoc formatted file to the
backend format specified by the <tt>-b</tt> (<tt>--backend</tt>) command-line
option. <tt>asciidoc(1)</tt> itself has little intrinsic knowledge of backend
formats, all translation rules are contained in customizable cascading
configuration files. Backend specific attributes are listed in the
<a href="#X88">Backend Attributes</a> section.</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
docbook45
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Outputs DocBook XML 4.5 markup.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
html4
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This backend generates plain HTML 4.01 Transitional markup.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
xhtml11
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This backend generates XHTML 1.1 markup styled with CSS2. Output
files have an <tt>.html</tt> extension.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
slidy
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Use this backend to generate self-contained
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Talks/Tools/Slidy2/">Slidy</a> HTML slideshows for
your web browser from AsciiDoc documents. The Slidy backend is
documented in the distribution <tt>doc/slidy.txt</tt> file and
<a href="http://www.methods.co.nz/asciidoc/slidy.html">online</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
wordpress
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
A minor variant of the <em>html4</em> backend to support
<a href="http://srackham.wordpress.com/blogpost1/">blogpost</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
latex
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Experimental LaTeX backend.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_backend_aliases">4.1. Backend Aliases</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Backend aliases are alternative names for AsciiDoc backends. AsciiDoc
comes with two backend aliases: <em>html</em> (aliased to <em>xhtml11</em>) and
<em>docbook</em> (aliased to <em>docbook45</em>).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can assign (or reassign) backend aliases by setting an AsciiDoc
attribute named like <tt>backend-alias-<alias></tt> to an AsciiDoc backend
name. For example, the following backend alias attribute definitions
appear in the <tt>[attributes]</tt> section of the global <tt>asciidoc.conf</tt>
configuration file:</p></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>backend-alias-html=xhtml11
backend-alias-docbook=docbook45</tt></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_docbook">4.2. DocBook</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>AsciiDoc generates <em>article</em>, <em>book</em> and <em>refentry</em>
<a href="http://www.docbook.org/">DocBook</a> documents (corresponding to the
AsciiDoc <em>article</em>, <em>book</em> and <em>manpage</em> document types).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>DocBook documents are not designed to be viewed directly. Most Linux
distributions come with conversion tools (collectively called a
toolchain) for <a href="#X12">converting DocBook files</a> to presentation
formats such as Postscript, HTML, PDF, EPUB, DVI, PostScript, LaTeX,
roff (the native man page format), HTMLHelp, JavaHelp and text.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="X35">4.3. XHTML Stylesheets</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>AsciiDoc XHTML output is styled using CSS2 stylesheets from the
distribution <tt>./stylesheets/</tt> directory.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="./images/icons/important.png" alt="Important" />
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph"><p>All browsers have CSS quirks, but Microsoft’s IE6 has so many
omissions and errors that the <tt>xhtml11-quirks.css</tt> stylesheet and
<tt>xhtml11-quirks.conf</tt> configuration files are available for inclusion
during XHTML backend processing to to implement workarounds for IE6.
Set the AsciiDoc <em>quirks</em> attribute to enable AsciiDoc’s quirks mode,
for example with the <tt>--attribute quirks!</tt> command-line option.</p></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Default <em>xhtml11</em> stylesheets:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<tt>./stylesheets/xhtml11.css</tt>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The main stylesheet.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<tt>./stylesheets/xhtml11-manpage.css</tt>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Tweaks for manpage document type generation.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<tt>./stylesheets/xhtml11-quirks.css</tt>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Stylesheet modifications to work around IE6 browser
incompatibilities.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Use the <em>theme</em> attribute to select an alternative set of stylesheets.
For example, the command-line option <tt>-a theme=foo</tt> will use
stylesheets <tt>foo.css</tt>, <tt>foo-manpage.css</tt> (and <tt>foo-quirks.css</tt> if
quirks mode is enabled) instead of the default stylesheets.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Use the <em>stylesheet</em> attribute to include an additional stylesheet in
XHTML documents. For example, the command-line option <tt>-a
stylesheet=newsletter.css</tt> will use stylesheets <tt>newsletter.css</tt>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_document_structure">5. Document Structure</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>An AsciiDoc document consists of a series of <a href="#X8">block elements</a>
starting with an optional document Header, followed by an optional
Preamble, followed by zero or more document Sections.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Almost any combination of zero or more elements constitutes a valid
AsciiDoc document: documents can range from a single sentence to a
multi-part book.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_block_elements">5.1. Block Elements</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Block elements consist of one or more lines of text and may contain
other block elements.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The AsciiDoc block structure can be informally summarized as follows
<span class="footnote"><br />[This is a rough structural guide, not a rigorous syntax
definition]<br /></span>:</p></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>Document ::= (Header?,Preamble?,Section*)
Header ::= (Title,(AuthorInfo,RevisionInfo?)?)
AuthorInfo ::= (FirstName,(MiddleName?,LastName)?,EmailAddress?)
RevisionInfo ::= (RevisionNumber?,RevisionDate,RevisionRemark?)
Preamble ::= (SectionBody)
Section ::= (Title,SectionBody?,(Section)*)
SectionBody ::= ((BlockTitle?,Block)|BlockMacro)+
Block ::= (Paragraph|DelimitedBlock|List|Table)
List ::= (BulletedList|NumberedList|LabeledList|CalloutList)
BulletedList ::= (ListItem)+
NumberedList ::= (ListItem)+
CalloutList ::= (ListItem)+
LabeledList ::= (ListEntry)+
ListEntry ::= (ListLabel,ListItem)
ListLabel ::= (ListTerm+)
ListItem ::= (ItemText,(List|ListParagraph|ListContinuation)*)</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Where:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<em>?</em> implies zero or one occurrence, <em>+</em> implies one or more
occurrences, <em>*</em> implies zero or more occurrences.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
All block elements are separated by line boundaries.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<tt>BlockId</tt>, <tt>AttributeEntry</tt> and <tt>AttributeList</tt> block elements (not
shown) can occur almost anywhere.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
There are a number of document type and backend specific
restrictions imposed on the block syntax.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The following elements cannot contain blank lines: Header, Title,
Paragraph, ItemText.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
A ListParagraph is a Paragraph with its <em>listelement</em> option set.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
A ListContinuation is a <a href="#X15">list continuation element</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="X95">5.2. Header</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The Header contains document meta-data, typically title plus optional
authorship and revision information:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
The Header is optional, but if it is used it must start with a
document <a href="#X17">title</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Optional Author and Revision information immediately follows the
header title.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The document header must be separated from the remainder of the
document by one or more blank lines and cannot contain blank lines.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The header can include comments.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The header can include <a href="#X18">attribute entries</a>, typically
<em>doctype</em>, <em>lang</em>, <em>encoding</em>, <em>icons</em>, <em>data-uri</em>, <em>toc</em>,
<em>numbered</em>.
</p>
</li>
<li>