diff --git a/VERSION b/VERSION
index 267637b120..7d2424c90b 100644
--- a/VERSION
+++ b/VERSION
@@ -1 +1 @@
-1.8.11
+1.8.12
diff --git a/build/ci.go b/build/ci.go
index 9f3ed829c6..5939d91e96 100644
--- a/build/ci.go
+++ b/build/ci.go
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ func doLint(cmdline []string) {
 	configs := []string{
 		"--vendor",
 		"--tests",
-		"--deadline=10m",
+		"--deadline=2m",
 		"--disable-all",
 		"--enable=goimports",
 		"--enable=varcheck",
diff --git a/cmd/abigen/main.go b/cmd/abigen/main.go
index 3a1ae6f4c3..3ac37ba7ad 100644
--- a/cmd/abigen/main.go
+++ b/cmd/abigen/main.go
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	abiFlag = flag.String("abi", "", "Path to the Ethereum contract ABI json to bind")
+	abiFlag = flag.String("abi", "", "Path to the Ethereum contract ABI json to bind, - for STDIN")
 	binFlag = flag.String("bin", "", "Path to the Ethereum contract bytecode (generate deploy method)")
 	typFlag = flag.String("type", "", "Struct name for the binding (default = package name)")
 
@@ -75,16 +75,27 @@ func main() {
 		bins  []string
 		types []string
 	)
-	if *solFlag != "" {
+	if *solFlag != "" || *abiFlag == "-" {
 		// Generate the list of types to exclude from binding
 		exclude := make(map[string]bool)
 		for _, kind := range strings.Split(*excFlag, ",") {
 			exclude[strings.ToLower(kind)] = true
 		}
-		contracts, err := compiler.CompileSolidity(*solcFlag, *solFlag)
-		if err != nil {
-			fmt.Printf("Failed to build Solidity contract: %v\n", err)
-			os.Exit(-1)
+
+		var contracts map[string]*compiler.Contract
+		var err error
+		if *solFlag != "" {
+			contracts, err = compiler.CompileSolidity(*solcFlag, *solFlag)
+			if err != nil {
+				fmt.Printf("Failed to build Solidity contract: %v\n", err)
+				os.Exit(-1)
+			}
+		} else {
+			contracts, err = contractsFromStdin()
+			if err != nil {
+				fmt.Printf("Failed to read input ABIs from STDIN: %v\n", err)
+				os.Exit(-1)
+			}
 		}
 		// Gather all non-excluded contract for binding
 		for name, contract := range contracts {
@@ -138,3 +149,12 @@ func main() {
 		os.Exit(-1)
 	}
 }
+
+func contractsFromStdin() (map[string]*compiler.Contract, error) {
+	bytes, err := ioutil.ReadAll(os.Stdin)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return compiler.ParseCombinedJSON(bytes, "", "", "", "")
+}
diff --git a/cmd/ethkey/changepassphrase.go b/cmd/ethkey/changepassphrase.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d1ae2ae0d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/ethkey/changepassphrase.go
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/keystore"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/cmd/utils"
+	"gopkg.in/urfave/cli.v1"
+)
+
+var newPassphraseFlag = cli.StringFlag{
+	Name:  "newpasswordfile",
+	Usage: "the file that contains the new passphrase for the keyfile",
+}
+
+var commandChangePassphrase = cli.Command{
+	Name:      "changepassphrase",
+	Usage:     "change the passphrase on a keyfile",
+	ArgsUsage: "<keyfile>",
+	Description: `
+Change the passphrase of a keyfile.`,
+	Flags: []cli.Flag{
+		passphraseFlag,
+		newPassphraseFlag,
+	},
+	Action: func(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+		keyfilepath := ctx.Args().First()
+
+		// Read key from file.
+		keyjson, err := ioutil.ReadFile(keyfilepath)
+		if err != nil {
+			utils.Fatalf("Failed to read the keyfile at '%s': %v", keyfilepath, err)
+		}
+
+		// Decrypt key with passphrase.
+		passphrase := getPassphrase(ctx)
+		key, err := keystore.DecryptKey(keyjson, passphrase)
+		if err != nil {
+			utils.Fatalf("Error decrypting key: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		// Get a new passphrase.
+		fmt.Println("Please provide a new passphrase")
+		var newPhrase string
+		if passFile := ctx.String(newPassphraseFlag.Name); passFile != "" {
+			content, err := ioutil.ReadFile(passFile)
+			if err != nil {
+				utils.Fatalf("Failed to read new passphrase file '%s': %v", passFile, err)
+			}
+			newPhrase = strings.TrimRight(string(content), "\r\n")
+		} else {
+			newPhrase = promptPassphrase(true)
+		}
+
+		// Encrypt the key with the new passphrase.
+		newJson, err := keystore.EncryptKey(key, newPhrase, keystore.StandardScryptN, keystore.StandardScryptP)
+		if err != nil {
+			utils.Fatalf("Error encrypting with new passphrase: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		// Then write the new keyfile in place of the old one.
+		if err := ioutil.WriteFile(keyfilepath, newJson, 600); err != nil {
+			utils.Fatalf("Error writing new keyfile to disk: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		// Don't print anything.  Just return successfully,
+		// producing a positive exit code.
+		return nil
+	},
+}
diff --git a/cmd/ethkey/generate.go b/cmd/ethkey/generate.go
index 6d57d17fb4..fe9a0c1519 100644
--- a/cmd/ethkey/generate.go
+++ b/cmd/ethkey/generate.go
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ If you want to encrypt an existing private key, it can be specified by setting
 		}
 
 		// Encrypt key with passphrase.
-		passphrase := getPassPhrase(ctx, true)
+		passphrase := promptPassphrase(true)
 		keyjson, err := keystore.EncryptKey(key, passphrase, keystore.StandardScryptN, keystore.StandardScryptP)
 		if err != nil {
 			utils.Fatalf("Error encrypting key: %v", err)
diff --git a/cmd/ethkey/inspect.go b/cmd/ethkey/inspect.go
index dbf5afc0ce..ba03d4d936 100644
--- a/cmd/ethkey/inspect.go
+++ b/cmd/ethkey/inspect.go
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ make sure to use this feature with great caution!`,
 		}
 
 		// Decrypt key with passphrase.
-		passphrase := getPassPhrase(ctx, false)
+		passphrase := getPassphrase(ctx)
 		key, err := keystore.DecryptKey(keyjson, passphrase)
 		if err != nil {
 			utils.Fatalf("Error decrypting key: %v", err)
diff --git a/cmd/ethkey/main.go b/cmd/ethkey/main.go
index 4127f5566f..c434da0c05 100644
--- a/cmd/ethkey/main.go
+++ b/cmd/ethkey/main.go
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ func init() {
 	app.Commands = []cli.Command{
 		commandGenerate,
 		commandInspect,
+		commandChangePassphrase,
 		commandSignMessage,
 		commandVerifyMessage,
 	}
diff --git a/cmd/ethkey/message.go b/cmd/ethkey/message.go
index 531a931c82..5caea69ff6 100644
--- a/cmd/ethkey/message.go
+++ b/cmd/ethkey/message.go
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ To sign a message contained in a file, use the --msgfile flag.
 		}
 
 		// Decrypt key with passphrase.
-		passphrase := getPassPhrase(ctx, false)
+		passphrase := getPassphrase(ctx)
 		key, err := keystore.DecryptKey(keyjson, passphrase)
 		if err != nil {
 			utils.Fatalf("Error decrypting key: %v", err)
diff --git a/cmd/ethkey/utils.go b/cmd/ethkey/utils.go
index 0e563bf922..6f60ebaf1b 100644
--- a/cmd/ethkey/utils.go
+++ b/cmd/ethkey/utils.go
@@ -28,26 +28,14 @@ import (
 	"gopkg.in/urfave/cli.v1"
 )
 
-// getPassPhrase obtains a passphrase given by the user.  It first checks the
-// --passphrase command line flag and ultimately prompts the user for a
-// passphrase.
-func getPassPhrase(ctx *cli.Context, confirmation bool) string {
-	// Look for the --passphrase flag.
-	passphraseFile := ctx.String(passphraseFlag.Name)
-	if passphraseFile != "" {
-		content, err := ioutil.ReadFile(passphraseFile)
-		if err != nil {
-			utils.Fatalf("Failed to read passphrase file '%s': %v",
-				passphraseFile, err)
-		}
-		return strings.TrimRight(string(content), "\r\n")
-	}
-
-	// Otherwise prompt the user for the passphrase.
+// promptPassphrase prompts the user for a passphrase.  Set confirmation to true
+// to require the user to confirm the passphrase.
+func promptPassphrase(confirmation bool) string {
 	passphrase, err := console.Stdin.PromptPassword("Passphrase: ")
 	if err != nil {
 		utils.Fatalf("Failed to read passphrase: %v", err)
 	}
+
 	if confirmation {
 		confirm, err := console.Stdin.PromptPassword("Repeat passphrase: ")
 		if err != nil {
@@ -57,9 +45,29 @@ func getPassPhrase(ctx *cli.Context, confirmation bool) string {
 			utils.Fatalf("Passphrases do not match")
 		}
 	}
+
 	return passphrase
 }
 
+// getPassphrase obtains a passphrase given by the user.  It first checks the
+// --passfile command line flag and ultimately prompts the user for a
+// passphrase.
+func getPassphrase(ctx *cli.Context) string {
+	// Look for the --passwordfile flag.
+	passphraseFile := ctx.String(passphraseFlag.Name)
+	if passphraseFile != "" {
+		content, err := ioutil.ReadFile(passphraseFile)
+		if err != nil {
+			utils.Fatalf("Failed to read passphrase file '%s': %v",
+				passphraseFile, err)
+		}
+		return strings.TrimRight(string(content), "\r\n")
+	}
+
+	// Otherwise prompt the user for the passphrase.
+	return promptPassphrase(false)
+}
+
 // signHash is a helper function that calculates a hash for the given message
 // that can be safely used to calculate a signature from.
 //
diff --git a/cmd/faucet/faucet.go b/cmd/faucet/faucet.go
index 5bad09bbd5..5f00dde741 100644
--- a/cmd/faucet/faucet.go
+++ b/cmd/faucet/faucet.go
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ func (f *faucet) apiHandler(conn *websocket.Conn) {
 			amount = new(big.Int).Div(amount, new(big.Int).Exp(big.NewInt(2), big.NewInt(int64(msg.Tier)), nil))
 
 			tx := types.NewTransaction(f.nonce+uint64(len(f.reqs)), address, amount, 21000, f.price, nil)
-			signed, err := f.keystore.SignTx(f.account, tx, f.config.ChainId)
+			signed, err := f.keystore.SignTx(f.account, tx, f.config.ChainID)
 			if err != nil {
 				f.lock.Unlock()
 				if err = sendError(conn, err); err != nil {
diff --git a/cmd/geth/main.go b/cmd/geth/main.go
index 09d9c493d1..edf2a557a7 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@@ -19,12 +19,16 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"math"
 	"os"
 	"runtime"
+	godebug "runtime/debug"
 	"sort"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/elastic/gosigar"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/keystore"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/cmd/utils"
@@ -188,6 +192,22 @@ func init() {
 		if err := debug.Setup(ctx); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
+		// Cap the cache allowance and tune the garbage colelctor
+		var mem gosigar.Mem
+		if err := mem.Get(); err == nil {
+			allowance := int(mem.Total / 1024 / 1024 / 3)
+			if cache := ctx.GlobalInt(utils.CacheFlag.Name); cache > allowance {
+				log.Warn("Sanitizing cache to Go's GC limits", "provided", cache, "updated", allowance)
+				ctx.GlobalSet(utils.CacheFlag.Name, strconv.Itoa(allowance))
+			}
+		}
+		// Ensure Go's GC ignores the database cache for trigger percentage
+		cache := ctx.GlobalInt(utils.CacheFlag.Name)
+		gogc := math.Max(20, math.Min(100, 100/(float64(cache)/1024)))
+
+		log.Debug("Sanitizing Go's GC trigger", "percent", int(gogc))
+		godebug.SetGCPercent(int(gogc))
+
 		// Start system runtime metrics collection
 		go metrics.CollectProcessMetrics(3 * time.Second)
 
diff --git a/cmd/puppeth/genesis.go b/cmd/puppeth/genesis.go
index 1974a94aa2..5f39a889d1 100644
--- a/cmd/puppeth/genesis.go
+++ b/cmd/puppeth/genesis.go
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ func newCppEthereumGenesisSpec(network string, genesis *core.Genesis) (*cppEther
 	spec.Params.ByzantiumForkBlock = (hexutil.Uint64)(genesis.Config.ByzantiumBlock.Uint64())
 	spec.Params.ConstantinopleForkBlock = (hexutil.Uint64)(math.MaxUint64)
 
-	spec.Params.NetworkID = (hexutil.Uint64)(genesis.Config.ChainId.Uint64())
-	spec.Params.ChainID = (hexutil.Uint64)(genesis.Config.ChainId.Uint64())
+	spec.Params.NetworkID = (hexutil.Uint64)(genesis.Config.ChainID.Uint64())
+	spec.Params.ChainID = (hexutil.Uint64)(genesis.Config.ChainID.Uint64())
 
 	spec.Params.MaximumExtraDataSize = (hexutil.Uint64)(params.MaximumExtraDataSize)
 	spec.Params.MinGasLimit = (hexutil.Uint64)(params.MinGasLimit)
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ func newParityChainSpec(network string, genesis *core.Genesis, bootnodes []strin
 	spec.Params.MaximumExtraDataSize = (hexutil.Uint64)(params.MaximumExtraDataSize)
 	spec.Params.MinGasLimit = (hexutil.Uint64)(params.MinGasLimit)
 	spec.Params.GasLimitBoundDivisor = (hexutil.Uint64)(params.GasLimitBoundDivisor)
-	spec.Params.NetworkID = (hexutil.Uint64)(genesis.Config.ChainId.Uint64())
+	spec.Params.NetworkID = (hexutil.Uint64)(genesis.Config.ChainID.Uint64())
 	spec.Params.MaxCodeSize = params.MaxCodeSize
 	spec.Params.EIP155Transition = genesis.Config.EIP155Block.Uint64()
 	spec.Params.EIP98Transition = math.MaxUint64
diff --git a/cmd/puppeth/module_dashboard.go b/cmd/puppeth/module_dashboard.go
index 4f9e88899a..a517623381 100644
--- a/cmd/puppeth/module_dashboard.go
+++ b/cmd/puppeth/module_dashboard.go
@@ -609,7 +609,7 @@ func deployDashboard(client *sshClient, network string, conf *config, config *da
 	}
 	template.Must(template.New("").Parse(dashboardContent)).Execute(indexfile, map[string]interface{}{
 		"Network":          network,
-		"NetworkID":        conf.Genesis.Config.ChainId,
+		"NetworkID":        conf.Genesis.Config.ChainID,
 		"NetworkTitle":     strings.Title(network),
 		"EthstatsPage":     config.ethstats,
 		"ExplorerPage":     config.explorer,
diff --git a/cmd/puppeth/wizard_faucet.go b/cmd/puppeth/wizard_faucet.go
index 9a429bc96d..6f08408947 100644
--- a/cmd/puppeth/wizard_faucet.go
+++ b/cmd/puppeth/wizard_faucet.go
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func (w *wizard) deployFaucet() {
 	existed := err == nil
 
 	infos.node.genesis, _ = json.MarshalIndent(w.conf.Genesis, "", "  ")
-	infos.node.network = w.conf.Genesis.Config.ChainId.Int64()
+	infos.node.network = w.conf.Genesis.Config.ChainID.Int64()
 
 	// Figure out which port to listen on
 	fmt.Println()
diff --git a/cmd/puppeth/wizard_genesis.go b/cmd/puppeth/wizard_genesis.go
index f255ef6e65..6c4cd571fb 100644
--- a/cmd/puppeth/wizard_genesis.go
+++ b/cmd/puppeth/wizard_genesis.go
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ func (w *wizard) makeGenesis() {
 	// Query the user for some custom extras
 	fmt.Println()
 	fmt.Println("Specify your chain/network ID if you want an explicit one (default = random)")
-	genesis.Config.ChainId = new(big.Int).SetUint64(uint64(w.readDefaultInt(rand.Intn(65536))))
+	genesis.Config.ChainID = new(big.Int).SetUint64(uint64(w.readDefaultInt(rand.Intn(65536))))
 
 	// All done, store the genesis and flush to disk
 	log.Info("Configured new genesis block")
diff --git a/cmd/puppeth/wizard_node.go b/cmd/puppeth/wizard_node.go
index a60948bc67..9b22da4460 100644
--- a/cmd/puppeth/wizard_node.go
+++ b/cmd/puppeth/wizard_node.go
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func (w *wizard) deployNode(boot bool) {
 	existed := err == nil
 
 	infos.genesis, _ = json.MarshalIndent(w.conf.Genesis, "", "  ")
-	infos.network = w.conf.Genesis.Config.ChainId.Int64()
+	infos.network = w.conf.Genesis.Config.ChainID.Int64()
 
 	// Figure out where the user wants to store the persistent data
 	fmt.Println()
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ func (w *wizard) deployNode(boot bool) {
 			// Ethash based miners only need an etherbase to mine against
 			fmt.Println()
 			if infos.etherbase == "" {
-				fmt.Printf("What address should the miner user?\n")
+				fmt.Printf("What address should the miner use?\n")
 				for {
 					if address := w.readAddress(); address != nil {
 						infos.etherbase = address.Hex()
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ func (w *wizard) deployNode(boot bool) {
 					}
 				}
 			} else {
-				fmt.Printf("What address should the miner user? (default = %s)\n", infos.etherbase)
+				fmt.Printf("What address should the miner use? (default = %s)\n", infos.etherbase)
 				infos.etherbase = w.readDefaultAddress(common.HexToAddress(infos.etherbase)).Hex()
 			}
 		} else if w.conf.Genesis.Config.Clique != nil {
diff --git a/cmd/puppeth/wizard_wallet.go b/cmd/puppeth/wizard_wallet.go
index 933cd9ae59..7624d11e20 100644
--- a/cmd/puppeth/wizard_wallet.go
+++ b/cmd/puppeth/wizard_wallet.go
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ func (w *wizard) deployWallet() {
 	existed := err == nil
 
 	infos.genesis, _ = json.MarshalIndent(w.conf.Genesis, "", "  ")
-	infos.network = w.conf.Genesis.Config.ChainId.Int64()
+	infos.network = w.conf.Genesis.Config.ChainID.Int64()
 
 	// Figure out which port to listen on
 	fmt.Println()
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index ef5f6a9f08..41a1ac35fe 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -1084,6 +1084,9 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *eth.Config) {
 		}
 		cfg.Genesis = core.DefaultRinkebyGenesisBlock()
 	case ctx.GlobalBool(DeveloperFlag.Name):
+		if !ctx.GlobalIsSet(NetworkIdFlag.Name) {
+			cfg.NetworkId = 1337
+		}
 		// Create new developer account or reuse existing one
 		var (
 			developer accounts.Account
diff --git a/cmd/wnode/main.go b/cmd/wnode/main.go
index 5031a088cb..31b65c1da9 100644
--- a/cmd/wnode/main.go
+++ b/cmd/wnode/main.go
@@ -140,8 +140,8 @@ func processArgs() {
 	}
 
 	if *asymmetricMode && len(*argPub) > 0 {
-		pub = crypto.ToECDSAPub(common.FromHex(*argPub))
-		if !isKeyValid(pub) {
+		var err error
+		if pub, err = crypto.UnmarshalPubkey(common.FromHex(*argPub)); err != nil {
 			utils.Fatalf("invalid public key")
 		}
 	}
@@ -321,10 +321,6 @@ func startServer() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func isKeyValid(k *ecdsa.PublicKey) bool {
-	return k.X != nil && k.Y != nil
-}
-
 func configureNode() {
 	var err error
 	var p2pAccept bool
@@ -340,9 +336,8 @@ func configureNode() {
 			if b == nil {
 				utils.Fatalf("Error: can not convert hexadecimal string")
 			}
-			pub = crypto.ToECDSAPub(b)
-			if !isKeyValid(pub) {
-				utils.Fatalf("Error: invalid public key")
+			if pub, err = crypto.UnmarshalPubkey(b); err != nil {
+				utils.Fatalf("Error: invalid peer public key")
 			}
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/common/compiler/solidity.go b/common/compiler/solidity.go
index 234714a2b9..f6e8d2e42a 100644
--- a/common/compiler/solidity.go
+++ b/common/compiler/solidity.go
@@ -31,11 +31,17 @@ import (
 
 var versionRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(`([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)`)
 
+// Contract contains information about a compiled contract, alongside its code.
 type Contract struct {
 	Code string       `json:"code"`
 	Info ContractInfo `json:"info"`
 }
 
+// ContractInfo contains information about a compiled contract, including access
+// to the ABI definition, user and developer docs, and metadata.
+//
+// Depending on the source, language version, compiler version, and compiler
+// options will provide information about how the contract was compiled.
 type ContractInfo struct {
 	Source          string      `json:"source"`
 	Language        string      `json:"language"`
@@ -142,8 +148,22 @@ func (s *Solidity) run(cmd *exec.Cmd, source string) (map[string]*Contract, erro
 	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("solc: %v\n%s", err, stderr.Bytes())
 	}
+
+	return ParseCombinedJSON(stdout.Bytes(), source, s.Version, s.Version, strings.Join(s.makeArgs(), " "))
+}
+
+// ParseCombinedJSON takes the direct output of a solc --combined-output run and
+// parses it into a map of string contract name to Contract structs. The
+// provided source, language and compiler version, and compiler options are all
+// passed through into the Contract structs.
+//
+// The solc output is expected to contain ABI, user docs, and dev docs.
+//
+// Returns an error if the JSON is malformed or missing data, or if the JSON
+// embedded within the JSON is malformed.
+func ParseCombinedJSON(combinedJSON []byte, source string, languageVersion string, compilerVersion string, compilerOptions string) (map[string]*Contract, error) {
 	var output solcOutput
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &output); err != nil {
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(combinedJSON, &output); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
@@ -168,9 +188,9 @@ func (s *Solidity) run(cmd *exec.Cmd, source string) (map[string]*Contract, erro
 			Info: ContractInfo{
 				Source:          source,
 				Language:        "Solidity",
-				LanguageVersion: s.Version,
-				CompilerVersion: s.Version,
-				CompilerOptions: strings.Join(s.makeArgs(), " "),
+				LanguageVersion: languageVersion,
+				CompilerVersion: compilerVersion,
+				CompilerOptions: compilerOptions,
 				AbiDefinition:   abi,
 				UserDoc:         userdoc,
 				DeveloperDoc:    devdoc,
diff --git a/consensus/ethash/algorithm.go b/consensus/ethash/algorithm.go
index 905a7b1ea7..fa1c2c8246 100644
--- a/consensus/ethash/algorithm.go
+++ b/consensus/ethash/algorithm.go
@@ -94,14 +94,25 @@ func calcDatasetSize(epoch int) uint64 {
 // reused between hash runs instead of requiring new ones to be created.
 type hasher func(dest []byte, data []byte)
 
-// makeHasher creates a repetitive hasher, allowing the same hash data structures
-// to be reused between hash runs instead of requiring new ones to be created.
-// The returned function is not thread safe!
+// makeHasher creates a repetitive hasher, allowing the same hash data structures to
+// be reused between hash runs instead of requiring new ones to be created. The returned
+// function is not thread safe!
 func makeHasher(h hash.Hash) hasher {
+	// sha3.state supports Read to get the sum, use it to avoid the overhead of Sum.
+	// Read alters the state but we reset the hash before every operation.
+	type readerHash interface {
+		hash.Hash
+		Read([]byte) (int, error)
+	}
+	rh, ok := h.(readerHash)
+	if !ok {
+		panic("can't find Read method on hash")
+	}
+	outputLen := rh.Size()
 	return func(dest []byte, data []byte) {
-		h.Write(data)
-		h.Sum(dest[:0])
-		h.Reset()
+		rh.Reset()
+		rh.Write(data)
+		rh.Read(dest[:outputLen])
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/console/bridge.go b/console/bridge.go
index f2120351c0..b0b4d37985 100644
--- a/console/bridge.go
+++ b/console/bridge.go
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ func (b *bridge) SleepBlocks(call otto.FunctionCall) (response otto.Value) {
 }
 
 type jsonrpcCall struct {
-	Id     int64
+	ID     int64
 	Method string
 	Params []interface{}
 }
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ func (b *bridge) Send(call otto.FunctionCall) (response otto.Value) {
 	resps, _ := call.Otto.Object("new Array()")
 	for _, req := range reqs {
 		resp, _ := call.Otto.Object(`({"jsonrpc":"2.0"})`)
-		resp.Set("id", req.Id)
+		resp.Set("id", req.ID)
 		var result json.RawMessage
 		err = b.client.Call(&result, req.Method, req.Params...)
 		switch err := err.(type) {
diff --git a/console/console.go b/console/console.go
index b280d4e65d..56e03837ac 100644
--- a/console/console.go
+++ b/console/console.go
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	Preload  []string     // Absolute paths to JavaScript files to preload
 }
 
-// Console is a JavaScript interpreted runtime environment. It is a fully fleged
+// Console is a JavaScript interpreted runtime environment. It is a fully fledged
 // JavaScript console attached to a running node via an external or in-process RPC
 // client.
 type Console struct {
@@ -73,6 +73,8 @@ type Console struct {
 	printer  io.Writer    // Output writer to serialize any display strings to
 }
 
+// New initializes a JavaScript interpreted runtime environment and sets defaults
+// with the config struct.
 func New(config Config) (*Console, error) {
 	// Handle unset config values gracefully
 	if config.Prompter == nil {
diff --git a/contracts/ens/ens.go b/contracts/ens/ens.go
index 329109b943..75d9d0e4b1 100644
--- a/contracts/ens/ens.go
+++ b/contracts/ens/ens.go
@@ -95,16 +95,11 @@ func ensParentNode(name string) (common.Hash, common.Hash) {
 	}
 }
 
-func ensNode(name string) common.Hash {
+func EnsNode(name string) common.Hash {
 	parentNode, parentLabel := ensParentNode(name)
 	return crypto.Keccak256Hash(parentNode[:], parentLabel[:])
 }
 
-// Suggest exporting ensNode so external code can use it for generating ens namehashes
-func EnsNode(name string) common.Hash {
-	return ensNode(name)
-}
-
 func (self *ENS) getResolver(node [32]byte) (*contract.PublicResolverSession, error) {
 	resolverAddr, err := self.Resolver(node)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -141,7 +136,7 @@ func (self *ENS) getRegistrar(node [32]byte) (*contract.FIFSRegistrarSession, er
 
 // Resolve is a non-transactional call that returns the content hash associated with a name.
 func (self *ENS) Resolve(name string) (common.Hash, error) {
-	node := ensNode(name)
+	node := EnsNode(name)
 
 	resolver, err := self.getResolver(node)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -170,7 +165,7 @@ func (self *ENS) Register(name string) (*types.Transaction, error) {
 // SetContentHash sets the content hash associated with a name. Only works if the caller
 // owns the name, and the associated resolver implements a `setContent` function.
 func (self *ENS) SetContentHash(name string, hash common.Hash) (*types.Transaction, error) {
-	node := ensNode(name)
+	node := EnsNode(name)
 
 	resolver, err := self.getResolver(node)
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/contracts/ens/ens_test.go b/contracts/ens/ens_test.go
index 0016f47dbf..6ad8447082 100644
--- a/contracts/ens/ens_test.go
+++ b/contracts/ens/ens_test.go
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func TestENS(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("can't deploy resolver: %v", err)
 	}
-	if _, err := ens.SetResolver(ensNode(name), resolverAddr); err != nil {
+	if _, err := ens.SetResolver(EnsNode(name), resolverAddr); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("can't set resolver: %v", err)
 	}
 	contractBackend.Commit()
diff --git a/core/asm/lexer.go b/core/asm/lexer.go
index 4d62159e55..91caeb27bc 100644
--- a/core/asm/lexer.go
+++ b/core/asm/lexer.go
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ func lexLabel(l *lexer) stateFn {
 }
 
 // lexInsideString lexes the inside of a string until
-// until the state function finds the closing quote.
+// the state function finds the closing quote.
 // It returns the lex text state function.
 func lexInsideString(l *lexer) stateFn {
 	if l.acceptRunUntil('"') {
diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index f74a0f5b27..34832252a7 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) Stop() {
 		for !bc.triegc.Empty() {
 			triedb.Dereference(bc.triegc.PopItem().(common.Hash), common.Hash{})
 		}
-		if size := triedb.Size(); size != 0 {
+		if size, _ := triedb.Size(); size != 0 {
 			log.Error("Dangling trie nodes after full cleanup")
 		}
 	}
@@ -916,33 +916,29 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) WriteBlockWithState(block *types.Block, receipts []*types.
 		bc.triegc.Push(root, -float32(block.NumberU64()))
 
 		if current := block.NumberU64(); current > triesInMemory {
+			// If we exceeded our memory allowance, flush matured singleton nodes to disk
+			var (
+				nodes, imgs = triedb.Size()
+				limit       = common.StorageSize(bc.cacheConfig.TrieNodeLimit) * 1024 * 1024
+			)
+			if nodes > limit || imgs > 4*1024*1024 {
+				triedb.Cap(limit - ethdb.IdealBatchSize)
+			}
 			// Find the next state trie we need to commit
 			header := bc.GetHeaderByNumber(current - triesInMemory)
 			chosen := header.Number.Uint64()
 
-			// Only write to disk if we exceeded our memory allowance *and* also have at
-			// least a given number of tries gapped.
-			var (
-				size  = triedb.Size()
-				limit = common.StorageSize(bc.cacheConfig.TrieNodeLimit) * 1024 * 1024
-			)
-			if size > limit || bc.gcproc > bc.cacheConfig.TrieTimeLimit {
+			// If we exceeded out time allowance, flush an entire trie to disk
+			if bc.gcproc > bc.cacheConfig.TrieTimeLimit {
 				// If we're exceeding limits but haven't reached a large enough memory gap,
 				// warn the user that the system is becoming unstable.
-				if chosen < lastWrite+triesInMemory {
-					switch {
-					case size >= 2*limit:
-						log.Warn("State memory usage too high, committing", "size", size, "limit", limit, "optimum", float64(chosen-lastWrite)/triesInMemory)
-					case bc.gcproc >= 2*bc.cacheConfig.TrieTimeLimit:
-						log.Info("State in memory for too long, committing", "time", bc.gcproc, "allowance", bc.cacheConfig.TrieTimeLimit, "optimum", float64(chosen-lastWrite)/triesInMemory)
-					}
-				}
-				// If optimum or critical limits reached, write to disk
-				if chosen >= lastWrite+triesInMemory || size >= 2*limit || bc.gcproc >= 2*bc.cacheConfig.TrieTimeLimit {
-					triedb.Commit(header.Root, true)
-					lastWrite = chosen
-					bc.gcproc = 0
+				if chosen < lastWrite+triesInMemory && bc.gcproc >= 2*bc.cacheConfig.TrieTimeLimit {
+					log.Info("State in memory for too long, committing", "time", bc.gcproc, "allowance", bc.cacheConfig.TrieTimeLimit, "optimum", float64(chosen-lastWrite)/triesInMemory)
 				}
+				// Flush an entire trie and restart the counters
+				triedb.Commit(header.Root, true)
+				lastWrite = chosen
+				bc.gcproc = 0
 			}
 			// Garbage collect anything below our required write retention
 			for !bc.triegc.Empty() {
@@ -1009,6 +1005,10 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) InsertChain(chain types.Blocks) (int, error) {
 // only reason this method exists as a separate one is to make locking cleaner
 // with deferred statements.
 func (bc *BlockChain) insertChain(chain types.Blocks) (int, []interface{}, []*types.Log, error) {
+	// Sanity check that we have something meaningful to import
+	if len(chain) == 0 {
+		return 0, nil, nil, nil
+	}
 	// Do a sanity check that the provided chain is actually ordered and linked
 	for i := 1; i < len(chain); i++ {
 		if chain[i].NumberU64() != chain[i-1].NumberU64()+1 || chain[i].ParentHash() != chain[i-1].Hash() {
@@ -1047,6 +1047,9 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) insertChain(chain types.Blocks) (int, []interface{}, []*ty
 	abort, results := bc.engine.VerifyHeaders(bc, headers, seals)
 	defer close(abort)
 
+	// Start a parallel signature recovery (signer will fluke on fork transition, minimal perf loss)
+	senderCacher.recoverFromBlocks(types.MakeSigner(bc.chainConfig, chain[0].Number()), chain)
+
 	// Iterate over the blocks and insert when the verifier permits
 	for i, block := range chain {
 		// If the chain is terminating, stop processing blocks
@@ -1181,7 +1184,9 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) insertChain(chain types.Blocks) (int, []interface{}, []*ty
 		}
 		stats.processed++
 		stats.usedGas += usedGas
-		stats.report(chain, i, bc.stateCache.TrieDB().Size())
+
+		cache, _ := bc.stateCache.TrieDB().Size()
+		stats.report(chain, i, cache)
 	}
 	// Append a single chain head event if we've progressed the chain
 	if lastCanon != nil && bc.CurrentBlock().Hash() == lastCanon.Hash() {
@@ -1387,27 +1392,21 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) update() {
 	}
 }
 
-// BadBlockArgs represents the entries in the list returned when bad blocks are queried.
-type BadBlockArgs struct {
-	Hash   common.Hash   `json:"hash"`
-	Header *types.Header `json:"header"`
-}
-
 // BadBlocks returns a list of the last 'bad blocks' that the client has seen on the network
-func (bc *BlockChain) BadBlocks() ([]BadBlockArgs, error) {
-	headers := make([]BadBlockArgs, 0, bc.badBlocks.Len())
+func (bc *BlockChain) BadBlocks() []*types.Block {
+	blocks := make([]*types.Block, 0, bc.badBlocks.Len())
 	for _, hash := range bc.badBlocks.Keys() {
-		if hdr, exist := bc.badBlocks.Peek(hash); exist {
-			header := hdr.(*types.Header)
-			headers = append(headers, BadBlockArgs{header.Hash(), header})
+		if blk, exist := bc.badBlocks.Peek(hash); exist {
+			block := blk.(*types.Block)
+			blocks = append(blocks, block)
 		}
 	}
-	return headers, nil
+	return blocks
 }
 
 // addBadBlock adds a bad block to the bad-block LRU cache
 func (bc *BlockChain) addBadBlock(block *types.Block) {
-	bc.badBlocks.Add(block.Header().Hash(), block.Header())
+	bc.badBlocks.Add(block.Hash(), block)
 }
 
 // reportBlock logs a bad block error.
@@ -1525,6 +1524,18 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) GetBlockHashesFromHash(hash common.Hash, max uint64) []com
 	return bc.hc.GetBlockHashesFromHash(hash, max)
 }
 
+// GetAncestor retrieves the Nth ancestor of a given block. It assumes that either the given block or
+// a close ancestor of it is canonical. maxNonCanonical points to a downwards counter limiting the
+// number of blocks to be individually checked before we reach the canonical chain.
+//
+// Note: ancestor == 0 returns the same block, 1 returns its parent and so on.
+func (bc *BlockChain) GetAncestor(hash common.Hash, number, ancestor uint64, maxNonCanonical *uint64) (common.Hash, uint64) {
+	bc.chainmu.Lock()
+	defer bc.chainmu.Unlock()
+
+	return bc.hc.GetAncestor(hash, number, ancestor, maxNonCanonical)
+}
+
 // GetHeaderByNumber retrieves a block header from the database by number,
 // caching it (associated with its hash) if found.
 func (bc *BlockChain) GetHeaderByNumber(number uint64) *types.Header {
diff --git a/core/blockchain_test.go b/core/blockchain_test.go
index 89c071174f..5dbf63d1d6 100644
--- a/core/blockchain_test.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_test.go
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ func TestFastVsFullChains(t *testing.T) {
 			Alloc:  GenesisAlloc{address: {Balance: funds}},
 		}
 		genesis = gspec.MustCommit(gendb)
-		signer  = types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainId)
+		signer  = types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainID)
 	)
 	blocks, receipts := GenerateChain(gspec.Config, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), gendb, 1024, func(i int, block *BlockGen) {
 		block.SetCoinbase(common.Address{0x00})
@@ -753,7 +753,7 @@ func TestChainTxReorgs(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}
 		genesis = gspec.MustCommit(db)
-		signer  = types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainId)
+		signer  = types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainID)
 	)
 
 	// Create two transactions shared between the chains:
@@ -859,7 +859,7 @@ func TestLogReorgs(t *testing.T) {
 		code    = common.Hex2Bytes("60606040525b7f24ec1d3ff24c2f6ff210738839dbc339cd45a5294d85c79361016243157aae7b60405180905060405180910390a15b600a8060416000396000f360606040526008565b00")
 		gspec   = &Genesis{Config: params.TestChainConfig, Alloc: GenesisAlloc{addr1: {Balance: big.NewInt(10000000000000)}}}
 		genesis = gspec.MustCommit(db)
-		signer  = types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainId)
+		signer  = types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainID)
 	)
 
 	blockchain, _ := NewBlockChain(db, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{})
@@ -906,7 +906,7 @@ func TestReorgSideEvent(t *testing.T) {
 			Alloc:  GenesisAlloc{addr1: {Balance: big.NewInt(10000000000000)}},
 		}
 		genesis = gspec.MustCommit(db)
-		signer  = types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainId)
+		signer  = types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainID)
 	)
 
 	blockchain, _ := NewBlockChain(db, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{})
@@ -1032,7 +1032,7 @@ func TestEIP155Transition(t *testing.T) {
 		funds      = big.NewInt(1000000000)
 		deleteAddr = common.Address{1}
 		gspec      = &Genesis{
-			Config: &params.ChainConfig{ChainId: big.NewInt(1), EIP155Block: big.NewInt(2), HomesteadBlock: new(big.Int)},
+			Config: &params.ChainConfig{ChainID: big.NewInt(1), EIP155Block: big.NewInt(2), HomesteadBlock: new(big.Int)},
 			Alloc:  GenesisAlloc{address: {Balance: funds}, deleteAddr: {Balance: new(big.Int)}},
 		}
 		genesis = gspec.MustCommit(db)
@@ -1063,7 +1063,7 @@ func TestEIP155Transition(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 			block.AddTx(tx)
 
-			tx, err = basicTx(types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainId))
+			tx, err = basicTx(types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainID))
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatal(err)
 			}
@@ -1075,7 +1075,7 @@ func TestEIP155Transition(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 			block.AddTx(tx)
 
-			tx, err = basicTx(types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainId))
+			tx, err = basicTx(types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainID))
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatal(err)
 			}
@@ -1103,7 +1103,7 @@ func TestEIP155Transition(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// generate an invalid chain id transaction
-	config := &params.ChainConfig{ChainId: big.NewInt(2), EIP155Block: big.NewInt(2), HomesteadBlock: new(big.Int)}
+	config := &params.ChainConfig{ChainID: big.NewInt(2), EIP155Block: big.NewInt(2), HomesteadBlock: new(big.Int)}
 	blocks, _ = GenerateChain(config, blocks[len(blocks)-1], ethash.NewFaker(), db, 4, func(i int, block *BlockGen) {
 		var (
 			tx      *types.Transaction
@@ -1137,7 +1137,7 @@ func TestEIP161AccountRemoval(t *testing.T) {
 		theAddr = common.Address{1}
 		gspec   = &Genesis{
 			Config: &params.ChainConfig{
-				ChainId:        big.NewInt(1),
+				ChainID:        big.NewInt(1),
 				HomesteadBlock: new(big.Int),
 				EIP155Block:    new(big.Int),
 				EIP158Block:    big.NewInt(2),
@@ -1153,7 +1153,7 @@ func TestEIP161AccountRemoval(t *testing.T) {
 		var (
 			tx     *types.Transaction
 			err    error
-			signer = types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainId)
+			signer = types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainID)
 		)
 		switch i {
 		case 0:
diff --git a/core/headerchain.go b/core/headerchain.go
index 2ac0cccc72..6e759ed1c1 100644
--- a/core/headerchain.go
+++ b/core/headerchain.go
@@ -307,6 +307,43 @@ func (hc *HeaderChain) GetBlockHashesFromHash(hash common.Hash, max uint64) []co
 	return chain
 }
 
+// GetAncestor retrieves the Nth ancestor of a given block. It assumes that either the given block or
+// a close ancestor of it is canonical. maxNonCanonical points to a downwards counter limiting the
+// number of blocks to be individually checked before we reach the canonical chain.
+//
+// Note: ancestor == 0 returns the same block, 1 returns its parent and so on.
+func (hc *HeaderChain) GetAncestor(hash common.Hash, number, ancestor uint64, maxNonCanonical *uint64) (common.Hash, uint64) {
+	if ancestor > number {
+		return common.Hash{}, 0
+	}
+	if ancestor == 1 {
+		// in this case it is cheaper to just read the header
+		if header := hc.GetHeader(hash, number); header != nil {
+			return header.ParentHash, number - 1
+		} else {
+			return common.Hash{}, 0
+		}
+	}
+	for ancestor != 0 {
+		if rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(hc.chainDb, number) == hash {
+			number -= ancestor
+			return rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(hc.chainDb, number), number
+		}
+		if *maxNonCanonical == 0 {
+			return common.Hash{}, 0
+		}
+		*maxNonCanonical--
+		ancestor--
+		header := hc.GetHeader(hash, number)
+		if header == nil {
+			return common.Hash{}, 0
+		}
+		hash = header.ParentHash
+		number--
+	}
+	return hash, number
+}
+
 // GetTd retrieves a block's total difficulty in the canonical chain from the
 // database by hash and number, caching it if found.
 func (hc *HeaderChain) GetTd(hash common.Hash, number uint64) *big.Int {
diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go
index a26a42ba7c..da54328326 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ import (
 
 // ReadCanonicalHash retrieves the hash assigned to a canonical block number.
 func ReadCanonicalHash(db DatabaseReader, number uint64) common.Hash {
-	data, _ := db.Get(append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), headerHashSuffix...))
+	data, _ := db.Get(headerHashKey(number))
 	if len(data) == 0 {
 		return common.Hash{}
 	}
@@ -38,22 +38,21 @@ func ReadCanonicalHash(db DatabaseReader, number uint64) common.Hash {
 
 // WriteCanonicalHash stores the hash assigned to a canonical block number.
 func WriteCanonicalHash(db DatabaseWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
-	key := append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), headerHashSuffix...)
-	if err := db.Put(key, hash.Bytes()); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Put(headerHashKey(number), hash.Bytes()); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store number to hash mapping", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // DeleteCanonicalHash removes the number to hash canonical mapping.
 func DeleteCanonicalHash(db DatabaseDeleter, number uint64) {
-	if err := db.Delete(append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), headerHashSuffix...)); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Delete(headerHashKey(number)); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to delete number to hash mapping", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // ReadHeaderNumber returns the header number assigned to a hash.
 func ReadHeaderNumber(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash) *uint64 {
-	data, _ := db.Get(append(headerNumberPrefix, hash.Bytes()...))
+	data, _ := db.Get(headerNumberKey(hash))
 	if len(data) != 8 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -129,14 +128,13 @@ func WriteFastTrieProgress(db DatabaseWriter, count uint64) {
 
 // ReadHeaderRLP retrieves a block header in its raw RLP database encoding.
 func ReadHeaderRLP(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) rlp.RawValue {
-	data, _ := db.Get(append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...))
+	data, _ := db.Get(headerKey(number, hash))
 	return data
 }
 
 // HasHeader verifies the existence of a block header corresponding to the hash.
 func HasHeader(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) bool {
-	key := append(append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...))
-	if has, err := db.Has(key); !has || err != nil {
+	if has, err := db.Has(headerKey(number, hash)); !has || err != nil {
 		return false
 	}
 	return true
@@ -161,11 +159,11 @@ func ReadHeader(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) *types.Heade
 func WriteHeader(db DatabaseWriter, header *types.Header) {
 	// Write the hash -> number mapping
 	var (
-		hash    = header.Hash().Bytes()
+		hash    = header.Hash()
 		number  = header.Number.Uint64()
 		encoded = encodeBlockNumber(number)
 	)
-	key := append(headerNumberPrefix, hash...)
+	key := headerNumberKey(hash)
 	if err := db.Put(key, encoded); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store hash to number mapping", "err", err)
 	}
@@ -174,7 +172,7 @@ func WriteHeader(db DatabaseWriter, header *types.Header) {
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to RLP encode header", "err", err)
 	}
-	key = append(append(headerPrefix, encoded...), hash...)
+	key = headerKey(number, hash)
 	if err := db.Put(key, data); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store header", "err", err)
 	}
@@ -182,32 +180,30 @@ func WriteHeader(db DatabaseWriter, header *types.Header) {
 
 // DeleteHeader removes all block header data associated with a hash.
 func DeleteHeader(db DatabaseDeleter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
-	if err := db.Delete(append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...)); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Delete(headerKey(number, hash)); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to delete header", "err", err)
 	}
-	if err := db.Delete(append(headerNumberPrefix, hash.Bytes()...)); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Delete(headerNumberKey(hash)); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to delete hash to number mapping", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // ReadBodyRLP retrieves the block body (transactions and uncles) in RLP encoding.
 func ReadBodyRLP(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) rlp.RawValue {
-	data, _ := db.Get(append(append(blockBodyPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...))
+	data, _ := db.Get(blockBodyKey(number, hash))
 	return data
 }
 
 // WriteBodyRLP stores an RLP encoded block body into the database.
 func WriteBodyRLP(db DatabaseWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64, rlp rlp.RawValue) {
-	key := append(append(blockBodyPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...)
-	if err := db.Put(key, rlp); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Put(blockBodyKey(number, hash), rlp); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store block body", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // HasBody verifies the existence of a block body corresponding to the hash.
 func HasBody(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) bool {
-	key := append(append(blockBodyPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...)
-	if has, err := db.Has(key); !has || err != nil {
+	if has, err := db.Has(blockBodyKey(number, hash)); !has || err != nil {
 		return false
 	}
 	return true
@@ -238,14 +234,14 @@ func WriteBody(db DatabaseWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64, body *types.B
 
 // DeleteBody removes all block body data associated with a hash.
 func DeleteBody(db DatabaseDeleter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
-	if err := db.Delete(append(append(blockBodyPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...)); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Delete(blockBodyKey(number, hash)); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to delete block body", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // ReadTd retrieves a block's total difficulty corresponding to the hash.
 func ReadTd(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) *big.Int {
-	data, _ := db.Get(append(append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash[:]...), headerTDSuffix...))
+	data, _ := db.Get(headerTDKey(number, hash))
 	if len(data) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -263,15 +259,14 @@ func WriteTd(db DatabaseWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64, td *big.Int) {
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to RLP encode block total difficulty", "err", err)
 	}
-	key := append(append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...), headerTDSuffix...)
-	if err := db.Put(key, data); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Put(headerTDKey(number, hash), data); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store block total difficulty", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // DeleteTd removes all block total difficulty data associated with a hash.
 func DeleteTd(db DatabaseDeleter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
-	if err := db.Delete(append(append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...), headerTDSuffix...)); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Delete(headerTDKey(number, hash)); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to delete block total difficulty", "err", err)
 	}
 }
@@ -279,7 +274,7 @@ func DeleteTd(db DatabaseDeleter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
 // ReadReceipts retrieves all the transaction receipts belonging to a block.
 func ReadReceipts(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) types.Receipts {
 	// Retrieve the flattened receipt slice
-	data, _ := db.Get(append(append(blockReceiptsPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash[:]...))
+	data, _ := db.Get(blockReceiptsKey(number, hash))
 	if len(data) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -308,15 +303,14 @@ func WriteReceipts(db DatabaseWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64, receipts
 		log.Crit("Failed to encode block receipts", "err", err)
 	}
 	// Store the flattened receipt slice
-	key := append(append(blockReceiptsPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...)
-	if err := db.Put(key, bytes); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Put(blockReceiptsKey(number, hash), bytes); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store block receipts", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // DeleteReceipts removes all receipt data associated with a block hash.
 func DeleteReceipts(db DatabaseDeleter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
-	if err := db.Delete(append(append(blockReceiptsPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...)); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Delete(blockReceiptsKey(number, hash)); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to delete block receipts", "err", err)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_indexes.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_indexes.go
index 9abad14e0c..4ff7e5bd35 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_indexes.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_indexes.go
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 package rawdb
 
 import (
-	"encoding/binary"
-
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
@@ -28,7 +26,7 @@ import (
 // ReadTxLookupEntry retrieves the positional metadata associated with a transaction
 // hash to allow retrieving the transaction or receipt by hash.
 func ReadTxLookupEntry(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash) (common.Hash, uint64, uint64) {
-	data, _ := db.Get(append(txLookupPrefix, hash.Bytes()...))
+	data, _ := db.Get(txLookupKey(hash))
 	if len(data) == 0 {
 		return common.Hash{}, 0, 0
 	}
@@ -53,7 +51,7 @@ func WriteTxLookupEntries(db DatabaseWriter, block *types.Block) {
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Crit("Failed to encode transaction lookup entry", "err", err)
 		}
-		if err := db.Put(append(txLookupPrefix, tx.Hash().Bytes()...), data); err != nil {
+		if err := db.Put(txLookupKey(tx.Hash()), data); err != nil {
 			log.Crit("Failed to store transaction lookup entry", "err", err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -61,7 +59,7 @@ func WriteTxLookupEntries(db DatabaseWriter, block *types.Block) {
 
 // DeleteTxLookupEntry removes all transaction data associated with a hash.
 func DeleteTxLookupEntry(db DatabaseDeleter, hash common.Hash) {
-	db.Delete(append(txLookupPrefix, hash.Bytes()...))
+	db.Delete(txLookupKey(hash))
 }
 
 // ReadTransaction retrieves a specific transaction from the database, along with
@@ -97,23 +95,13 @@ func ReadReceipt(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash) (*types.Receipt, common.Ha
 // ReadBloomBits retrieves the compressed bloom bit vector belonging to the given
 // section and bit index from the.
 func ReadBloomBits(db DatabaseReader, bit uint, section uint64, head common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
-	key := append(append(bloomBitsPrefix, make([]byte, 10)...), head.Bytes()...)
-
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(key[1:], uint16(bit))
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[3:], section)
-
-	return db.Get(key)
+	return db.Get(bloomBitsKey(bit, section, head))
 }
 
 // WriteBloomBits stores the compressed bloom bits vector belonging to the given
 // section and bit index.
 func WriteBloomBits(db DatabaseWriter, bit uint, section uint64, head common.Hash, bits []byte) {
-	key := append(append(bloomBitsPrefix, make([]byte, 10)...), head.Bytes()...)
-
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(key[1:], uint16(bit))
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[3:], section)
-
-	if err := db.Put(key, bits); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Put(bloomBitsKey(bit, section, head), bits); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store bloom bits", "err", err)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go
index 73ab983f2b..514328e87b 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func WriteDatabaseVersion(db DatabaseWriter, version int) {
 
 // ReadChainConfig retrieves the consensus settings based on the given genesis hash.
 func ReadChainConfig(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash) *params.ChainConfig {
-	data, _ := db.Get(append(configPrefix, hash[:]...))
+	data, _ := db.Get(configKey(hash))
 	if len(data) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -66,14 +66,14 @@ func WriteChainConfig(db DatabaseWriter, hash common.Hash, cfg *params.ChainConf
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to JSON encode chain config", "err", err)
 	}
-	if err := db.Put(append(configPrefix, hash[:]...), data); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Put(configKey(hash), data); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store chain config", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // ReadPreimage retrieves a single preimage of the provided hash.
 func ReadPreimage(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash) []byte {
-	data, _ := db.Get(append(preimagePrefix, hash.Bytes()...))
+	data, _ := db.Get(preimageKey(hash))
 	return data
 }
 
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ func ReadPreimage(db DatabaseReader, hash common.Hash) []byte {
 // current block number, and is used for debug messages only.
 func WritePreimages(db DatabaseWriter, number uint64, preimages map[common.Hash][]byte) {
 	for hash, preimage := range preimages {
-		if err := db.Put(append(preimagePrefix, hash.Bytes()...), preimage); err != nil {
+		if err := db.Put(preimageKey(hash), preimage); err != nil {
 			log.Crit("Failed to store trie preimage", "err", err)
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/schema.go b/core/rawdb/schema.go
index a4b1596fde..ef597ef309 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/schema.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/schema.go
@@ -77,3 +77,58 @@ func encodeBlockNumber(number uint64) []byte {
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(enc, number)
 	return enc
 }
+
+// headerKey = headerPrefix + num (uint64 big endian) + hash
+func headerKey(number uint64, hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	return append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...)
+}
+
+// headerTDKey = headerPrefix + num (uint64 big endian) + hash + headerTDSuffix
+func headerTDKey(number uint64, hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	return append(headerKey(number, hash), headerTDSuffix...)
+}
+
+// headerHashKey = headerPrefix + num (uint64 big endian) + headerHashSuffix
+func headerHashKey(number uint64) []byte {
+	return append(append(headerPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), headerHashSuffix...)
+}
+
+// headerNumberKey = headerNumberPrefix + hash
+func headerNumberKey(hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	return append(headerNumberPrefix, hash.Bytes()...)
+}
+
+// blockBodyKey = blockBodyPrefix + num (uint64 big endian) + hash
+func blockBodyKey(number uint64, hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	return append(append(blockBodyPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...)
+}
+
+// blockReceiptsKey = blockReceiptsPrefix + num (uint64 big endian) + hash
+func blockReceiptsKey(number uint64, hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	return append(append(blockReceiptsPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...)
+}
+
+// txLookupKey = txLookupPrefix + hash
+func txLookupKey(hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	return append(txLookupPrefix, hash.Bytes()...)
+}
+
+// bloomBitsKey = bloomBitsPrefix + bit (uint16 big endian) + section (uint64 big endian) + hash
+func bloomBitsKey(bit uint, section uint64, hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	key := append(append(bloomBitsPrefix, make([]byte, 10)...), hash.Bytes()...)
+
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(key[1:], uint16(bit))
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[3:], section)
+
+	return key
+}
+
+// preimageKey = preimagePrefix + hash
+func preimageKey(hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	return append(preimagePrefix, hash.Bytes()...)
+}
+
+// configKey = configPrefix + hash
+func configKey(hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	return append(configPrefix, hash.Bytes()...)
+}
diff --git a/core/state/state_object.go b/core/state/state_object.go
index 5d203fddd8..091d24184a 100644
--- a/core/state/state_object.go
+++ b/core/state/state_object.go
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ func (self *stateObject) updateRoot(db Database) {
 	self.data.Root = self.trie.Hash()
 }
 
-// CommitTrie the storage trie of the object to dwb.
+// CommitTrie the storage trie of the object to db.
 // This updates the trie root.
 func (self *stateObject) CommitTrie(db Database) error {
 	self.updateTrie(db)
diff --git a/core/state_processor.go b/core/state_processor.go
index 4dc58b9dea..8e238ce1f0 100644
--- a/core/state_processor.go
+++ b/core/state_processor.go
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ func (p *StateProcessor) Process(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg
 // and uses the input parameters for its environment. It returns the receipt
 // for the transaction, gas used and an error if the transaction failed,
 // indicating the block was invalid.
-func ApplyTransaction(config *params.ChainConfig, bc *BlockChain, author *common.Address, gp *GasPool, statedb *state.StateDB, header *types.Header, tx *types.Transaction, usedGas *uint64, cfg vm.Config) (*types.Receipt, uint64, error) {
+func ApplyTransaction(config *params.ChainConfig, bc ChainContext, author *common.Address, gp *GasPool, statedb *state.StateDB, header *types.Header, tx *types.Transaction, usedGas *uint64, cfg vm.Config) (*types.Receipt, uint64, error) {
 	msg, err := tx.AsMessage(types.MakeSigner(config, header.Number))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
diff --git a/core/tx_cacher.go b/core/tx_cacher.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6d989c83d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/tx_cacher.go
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package core
+
+import (
+	"runtime"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+)
+
+// senderCacher is a concurrent tranaction sender recoverer anc cacher.
+var senderCacher = newTxSenderCacher(runtime.NumCPU())
+
+// txSenderCacherRequest is a request for recovering transaction senders with a
+// specific signature scheme and caching it into the transactions themselves.
+//
+// The inc field defines the number of transactions to skip after each recovery,
+// which is used to feed the same underlying input array to different threads but
+// ensure they process the early transactions fast.
+type txSenderCacherRequest struct {
+	signer types.Signer
+	txs    []*types.Transaction
+	inc    int
+}
+
+// txSenderCacher is a helper structure to concurrently ecrecover transaction
+// senders from digital signatures on background threads.
+type txSenderCacher struct {
+	threads int
+	tasks   chan *txSenderCacherRequest
+}
+
+// newTxSenderCacher creates a new transaction sender background cacher and starts
+// as many procesing goroutines as allowed by the GOMAXPROCS on construction.
+func newTxSenderCacher(threads int) *txSenderCacher {
+	cacher := &txSenderCacher{
+		tasks:   make(chan *txSenderCacherRequest, threads),
+		threads: threads,
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < threads; i++ {
+		go cacher.cache()
+	}
+	return cacher
+}
+
+// cache is an infinite loop, caching transaction senders from various forms of
+// data structures.
+func (cacher *txSenderCacher) cache() {
+	for task := range cacher.tasks {
+		for i := 0; i < len(task.txs); i += task.inc {
+			types.Sender(task.signer, task.txs[i])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// recover recovers the senders from a batch of transactions and caches them
+// back into the same data structures. There is no validation being done, nor
+// any reaction to invalid signatures. That is up to calling code later.
+func (cacher *txSenderCacher) recover(signer types.Signer, txs []*types.Transaction) {
+	// If there's nothing to recover, abort
+	if len(txs) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	// Ensure we have meaningful task sizes and schedule the recoveries
+	tasks := cacher.threads
+	if len(txs) < tasks*4 {
+		tasks = (len(txs) + 3) / 4
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < tasks; i++ {
+		cacher.tasks <- &txSenderCacherRequest{
+			signer: signer,
+			txs:    txs[i:],
+			inc:    tasks,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// recoverFromBlocks recovers the senders from a batch of blocks and caches them
+// back into the same data structures. There is no validation being done, nor
+// any reaction to invalid signatures. That is up to calling code later.
+func (cacher *txSenderCacher) recoverFromBlocks(signer types.Signer, blocks []*types.Block) {
+	count := 0
+	for _, block := range blocks {
+		count += len(block.Transactions())
+	}
+	txs := make([]*types.Transaction, 0, count)
+	for _, block := range blocks {
+		txs = append(txs, block.Transactions()...)
+	}
+	cacher.recover(signer, txs)
+}
diff --git a/core/tx_pool.go b/core/tx_pool.go
index 7393c8286f..b0b55fcc25 100644
--- a/core/tx_pool.go
+++ b/core/tx_pool.go
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ func NewTxPool(config TxPoolConfig, chainconfig *params.ChainConfig, chain block
 		config:      config,
 		chainconfig: chainconfig,
 		chain:       chain,
-		signer:      types.NewEIP155Signer(chainconfig.ChainId),
+		signer:      types.NewEIP155Signer(chainconfig.ChainID),
 		pending:     make(map[common.Address]*txList),
 		queue:       make(map[common.Address]*txList),
 		beats:       make(map[common.Address]time.Time),
@@ -411,6 +411,7 @@ func (pool *TxPool) reset(oldHead, newHead *types.Header) {
 
 	// Inject any transactions discarded due to reorgs
 	log.Debug("Reinjecting stale transactions", "count", len(reinject))
+	senderCacher.recover(pool.signer, reinject)
 	pool.addTxsLocked(reinject, false)
 
 	// validate the pool of pending transactions, this will remove
@@ -1106,7 +1107,7 @@ func (pool *TxPool) demoteUnexecutables() {
 			log.Trace("Demoting pending transaction", "hash", hash)
 			pool.enqueueTx(hash, tx)
 		}
-		// If there's a gap in front, warn (should never happen) and postpone all transactions
+		// If there's a gap in front, alert (should never happen) and postpone all transactions
 		if list.Len() > 0 && list.txs.Get(nonce) == nil {
 			for _, tx := range list.Cap(0) {
 				hash := tx.Hash()
diff --git a/core/types/transaction_signing.go b/core/types/transaction_signing.go
index dfc84fdac7..c195d23a32 100644
--- a/core/types/transaction_signing.go
+++ b/core/types/transaction_signing.go
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ func MakeSigner(config *params.ChainConfig, blockNumber *big.Int) Signer {
 	var signer Signer
 	switch {
 	case config.IsEIP155(blockNumber):
-		signer = NewEIP155Signer(config.ChainId)
+		signer = NewEIP155Signer(config.ChainID)
 	case config.IsHomestead(blockNumber):
 		signer = HomesteadSigner{}
 	default:
diff --git a/core/vm/instructions.go b/core/vm/instructions.go
index 3a67e1865f..9475322cdf 100644
--- a/core/vm/instructions.go
+++ b/core/vm/instructions.go
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ func opMload(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *St
 func opMstore(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	// pop value of the stack
 	mStart, val := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
-	memory.Set(mStart.Uint64(), 32, math.PaddedBigBytes(val, 32))
+	memory.Set32(mStart.Uint64(), val)
 
 	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(mStart, val)
 	return nil, nil
@@ -570,9 +570,9 @@ func opMstore8(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *
 }
 
 func opSload(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-	loc := common.BigToHash(stack.pop())
-	val := evm.StateDB.GetState(contract.Address(), loc).Big()
-	stack.push(val)
+	loc := stack.peek()
+	val := evm.StateDB.GetState(contract.Address(), common.BigToHash(loc))
+	loc.SetBytes(val.Bytes())
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
diff --git a/core/vm/instructions_test.go b/core/vm/instructions_test.go
index 0de558612c..f51e6363f6 100644
--- a/core/vm/instructions_test.go
+++ b/core/vm/instructions_test.go
@@ -425,3 +425,42 @@ func BenchmarkOpIsZero(b *testing.B) {
 	x := "FBCDEF090807060504030201ffffffffFBCDEF090807060504030201ffffffff"
 	opBenchmark(b, opIszero, x)
 }
+
+func TestOpMstore(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		env   = NewEVM(Context{}, nil, params.TestChainConfig, Config{})
+		stack = newstack()
+		mem   = NewMemory()
+	)
+	mem.Resize(64)
+	pc := uint64(0)
+	v := "abcdef00000000000000abba000000000deaf000000c0de00100000000133700"
+	stack.pushN(new(big.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(v)), big.NewInt(0))
+	opMstore(&pc, env, nil, mem, stack)
+	if got := common.Bytes2Hex(mem.Get(0, 32)); got != v {
+		t.Fatalf("Mstore fail, got %v, expected %v", got, v)
+	}
+	stack.pushN(big.NewInt(0x1), big.NewInt(0))
+	opMstore(&pc, env, nil, mem, stack)
+	if common.Bytes2Hex(mem.Get(0, 32)) != "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001" {
+		t.Fatalf("Mstore failed to overwrite previous value")
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkOpMstore(bench *testing.B) {
+	var (
+		env   = NewEVM(Context{}, nil, params.TestChainConfig, Config{})
+		stack = newstack()
+		mem   = NewMemory()
+	)
+	mem.Resize(64)
+	pc := uint64(0)
+	memStart := big.NewInt(0)
+	value := big.NewInt(0x1337)
+
+	bench.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < bench.N; i++ {
+		stack.pushN(value, memStart)
+		opMstore(&pc, env, nil, mem, stack)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/core/vm/memory.go b/core/vm/memory.go
index d5cc7870bc..43f6ff5bff 100644
--- a/core/vm/memory.go
+++ b/core/vm/memory.go
@@ -16,7 +16,12 @@
 
 package vm
 
-import "fmt"
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
+)
 
 // Memory implements a simple memory model for the ethereum virtual machine.
 type Memory struct {
@@ -30,19 +35,32 @@ func NewMemory() *Memory {
 
 // Set sets offset + size to value
 func (m *Memory) Set(offset, size uint64, value []byte) {
-	// length of store may never be less than offset + size.
-	// The store should be resized PRIOR to setting the memory
-	if size > uint64(len(m.store)) {
-		panic("INVALID memory: store empty")
-	}
-
 	// It's possible the offset is greater than 0 and size equals 0. This is because
 	// the calcMemSize (common.go) could potentially return 0 when size is zero (NO-OP)
 	if size > 0 {
+		// length of store may never be less than offset + size.
+		// The store should be resized PRIOR to setting the memory
+		if offset+size > uint64(len(m.store)) {
+			panic("invalid memory: store empty")
+		}
 		copy(m.store[offset:offset+size], value)
 	}
 }
 
+// Set32 sets the 32 bytes starting at offset to the value of val, left-padded with zeroes to
+// 32 bytes.
+func (m *Memory) Set32(offset uint64, val *big.Int) {
+	// length of store may never be less than offset + size.
+	// The store should be resized PRIOR to setting the memory
+	if offset+32 > uint64(len(m.store)) {
+		panic("invalid memory: store empty")
+	}
+	// Zero the memory area
+	copy(m.store[offset:offset+32], []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0})
+	// Fill in relevant bits
+	math.ReadBits(val, m.store[offset:offset+32])
+}
+
 // Resize resizes the memory to size
 func (m *Memory) Resize(size uint64) {
 	if uint64(m.Len()) < size {
diff --git a/core/vm/runtime/runtime.go b/core/vm/runtime/runtime.go
index c8c5d34d9d..cda49a34b4 100644
--- a/core/vm/runtime/runtime.go
+++ b/core/vm/runtime/runtime.go
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ type Config struct {
 func setDefaults(cfg *Config) {
 	if cfg.ChainConfig == nil {
 		cfg.ChainConfig = &params.ChainConfig{
-			ChainId:        big.NewInt(1),
+			ChainID:        big.NewInt(1),
 			HomesteadBlock: new(big.Int),
 			DAOForkBlock:   new(big.Int),
 			DAOForkSupport: false,
diff --git a/crypto/crypto.go b/crypto/crypto.go
index 76d1ffaf64..619440e817 100644
--- a/crypto/crypto.go
+++ b/crypto/crypto.go
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ var (
 	secp256k1halfN = new(big.Int).Div(secp256k1N, big.NewInt(2))
 )
 
+var errInvalidPubkey = errors.New("invalid secp256k1 public key")
+
 // Keccak256 calculates and returns the Keccak256 hash of the input data.
 func Keccak256(data ...[]byte) []byte {
 	d := sha3.NewKeccak256()
@@ -122,12 +124,13 @@ func FromECDSA(priv *ecdsa.PrivateKey) []byte {
 	return math.PaddedBigBytes(priv.D, priv.Params().BitSize/8)
 }
 
-func ToECDSAPub(pub []byte) *ecdsa.PublicKey {
-	if len(pub) == 0 {
-		return nil
-	}
+// UnmarshalPubkey converts bytes to a secp256k1 public key.
+func UnmarshalPubkey(pub []byte) (*ecdsa.PublicKey, error) {
 	x, y := elliptic.Unmarshal(S256(), pub)
-	return &ecdsa.PublicKey{Curve: S256(), X: x, Y: y}
+	if x == nil {
+		return nil, errInvalidPubkey
+	}
+	return &ecdsa.PublicKey{Curve: S256(), X: x, Y: y}, nil
 }
 
 func FromECDSAPub(pub *ecdsa.PublicKey) []byte {
diff --git a/crypto/crypto_test.go b/crypto/crypto_test.go
index 804de3fe22..177c19c0cf 100644
--- a/crypto/crypto_test.go
+++ b/crypto/crypto_test.go
@@ -23,9 +23,11 @@ import (
 	"io/ioutil"
 	"math/big"
 	"os"
+	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
 )
 
 var testAddrHex = "970e8128ab834e8eac17ab8e3812f010678cf791"
@@ -56,6 +58,33 @@ func BenchmarkSha3(b *testing.B) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestUnmarshalPubkey(t *testing.T) {
+	key, err := UnmarshalPubkey(nil)
+	if err != errInvalidPubkey || key != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error, got %v, %v", err, key)
+	}
+	key, err = UnmarshalPubkey([]byte{1, 2, 3})
+	if err != errInvalidPubkey || key != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error, got %v, %v", err, key)
+	}
+
+	var (
+		enc, _ = hex.DecodeString("04760c4460e5336ac9bbd87952a3c7ec4363fc0a97bd31c86430806e287b437fd1b01abc6e1db640cf3106b520344af1d58b00b57823db3e1407cbc433e1b6d04d")
+		dec    = &ecdsa.PublicKey{
+			Curve: S256(),
+			X:     hexutil.MustDecodeBig("0x760c4460e5336ac9bbd87952a3c7ec4363fc0a97bd31c86430806e287b437fd1"),
+			Y:     hexutil.MustDecodeBig("0xb01abc6e1db640cf3106b520344af1d58b00b57823db3e1407cbc433e1b6d04d"),
+		}
+	)
+	key, err = UnmarshalPubkey(enc)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no error, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(key, dec) {
+		t.Fatal("wrong result")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestSign(t *testing.T) {
 	key, _ := HexToECDSA(testPrivHex)
 	addr := common.HexToAddress(testAddrHex)
@@ -69,7 +98,7 @@ func TestSign(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("ECRecover error: %s", err)
 	}
-	pubKey := ToECDSAPub(recoveredPub)
+	pubKey, _ := UnmarshalPubkey(recoveredPub)
 	recoveredAddr := PubkeyToAddress(*pubKey)
 	if addr != recoveredAddr {
 		t.Errorf("Address mismatch: want: %x have: %x", addr, recoveredAddr)
diff --git a/eth/api.go b/eth/api.go
index 247ca7485c..446161cc4a 100644
--- a/eth/api.go
+++ b/eth/api.go
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/ethapi"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/miner"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
@@ -351,10 +352,34 @@ func (api *PrivateDebugAPI) Preimage(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (hex
 	return nil, errors.New("unknown preimage")
 }
 
+// BadBlockArgs represents the entries in the list returned when bad blocks are queried.
+type BadBlockArgs struct {
+	Hash  common.Hash            `json:"hash"`
+	Block map[string]interface{} `json:"block"`
+	RLP   string                 `json:"rlp"`
+}
+
 // GetBadBLocks returns a list of the last 'bad blocks' that the client has seen on the network
 // and returns them as a JSON list of block-hashes
-func (api *PrivateDebugAPI) GetBadBlocks(ctx context.Context) ([]core.BadBlockArgs, error) {
-	return api.eth.BlockChain().BadBlocks()
+func (api *PrivateDebugAPI) GetBadBlocks(ctx context.Context) ([]*BadBlockArgs, error) {
+	blocks := api.eth.BlockChain().BadBlocks()
+	results := make([]*BadBlockArgs, len(blocks))
+
+	var err error
+	for i, block := range blocks {
+		results[i] = &BadBlockArgs{
+			Hash: block.Hash(),
+		}
+		if rlpBytes, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(block); err != nil {
+			results[i].RLP = err.Error() // Hacky, but hey, it works
+		} else {
+			results[i].RLP = fmt.Sprintf("0x%x", rlpBytes)
+		}
+		if results[i].Block, err = ethapi.RPCMarshalBlock(block, true, true); err != nil {
+			results[i].Block = map[string]interface{}{"error": err.Error()}
+		}
+	}
+	return results, nil
 }
 
 // StorageRangeResult is the result of a debug_storageRangeAt API call.
diff --git a/eth/api_tracer.go b/eth/api_tracer.go
index 45a819022a..61f5c71d64 100644
--- a/eth/api_tracer.go
+++ b/eth/api_tracer.go
@@ -251,7 +251,8 @@ func (api *PrivateDebugAPI) traceChain(ctx context.Context, start, end *types.Bl
 			// Print progress logs if long enough time elapsed
 			if time.Since(logged) > 8*time.Second {
 				if number > origin {
-					log.Info("Tracing chain segment", "start", origin, "end", end.NumberU64(), "current", number, "transactions", traced, "elapsed", time.Since(begin), "memory", database.TrieDB().Size())
+					nodes, imgs := database.TrieDB().Size()
+					log.Info("Tracing chain segment", "start", origin, "end", end.NumberU64(), "current", number, "transactions", traced, "elapsed", time.Since(begin), "memory", nodes+imgs)
 				} else {
 					log.Info("Preparing state for chain trace", "block", number, "start", origin, "elapsed", time.Since(begin))
 				}
@@ -298,6 +299,8 @@ func (api *PrivateDebugAPI) traceChain(ctx context.Context, start, end *types.Bl
 			// Dereference all past tries we ourselves are done working with
 			database.TrieDB().Dereference(proot, common.Hash{})
 			proot = root
+
+			// TODO(karalabe): Do we need the preimages? Won't they accumulate too much?
 		}
 	}()
 
@@ -526,7 +529,8 @@ func (api *PrivateDebugAPI) computeStateDB(block *types.Block, reexec uint64) (*
 		database.TrieDB().Dereference(proot, common.Hash{})
 		proot = root
 	}
-	log.Info("Historical state regenerated", "block", block.NumberU64(), "elapsed", time.Since(start), "size", database.TrieDB().Size())
+	nodes, imgs := database.TrieDB().Size()
+	log.Info("Historical state regenerated", "block", block.NumberU64(), "elapsed", time.Since(start), "nodes", nodes, "preimages", imgs)
 	return statedb, nil
 }
 
diff --git a/eth/config.go b/eth/config.go
index dd7f42c7d9..426d2bf1ef 100644
--- a/eth/config.go
+++ b/eth/config.go
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ var DefaultConfig = Config{
 	LightPeers:    100,
 	DatabaseCache: 768,
 	TrieCache:     256,
-	TrieTimeout:   5 * time.Minute,
+	TrieTimeout:   60 * time.Minute,
 	GasPrice:      big.NewInt(18 * params.Shannon),
 
 	TxPool: core.DefaultTxPoolConfig,
diff --git a/eth/fetcher/fetcher.go b/eth/fetcher/fetcher.go
index a2e7cdecf9..6383596dce 100644
--- a/eth/fetcher/fetcher.go
+++ b/eth/fetcher/fetcher.go
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ type headerFilterTask struct {
 	time    time.Time       // Arrival time of the headers
 }
 
-// headerFilterTask represents a batch of block bodies (transactions and uncles)
+// bodyFilterTask represents a batch of block bodies (transactions and uncles)
 // needing fetcher filtering.
 type bodyFilterTask struct {
 	peer         string                 // The source peer of block bodies
diff --git a/eth/filters/filter.go b/eth/filters/filter.go
index 67b4612ae4..7000d74fa4 100644
--- a/eth/filters/filter.go
+++ b/eth/filters/filter.go
@@ -258,9 +258,9 @@ Logs:
 		if len(topics) > len(log.Topics) {
 			continue Logs
 		}
-		for i, topics := range topics {
-			match := len(topics) == 0 // empty rule set == wildcard
-			for _, topic := range topics {
+		for i, sub := range topics {
+			match := len(sub) == 0 // empty rule set == wildcard
+			for _, topic := range sub {
 				if log.Topics[i] == topic {
 					match = true
 					break
diff --git a/eth/handler.go b/eth/handler.go
index 918d71088d..a46e7f13cb 100644
--- a/eth/handler.go
+++ b/eth/handler.go
@@ -340,6 +340,8 @@ func (pm *ProtocolManager) handleMsg(p *peer) error {
 			return errResp(ErrDecode, "%v: %v", msg, err)
 		}
 		hashMode := query.Origin.Hash != (common.Hash{})
+		first := true
+		maxNonCanonical := uint64(100)
 
 		// Gather headers until the fetch or network limits is reached
 		var (
@@ -351,31 +353,36 @@ func (pm *ProtocolManager) handleMsg(p *peer) error {
 			// Retrieve the next header satisfying the query
 			var origin *types.Header
 			if hashMode {
-				origin = pm.blockchain.GetHeaderByHash(query.Origin.Hash)
+				if first {
+					first = false
+					origin = pm.blockchain.GetHeaderByHash(query.Origin.Hash)
+					if origin != nil {
+						query.Origin.Number = origin.Number.Uint64()
+					}
+				} else {
+					origin = pm.blockchain.GetHeader(query.Origin.Hash, query.Origin.Number)
+				}
 			} else {
 				origin = pm.blockchain.GetHeaderByNumber(query.Origin.Number)
 			}
 			if origin == nil {
 				break
 			}
-			number := origin.Number.Uint64()
 			headers = append(headers, origin)
 			bytes += estHeaderRlpSize
 
 			// Advance to the next header of the query
 			switch {
-			case query.Origin.Hash != (common.Hash{}) && query.Reverse:
+			case hashMode && query.Reverse:
 				// Hash based traversal towards the genesis block
-				for i := 0; i < int(query.Skip)+1; i++ {
-					if header := pm.blockchain.GetHeader(query.Origin.Hash, number); header != nil {
-						query.Origin.Hash = header.ParentHash
-						number--
-					} else {
-						unknown = true
-						break
-					}
+				ancestor := query.Skip + 1
+				if ancestor == 0 {
+					unknown = true
+				} else {
+					query.Origin.Hash, query.Origin.Number = pm.blockchain.GetAncestor(query.Origin.Hash, query.Origin.Number, ancestor, &maxNonCanonical)
+					unknown = (query.Origin.Hash == common.Hash{})
 				}
-			case query.Origin.Hash != (common.Hash{}) && !query.Reverse:
+			case hashMode && !query.Reverse:
 				// Hash based traversal towards the leaf block
 				var (
 					current = origin.Number.Uint64()
@@ -387,8 +394,10 @@ func (pm *ProtocolManager) handleMsg(p *peer) error {
 					unknown = true
 				} else {
 					if header := pm.blockchain.GetHeaderByNumber(next); header != nil {
-						if pm.blockchain.GetBlockHashesFromHash(header.Hash(), query.Skip+1)[query.Skip] == query.Origin.Hash {
-							query.Origin.Hash = header.Hash()
+						nextHash := header.Hash()
+						expOldHash, _ := pm.blockchain.GetAncestor(nextHash, next, query.Skip+1, &maxNonCanonical)
+						if expOldHash == query.Origin.Hash {
+							query.Origin.Hash, query.Origin.Number = nextHash, next
 						} else {
 							unknown = true
 						}
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracers/4byte_tracer.js b/eth/tracers/internal/tracers/4byte_tracer.js
index 0a6b088cca..2629aba3cf 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracers/4byte_tracer.js
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracers/4byte_tracer.js
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
 	// the final result of the tracing.
 	result: function(ctx) {
 		// Save the outer calldata also
-		if (ctx.input.length > 4) {
+		if (ctx.input.length >= 4) {
 			this.store(slice(ctx.input, 0, 4), ctx.input.length-4)
 		}
 		return this.ids;
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracers/assets.go b/eth/tracers/internal/tracers/assets.go
index 1912f74edd..2fdf5a646d 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracers/assets.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracers/assets.go
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ package tracers
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"compress/gzip"
+	"crypto/sha256"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"io/ioutil"
@@ -42,8 +43,9 @@ func bindataRead(data []byte, name string) ([]byte, error) {
 }
 
 type asset struct {
-	bytes []byte
-	info  os.FileInfo
+	bytes  []byte
+	info   os.FileInfo
+	digest [sha256.Size]byte
 }
 
 type bindataFileInfo struct {
@@ -72,7 +74,7 @@ func (fi bindataFileInfo) Sys() interface{} {
 	return nil
 }
 
-var __4byte_tracerJs = 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+var __4byte_tracerJs = []byte("\x1f\x8b\x08\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xff\x94\x56\x5b\x6f\xdb\x4a\x0e\x7e\xb6\x7f\x05\xd7\x2f\xb5\x51\x59\x8e\x2f\x89\x2f\xd9\x16\xf0\xe6\xa4\x6d\x80\x9c\x24\x88\xdd\x3d\x28\x16\xfb\x30\x9e\xa1\xac\xd9\xc8\x33\xc2\x0c\xe5\x4b\x73\xf2\xdf\x17\x1c\x49\x89\x93\xd3\x62\xbb\x4f\x96\x47\xc3\x8f\x1f\xc9\x8f\xa4\x7a\x3d\xb8\xb0\xf9\xc1\xe9\x75\x4a\x30\x38\xe9\x8f\x61\x99\x22\xac\x6d\x17\x29\x45\x87\xc5\x06\xe6\x05\xa5\xd6\xf9\x66\xaf\x07\xcb\x54\x7b\x48\x74\x86\xa0\x3d\xe4\xc2\x11\xd8\x04\xe8\xcd\xfd\x4c\xaf\x9c\x70\x87\xb8\xd9\xeb\x95\x36\x3f\x7c\xcd\x08\x89\x43\x04\x6f\x13\xda\x09\x87\x33\x38\xd8\x02\xa4\x30\xe0\x50\x69\x4f\x4e\xaf\x0a\x42\xd0\x04\xc2\xa8\x9e\x75\xb0\xb1\x4a\x27\x07\x86\xd4\x04\x85\x51\xe8\x82\x6b\x42\xb7\xf1\x35\x8f\xcf\x37\x5f\xe1\x1a\xbd\x47\x07\x9f\xd1\xa0\x13\x19\xdc\x15\xab\x4c\x4b\xb8\xd6\x12\x8d\x47\x10\x1e\x72\x3e\xf1\x29\x2a\x58\x05\x38\x36\xfc\xc4\x54\x16\x15\x15\xf8\x64\x0b\xa3\x04\x69\x6b\x22\x40\xcd\xcc\x61\x8b\xce\x6b\x6b\x60\x58\xbb\xaa\x00\x23\xb0\x8e\x41\xda\x82\x38\x00\x07\x36\x67\xbb\x0e\x08\x73\x80\x4c\xd0\x8b\xe9\x2f\x24\xe4\x25\x6e\x05\xda\x04\x37\xa9\xcd\x11\x28\x15\xc4\x51\xef\x74\x96\xc1\x0a\xa1\xf0\x98\x14\x59\xc4\x68\xab\x82\xe0\x8f\xab\xe5\x97\xdb\xaf\x4b\x98\xdf\x7c\x83\x3f\xe6\xf7\xf7\xf3\x9b\xe5\xb7\x73\xd8\x69\x4a\x6d\x41\x80\x5b\x2c\xa1\xf4\x26\xcf\x34\x2a\xd8\x09\xe7\x84\xa1\x03\xd8\x84\x11\x7e\xbf\xbc\xbf\xf8\x32\xbf\x59\xce\xff\x71\x75\x7d\xb5\xfc\x06\xd6\xc1\xa7\xab\xe5\xcd\xe5\x62\x01\x9f\x6e\xef\x61\x0e\x77\xf3\xfb\xe5\xd5\xc5\xd7\xeb\xf9\x3d\xdc\x7d\xbd\xbf\xbb\x5d\x5c\xc6\xb0\x40\x66\x85\x6c\xff\xbf\x73\x9e\x84\xea\x39\x04\x85\x24\x74\xe6\xeb\x4c\x7c\xb3\x05\xf8\xd4\x16\x99\x82\x54\x6c\x11\x1c\x4a\xd4\x5b\x54\x20\x40\xda\xfc\xf0\xcb\x45\x65\x2c\x91\x59\xb3\x0e\x31\xff\x54\x90\x70\x95\x80\xb1\x14\x81\x47\x84\xbf\xa7\x44\xf9\xac\xd7\xdb\xed\x76\xf1\xda\x14\xb1\x75\xeb\x5e\x56\xc2\xf9\xde\xc7\xb8\xc9\x98\xa3\xd5\x81\x70\xe9\x84\x44\x07\x1e\x85\x93\x29\xfa\x10\x4c\x78\xd1\xd5\x0a\x0d\xe9\x44\xa3\xf3\x11\x8b\x14\xa4\xcd\x32\x94\xe4\x99\xc1\x26\x5c\xcc\xad\xa7\x6e\xee\xac\x44\xef\xb5\x59\x73\xe0\x70\x45\xaf\x2e\xc2\x06\x29\xb5\xca\xc3\x11\xdc\xdb\x68\xbc\xfe\x8e\x75\x36\x7c\x91\x97\x65\x54\x82\x44\x04\xde\x86\xe8\xc1\x21\xcb\x0c\x15\x78\xbd\x36\x82\x0a\x87\xa1\x97\x56\x08\x1b\x41\x92\xc5\x2e\xd6\x42\x1b\x4f\x7f\x01\x64\x9c\xba\x22\x97\x7b\xb1\xc9\x33\x9c\xf1\x33\xc0\x47\x50\xb8\x2a\xd6\x31\x71\x0a\x96\x4e\x18\x2f\x24\x8b\xbb\x0d\xad\x93\xfd\xa0\x3f\xc2\xd3\xe9\x18\x87\xa7\x4a\x9c\x4c\x86\x67\xd3\x41\x72\x3a\x9c\x9c\xf5\x47\x7d\x3c\x9b\x26\xa3\x31\x4e\xc7\xc3\xd5\x40\x9e\x9e\xe1\x58\x4c\x4e\xc6\xc3\x55\x1f\xc5\xc9\x24\x51\xe3\xd3\x71\x1f\xa7\x0a\x5b\x11\x3c\x06\x60\x37\x83\xd6\x51\xa6\x5b\x4f\x9d\xd2\xfb\x63\xf9\x03\x70\xb2\x1f\x8c\x95\x1c\x4c\xc7\xd8\xed\x0f\x26\x33\xe8\x47\x2f\x6f\x86\x13\x29\x47\x93\x61\xbf\x7b\x32\x83\xc1\xd1\xf9\xe9\x60\x94\x0c\x27\x93\x69\x77\x7a\xf6\xda\x40\xa8\xe4\x74\x9a\x4c\xa7\xdd\xc1\xe4\x0d\x94\x1c\x4c\xfa\xaa\x3f\x45\x86\xea\x97\xc7\x4f\xcd\xc7\x66\x83\x07\x8e\xf2\x20\xd6\x6b\x87\x6b\x41\x58\x56\x2d\x30\x0e\x2f\x12\x1e\x16\x71\xb3\xc1\xcf\x33\x78\x7c\x8a\x9a\xc1\x46\x8a\x2c\x5b\x1e\x72\x56\x35\x15\xce\x78\x78\x97\x88\xcc\xe3\xbb\xa0\x0b\x63\x4d\x97\x2f\x78\x1e\x1f\x01\x2f\x47\x7c\xe8\x6a\xa3\x70\x1f\x2e\xf0\x51\xa2\x9d\x27\x1e\xb3\x62\x13\x10\x45\xc2\xd3\xe4\xdd\x56\x64\x05\xbe\x8b\x40\xc7\x18\xc3\x06\x37\x5c\x54\xe1\x28\x6e\x36\x6a\x97\x33\x48\x0a\x53\x56\xca\xe6\x9e\x5c\xe7\xb1\xd9\x68\xf8\x9d\x26\x99\x1e\x1d\x48\xe1\x11\x5a\x17\xf3\xeb\xeb\xd6\x0c\x5e\xfe\x5c\xdc\xfe\x76\xd9\x9a\x35\x1b\x0d\x76\xb9\x16\x2c\x6d\xa5\x5c\x04\x5b\x91\x45\xa5\xbb\xea\xc7\x7f\x0f\x0f\xb6\xa0\xfa\xd7\x7f\x67\xb3\x32\x5e\x18\x9e\x43\xaf\x07\x9e\x84\x7c\x80\x9c\x1c\x90\x2d\xcd\x9a\xcf\xae\x7f\xbb\xbc\xbe\xfc\x3c\x5f\x5e\xbe\xa2\xb0\x58\xce\x97\x57\x17\xe5\xd1\x5f\x49\xfc\x1f\xfe\x07\x3f\xf3\xdf\x68\x3c\x35\x9f\x6f\x85\x9a\x9c\x37\x1b\x75\xd5\x3c\xf1\x9c\xf2\x3c\x8d\xc2\x18\xd1\x3c\x3c\xb9\x2c\x55\x6b\x86\x3e\xe7\x8e\xe1\x0e\x8a\x9b\x8d\x70\xff\x28\xdf\x5a\x45\xa1\xb9\x42\x86\xb7\xc2\xc1\x03\x1e\xe0\x03\xb4\x5a\xf0\x1e\xc8\x7e\xc1\x7d\x5b\xab\x0e\xbc\x87\x56\x97\x4f\xf8\xe6\x79\xb3\xd1\xa0\x54\xfb\x58\x2b\xff\xaf\x07\x3c\xfc\x1b\x3e\xc0\xeb\xff\xef\xa1\x0f\x7f\xfe\x09\xfd\x57\x34\x31\xe7\x85\xa1\xcd\xd6\x3e\xa0\x0a\x92\xe1\x01\x70\x00\x9b\x4b\xab\xaa\x8d\xc1\x11\xfc\xf3\x77\xc0\x3d\xca\x82\xd0\x07\xba\x98\x1f\xb1\xcd\xec\x3a\x02\xb5\xea\x00\xb3\xed\xf5\x60\xf1\xa0\xf3\xb0\xb8\x4a\x14\x5f\xc2\xf0\x46\x34\x96\x40\x1b\x42\x67\x44\x16\xa4\xed\xab\xf8\x24\xd5\x7c\x6b\xf5\x31\x6a\x6c\xf3\x98\xec\x82\x9c\x36\xeb\x76\xa7\xc3\x31\xea\x04\xda\x7f\x93\x54\xfa\xaa\xd2\x7f\x5e\x15\xe3\xd8\x75\xee\xb0\x2b\xed\x26\x0f\x5f\x19\x66\x6b\x65\xd8\xc3\x3e\x02\x4a\x2d\xef\x6f\x87\xf0\x9f\xc2\x13\x24\xc2\xc8\x67\xa2\x15\xbe\xf6\x77\x0e\x2b\x63\xd5\x26\x3b\x57\xca\xa1\xf7\x81\x51\x50\x42\xcc\x6d\xd6\xee\x77\x3a\x9d\x9f\xf1\xf8\x2c\xc2\xba\x7f\x15\x6b\xbd\xb7\xaa\x90\xb5\x59\x7c\x87\x0f\xf0\x06\x54\x12\x17\xaa\x13\x87\xf6\xbc\x4d\xda\xcf\x41\x87\xeb\x1f\x3f\xc0\xa8\x72\x59\x42\xdc\x26\xc9\x8f\x30\xde\xd8\x97\xca\x08\x22\x0b\x41\xb0\xce\xdd\x21\xf6\xbc\xa9\xda\x01\x24\xaa\xb0\xde\xc3\xa8\x13\x05\x6a\xdd\x51\xa7\x8a\xa7\x56\x4b\x22\x8a\x8c\x8e\xe5\xb2\x4b\xab\x4f\x02\x21\xa9\x10\x59\xa5\x10\xfe\xbc\xb1\x09\x08\x53\x8b\x28\x29\x97\x75\x23\xd8\xff\x50\x36\x50\xbb\x70\xe8\x7f\xe4\x83\x93\xc7\x7e\x6a\x3d\x85\x35\xbf\x42\xee\x29\x42\x27\xf8\x3b\xc7\x6e\xab\xae\xaa\xe6\x64\x80\x2b\xc7\x1f\xe7\xbf\x02\xae\x76\x15\x2f\x8c\xb0\x47\x1b\xe5\xf9\x11\x29\x49\xfb\x17\x1d\xd7\xfd\x6b\x0b\x1e\x99\x5c\x43\xee\x59\x10\x99\xb7\x55\x55\x24\xed\x63\x6d\xf2\x82\xe2\x0c\xcd\x9a\xd2\xe3\x0a\x1d\x25\xbd\xcc\xf4\xf3\xe5\x08\x4e\xa2\x90\xe8\xb7\xe6\xdd\x51\xe7\xf5\x60\xa9\x5b\xb8\x6c\xda\xa7\xe6\x7f\x03\x00\x00\xff\xff\x8b\x90\x53\x6e\x68\x0b\x00\x00")
 
 func _4byte_tracerJsBytes() ([]byte, error) {
 	return bindataRead(
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@ func _4byte_tracerJs() (*asset, error) {
 	}
 
 	info := bindataFileInfo{name: "4byte_tracer.js", size: 0, mode: os.FileMode(0), modTime: time.Unix(0, 0)}
-	a := &asset{bytes: bytes, info: info}
+	a := &asset{bytes: bytes, info: info, digest: [32]uint8{0xdc, 0x44, 0x40, 0x64, 0xa7, 0xa2, 0x19, 0xea, 0x36, 0x7, 0xf8, 0x62, 0x5, 0x90, 0xda, 0x9c, 0xc1, 0x71, 0xab, 0xc6, 0x14, 0x63, 0xe5, 0x52, 0x34, 0xb9, 0x53, 0x9b, 0x89, 0x2, 0x5b, 0xa4}}
 	return a, nil
 }
 
@@ -108,7 +110,7 @@ func call_tracerJs() (*asset, error) {
 	}
 
 	info := bindataFileInfo{name: "call_tracer.js", size: 0, mode: os.FileMode(0), modTime: time.Unix(0, 0)}
-	a := &asset{bytes: bytes, info: info}
+	a := &asset{bytes: bytes, info: info, digest: [32]uint8{0xf5, 0xb3, 0xb6, 0xe8, 0x19, 0xc3, 0xa, 0xce, 0xfd, 0x50, 0x84, 0xf7, 0x8a, 0xc5, 0x99, 0x10, 0x58, 0xc4, 0x69, 0xfb, 0x8, 0xad, 0x67, 0xea, 0x12, 0x38, 0xcb, 0xd, 0x2a, 0x94, 0xa1, 0x70}}
 	return a, nil
 }
 
@@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ func evmdis_tracerJs() (*asset, error) {
 	}
 
 	info := bindataFileInfo{name: "evmdis_tracer.js", size: 0, mode: os.FileMode(0), modTime: time.Unix(0, 0)}
-	a := &asset{bytes: bytes, info: info}
+	a := &asset{bytes: bytes, info: info, digest: [32]uint8{0xd5, 0xe8, 0x96, 0xa1, 0x8b, 0xc, 0x68, 0x3c, 0xe8, 0x5d, 0x7e, 0xf0, 0xab, 0xfe, 0xec, 0xd1, 0xb, 0x3d, 0xfc, 0xc7, 0xac, 0xb5, 0xa, 0x41, 0x55, 0x0, 0x3a, 0x60, 0xa7, 0x8e, 0x46, 0x93}}
 	return a, nil
 }
 
@@ -148,7 +150,7 @@ func noop_tracerJs() (*asset, error) {
 	}
 
 	info := bindataFileInfo{name: "noop_tracer.js", size: 0, mode: os.FileMode(0), modTime: time.Unix(0, 0)}
-	a := &asset{bytes: bytes, info: info}
+	a := &asset{bytes: bytes, info: info, digest: [32]uint8{0x4d, 0xcc, 0x83, 0xe9, 0x9e, 0xc1, 0x56, 0x41, 0x6c, 0x6a, 0x3b, 0x46, 0xc9, 0x5f, 0xe1, 0x5b, 0xcd, 0x6b, 0x53, 0x45, 0xcd, 0xfe, 0x1e, 0x86, 0x8c, 0x6b, 0xb, 0x70, 0x73, 0x9f, 0x4c, 0xb1}}
 	return a, nil
 }
 
@@ -168,7 +170,7 @@ func opcount_tracerJs() (*asset, error) {
 	}
 
 	info := bindataFileInfo{name: "opcount_tracer.js", size: 0, mode: os.FileMode(0), modTime: time.Unix(0, 0)}
-	a := &asset{bytes: bytes, info: info}
+	a := &asset{bytes: bytes, info: info, digest: [32]uint8{0x27, 0xe, 0x97, 0x88, 0x9b, 0x53, 0xbb, 0x20, 0x44, 0xd8, 0xf5, 0xeb, 0x41, 0xd2, 0x7e, 0xd6, 0xda, 0x6b, 0xf5, 0xaf, 0x0, 0x75, 0x9f, 0xd9, 0x22, 0xc, 0x6e, 0x74, 0xac, 0x2a, 0xa9, 0xa7}}
 	return a, nil
 }
 
@@ -188,7 +190,7 @@ func prestate_tracerJs() (*asset, error) {
 	}
 
 	info := bindataFileInfo{name: "prestate_tracer.js", size: 0, mode: os.FileMode(0), modTime: time.Unix(0, 0)}
-	a := &asset{bytes: bytes, info: info}
+	a := &asset{bytes: bytes, info: info, digest: [32]uint8{0xd0, 0xd5, 0x5, 0x92, 0xed, 0xf4, 0x69, 0x2e, 0x14, 0x48, 0x35, 0x67, 0xcc, 0xf2, 0x3e, 0xc7, 0xf, 0x18, 0x22, 0x7a, 0x4d, 0x6f, 0x31, 0xad, 0x3c, 0x92, 0x77, 0xb4, 0x1, 0x2a, 0xd3, 0x7c}}
 	return a, nil
 }
 
@@ -207,6 +209,12 @@ func Asset(name string) ([]byte, error) {
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("Asset %s not found", name)
 }
 
+// AssetString returns the asset contents as a string (instead of a []byte).
+func AssetString(name string) (string, error) {
+	data, err := Asset(name)
+	return string(data), err
+}
+
 // MustAsset is like Asset but panics when Asset would return an error.
 // It simplifies safe initialization of global variables.
 func MustAsset(name string) []byte {
@@ -218,6 +226,12 @@ func MustAsset(name string) []byte {
 	return a
 }
 
+// MustAssetString is like AssetString but panics when Asset would return an
+// error. It simplifies safe initialization of global variables.
+func MustAssetString(name string) string {
+	return string(MustAsset(name))
+}
+
 // AssetInfo loads and returns the asset info for the given name.
 // It returns an error if the asset could not be found or
 // could not be loaded.
@@ -233,6 +247,33 @@ func AssetInfo(name string) (os.FileInfo, error) {
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("AssetInfo %s not found", name)
 }
 
+// AssetDigest returns the digest of the file with the given name. It returns an
+// error if the asset could not be found or the digest could not be loaded.
+func AssetDigest(name string) ([sha256.Size]byte, error) {
+	canonicalName := strings.Replace(name, "\\", "/", -1)
+	if f, ok := _bindata[canonicalName]; ok {
+		a, err := f()
+		if err != nil {
+			return [sha256.Size]byte{}, fmt.Errorf("AssetDigest %s can't read by error: %v", name, err)
+		}
+		return a.digest, nil
+	}
+	return [sha256.Size]byte{}, fmt.Errorf("AssetDigest %s not found", name)
+}
+
+// Digests returns a map of all known files and their checksums.
+func Digests() (map[string][sha256.Size]byte, error) {
+	mp := make(map[string][sha256.Size]byte, len(_bindata))
+	for name := range _bindata {
+		a, err := _bindata[name]()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		mp[name] = a.digest
+	}
+	return mp, nil
+}
+
 // AssetNames returns the names of the assets.
 func AssetNames() []string {
 	names := make([]string, 0, len(_bindata))
@@ -266,9 +307,9 @@ var _bindata = map[string]func() (*asset, error){
 //       img/
 //         a.png
 //         b.png
-// then AssetDir("data") would return []string{"foo.txt", "img"}
-// AssetDir("data/img") would return []string{"a.png", "b.png"}
-// AssetDir("foo.txt") and AssetDir("notexist") would return an error
+// then AssetDir("data") would return []string{"foo.txt", "img"},
+// AssetDir("data/img") would return []string{"a.png", "b.png"},
+// AssetDir("foo.txt") and AssetDir("notexist") would return an error, and
 // AssetDir("") will return []string{"data"}.
 func AssetDir(name string) ([]string, error) {
 	node := _bintree
@@ -306,7 +347,7 @@ var _bintree = &bintree{nil, map[string]*bintree{
 	"prestate_tracer.js": {prestate_tracerJs, map[string]*bintree{}},
 }}
 
-// RestoreAsset restores an asset under the given directory
+// RestoreAsset restores an asset under the given directory.
 func RestoreAsset(dir, name string) error {
 	data, err := Asset(name)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -327,7 +368,7 @@ func RestoreAsset(dir, name string) error {
 	return os.Chtimes(_filePath(dir, name), info.ModTime(), info.ModTime())
 }
 
-// RestoreAssets restores an asset under the given directory recursively
+// RestoreAssets restores an asset under the given directory recursively.
 func RestoreAssets(dir, name string) error {
 	children, err := AssetDir(name)
 	// File
diff --git a/ethclient/ethclient.go b/ethclient/ethclient.go
index b482245878..b40837c8cc 100644
--- a/ethclient/ethclient.go
+++ b/ethclient/ethclient.go
@@ -141,7 +141,9 @@ func (ec *Client) getBlock(ctx context.Context, method string, args ...interface
 	// Fill the sender cache of transactions in the block.
 	txs := make([]*types.Transaction, len(body.Transactions))
 	for i, tx := range body.Transactions {
-		setSenderFromServer(tx.tx, tx.From, body.Hash)
+		if tx.From != nil {
+			setSenderFromServer(tx.tx, *tx.From, body.Hash)
+		}
 		txs[i] = tx.tx
 	}
 	return types.NewBlockWithHeader(head).WithBody(txs, uncles), nil
@@ -174,9 +176,9 @@ type rpcTransaction struct {
 }
 
 type txExtraInfo struct {
-	BlockNumber *string
-	BlockHash   common.Hash
-	From        common.Address
+	BlockNumber *string         `json:"blockNumber,omitempty"`
+	BlockHash   *common.Hash    `json:"blockHash,omitempty"`
+	From        *common.Address `json:"from,omitempty"`
 }
 
 func (tx *rpcTransaction) UnmarshalJSON(msg []byte) error {
@@ -197,7 +199,9 @@ func (ec *Client) TransactionByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (tx *
 	} else if _, r, _ := json.tx.RawSignatureValues(); r == nil {
 		return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("server returned transaction without signature")
 	}
-	setSenderFromServer(json.tx, json.From, json.BlockHash)
+	if json.From != nil && json.BlockHash != nil {
+		setSenderFromServer(json.tx, *json.From, *json.BlockHash)
+	}
 	return json.tx, json.BlockNumber == nil, nil
 }
 
@@ -244,7 +248,9 @@ func (ec *Client) TransactionInBlock(ctx context.Context, blockHash common.Hash,
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("server returned transaction without signature")
 		}
 	}
-	setSenderFromServer(json.tx, json.From, json.BlockHash)
+	if json.From != nil && json.BlockHash != nil {
+		setSenderFromServer(json.tx, *json.From, *json.BlockHash)
+	}
 	return json.tx, err
 }
 
diff --git a/ethdb/database.go b/ethdb/database.go
index 86dd210762..f4a5ce2c8d 100644
--- a/ethdb/database.go
+++ b/ethdb/database.go
@@ -141,6 +141,7 @@ func (db *LDBDatabase) Close() {
 		if err := <-errc; err != nil {
 			db.log.Error("Metrics collection failed", "err", err)
 		}
+		db.quitChan = nil
 	}
 	err := db.db.Close()
 	if err == nil {
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@ func (db *LDBDatabase) Meter(prefix string) {
 //      3   |        570 |    1113.18458 |       0.00000 |       0.00000 |       0.00000
 //
 // This is how the write delay look like (currently):
-// DelayN:5 Delay:406.604657ms
+// DelayN:5 Delay:406.604657ms Paused: false
 //
 // This is how the iostats look like (currently):
 // Read(MB):3895.04860 Write(MB):3654.64712
@@ -210,13 +211,19 @@ func (db *LDBDatabase) meter(refresh time.Duration) {
 		lastWritePaused time.Time
 	)
 
+	var (
+		errc chan error
+		merr error
+	)
+
 	// Iterate ad infinitum and collect the stats
-	for i := 1; ; i++ {
+	for i := 1; errc == nil && merr == nil; i++ {
 		// Retrieve the database stats
 		stats, err := db.db.GetProperty("leveldb.stats")
 		if err != nil {
 			db.log.Error("Failed to read database stats", "err", err)
-			return
+			merr = err
+			continue
 		}
 		// Find the compaction table, skip the header
 		lines := strings.Split(stats, "\n")
@@ -225,7 +232,8 @@ func (db *LDBDatabase) meter(refresh time.Duration) {
 		}
 		if len(lines) <= 3 {
 			db.log.Error("Compaction table not found")
-			return
+			merr = errors.New("compaction table not found")
+			continue
 		}
 		lines = lines[3:]
 
@@ -242,7 +250,8 @@ func (db *LDBDatabase) meter(refresh time.Duration) {
 				value, err := strconv.ParseFloat(strings.TrimSpace(counter), 64)
 				if err != nil {
 					db.log.Error("Compaction entry parsing failed", "err", err)
-					return
+					merr = err
+					continue
 				}
 				compactions[i%2][idx] += value
 			}
@@ -262,7 +271,8 @@ func (db *LDBDatabase) meter(refresh time.Duration) {
 		writedelay, err := db.db.GetProperty("leveldb.writedelay")
 		if err != nil {
 			db.log.Error("Failed to read database write delay statistic", "err", err)
-			return
+			merr = err
+			continue
 		}
 		var (
 			delayN        int64
@@ -272,12 +282,14 @@ func (db *LDBDatabase) meter(refresh time.Duration) {
 		)
 		if n, err := fmt.Sscanf(writedelay, "DelayN:%d Delay:%s Paused:%t", &delayN, &delayDuration, &paused); n != 3 || err != nil {
 			db.log.Error("Write delay statistic not found")
-			return
+			merr = err
+			continue
 		}
 		duration, err = time.ParseDuration(delayDuration)
 		if err != nil {
 			db.log.Error("Failed to parse delay duration", "err", err)
-			return
+			merr = err
+			continue
 		}
 		if db.writeDelayNMeter != nil {
 			db.writeDelayNMeter.Mark(delayN - delaystats[0])
@@ -317,53 +329,47 @@ func (db *LDBDatabase) meter(refresh time.Duration) {
 		ioStats, err := db.db.GetProperty("leveldb.iostats")
 		if err != nil {
 			db.log.Error("Failed to read database iostats", "err", err)
-			return
+			merr = err
+			continue
 		}
+		var nRead, nWrite float64
 		parts := strings.Split(ioStats, " ")
 		if len(parts) < 2 {
 			db.log.Error("Bad syntax of ioStats", "ioStats", ioStats)
-			return
+			merr = fmt.Errorf("bad syntax of ioStats %s", ioStats)
+			continue
 		}
-		r := strings.Split(parts[0], ":")
-		if len(r) < 2 {
+		if n, err := fmt.Sscanf(parts[0], "Read(MB):%f", &nRead); n != 1 || err != nil {
 			db.log.Error("Bad syntax of read entry", "entry", parts[0])
-			return
-		}
-		read, err := strconv.ParseFloat(r[1], 64)
-		if err != nil {
-			db.log.Error("Read entry parsing failed", "err", err)
-			return
+			merr = err
+			continue
 		}
-		w := strings.Split(parts[1], ":")
-		if len(w) < 2 {
+		if n, err := fmt.Sscanf(parts[1], "Write(MB):%f", &nWrite); n != 1 || err != nil {
 			db.log.Error("Bad syntax of write entry", "entry", parts[1])
-			return
-		}
-		write, err := strconv.ParseFloat(w[1], 64)
-		if err != nil {
-			db.log.Error("Write entry parsing failed", "err", err)
-			return
+			merr = err
+			continue
 		}
 		if db.diskReadMeter != nil {
-			db.diskReadMeter.Mark(int64((read - iostats[0]) * 1024 * 1024))
+			db.diskReadMeter.Mark(int64((nRead - iostats[0]) * 1024 * 1024))
 		}
 		if db.diskWriteMeter != nil {
-			db.diskWriteMeter.Mark(int64((write - iostats[1]) * 1024 * 1024))
+			db.diskWriteMeter.Mark(int64((nWrite - iostats[1]) * 1024 * 1024))
 		}
-		iostats[0] = read
-		iostats[1] = write
+		iostats[0], iostats[1] = nRead, nWrite
 
 		// Sleep a bit, then repeat the stats collection
 		select {
-		case errc := <-db.quitChan:
+		case errc = <-db.quitChan:
 			// Quit requesting, stop hammering the database
-			errc <- nil
-			return
-
 		case <-time.After(refresh):
 			// Timeout, gather a new set of stats
 		}
 	}
+
+	if errc == nil {
+		errc = <-db.quitChan
+	}
+	errc <- merr
 }
 
 func (db *LDBDatabase) NewBatch() Batch {
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index a524dbadd8..a465a59046 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -62,8 +62,9 @@ func NewPublicEthereumAPI(b Backend) *PublicEthereumAPI {
 }
 
 // GasPrice returns a suggestion for a gas price.
-func (s *PublicEthereumAPI) GasPrice(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
-	return s.b.SuggestPrice(ctx)
+func (s *PublicEthereumAPI) GasPrice(ctx context.Context) (*hexutil.Big, error) {
+	price, err := s.b.SuggestPrice(ctx)
+	return (*hexutil.Big)(price), err
 }
 
 // ProtocolVersion returns the current Ethereum protocol version this node supports
@@ -354,7 +355,7 @@ func (s *PrivateAccountAPI) signTransaction(ctx context.Context, args SendTxArgs
 
 	var chainID *big.Int
 	if config := s.b.ChainConfig(); config.IsEIP155(s.b.CurrentBlock().Number()) {
-		chainID = config.ChainId
+		chainID = config.ChainID
 	}
 	return wallet.SignTxWithPassphrase(account, passwd, tx, chainID)
 }
@@ -460,13 +461,11 @@ func (s *PrivateAccountAPI) EcRecover(ctx context.Context, data, sig hexutil.Byt
 	}
 	sig[64] -= 27 // Transform yellow paper V from 27/28 to 0/1
 
-	rpk, err := crypto.Ecrecover(signHash(data), sig)
+	rpk, err := crypto.SigToPub(signHash(data), sig)
 	if err != nil {
 		return common.Address{}, err
 	}
-	pubKey := crypto.ToECDSAPub(rpk)
-	recoveredAddr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(*pubKey)
-	return recoveredAddr, nil
+	return crypto.PubkeyToAddress(*rpk), nil
 }
 
 // SignAndSendTransaction was renamed to SendTransaction. This method is deprecated
@@ -487,21 +486,20 @@ func NewPublicBlockChainAPI(b Backend) *PublicBlockChainAPI {
 }
 
 // BlockNumber returns the block number of the chain head.
-func (s *PublicBlockChainAPI) BlockNumber() *big.Int {
+func (s *PublicBlockChainAPI) BlockNumber() hexutil.Uint64 {
 	header, _ := s.b.HeaderByNumber(context.Background(), rpc.LatestBlockNumber) // latest header should always be available
-	return header.Number
+	return hexutil.Uint64(header.Number.Uint64())
 }
 
 // GetBalance returns the amount of wei for the given address in the state of the
 // given block number. The rpc.LatestBlockNumber and rpc.PendingBlockNumber meta
 // block numbers are also allowed.
-func (s *PublicBlockChainAPI) GetBalance(ctx context.Context, address common.Address, blockNr rpc.BlockNumber) (*big.Int, error) {
+func (s *PublicBlockChainAPI) GetBalance(ctx context.Context, address common.Address, blockNr rpc.BlockNumber) (*hexutil.Big, error) {
 	state, _, err := s.b.StateAndHeaderByNumber(ctx, blockNr)
 	if state == nil || err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	b := state.GetBalance(address)
-	return b, state.Error()
+	return (*hexutil.Big)(state.GetBalance(address)), state.Error()
 }
 
 // GetBlockByNumber returns the requested block. When blockNr is -1 the chain head is returned. When fullTx is true all
@@ -792,10 +790,10 @@ func FormatLogs(logs []vm.StructLog) []StructLogRes {
 	return formatted
 }
 
-// rpcOutputBlock converts the given block to the RPC output which depends on fullTx. If inclTx is true transactions are
+// RPCMarshalBlock converts the given block to the RPC output which depends on fullTx. If inclTx is true transactions are
 // returned. When fullTx is true the returned block contains full transaction details, otherwise it will only contain
 // transaction hashes.
-func (s *PublicBlockChainAPI) rpcOutputBlock(b *types.Block, inclTx bool, fullTx bool) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+func RPCMarshalBlock(b *types.Block, inclTx bool, fullTx bool) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
 	head := b.Header() // copies the header once
 	fields := map[string]interface{}{
 		"number":           (*hexutil.Big)(head.Number),
@@ -808,7 +806,6 @@ func (s *PublicBlockChainAPI) rpcOutputBlock(b *types.Block, inclTx bool, fullTx
 		"stateRoot":        head.Root,
 		"miner":            head.Coinbase,
 		"difficulty":       (*hexutil.Big)(head.Difficulty),
-		"totalDifficulty":  (*hexutil.Big)(s.b.GetTd(b.Hash())),
 		"extraData":        hexutil.Bytes(head.Extra),
 		"size":             hexutil.Uint64(b.Size()),
 		"gasLimit":         hexutil.Uint64(head.GasLimit),
@@ -822,17 +819,15 @@ func (s *PublicBlockChainAPI) rpcOutputBlock(b *types.Block, inclTx bool, fullTx
 		formatTx := func(tx *types.Transaction) (interface{}, error) {
 			return tx.Hash(), nil
 		}
-
 		if fullTx {
 			formatTx = func(tx *types.Transaction) (interface{}, error) {
 				return newRPCTransactionFromBlockHash(b, tx.Hash()), nil
 			}
 		}
-
 		txs := b.Transactions()
 		transactions := make([]interface{}, len(txs))
 		var err error
-		for i, tx := range b.Transactions() {
+		for i, tx := range txs {
 			if transactions[i], err = formatTx(tx); err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
@@ -850,6 +845,17 @@ func (s *PublicBlockChainAPI) rpcOutputBlock(b *types.Block, inclTx bool, fullTx
 	return fields, nil
 }
 
+// rpcOutputBlock uses the generalized output filler, then adds the total difficulty field, which requires
+// a `PublicBlockchainAPI`.
+func (s *PublicBlockChainAPI) rpcOutputBlock(b *types.Block, inclTx bool, fullTx bool) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	fields, err := RPCMarshalBlock(b, inclTx, fullTx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	fields["totalDifficulty"] = (*hexutil.Big)(s.b.GetTd(b.Hash()))
+	return fields, err
+}
+
 // RPCTransaction represents a transaction that will serialize to the RPC representation of a transaction
 type RPCTransaction struct {
 	BlockHash        common.Hash     `json:"blockHash"`
@@ -1096,7 +1102,7 @@ func (s *PublicTransactionPoolAPI) sign(addr common.Address, tx *types.Transacti
 	// Request the wallet to sign the transaction
 	var chainID *big.Int
 	if config := s.b.ChainConfig(); config.IsEIP155(s.b.CurrentBlock().Number()) {
-		chainID = config.ChainId
+		chainID = config.ChainID
 	}
 	return wallet.SignTx(account, tx, chainID)
 }
@@ -1216,7 +1222,7 @@ func (s *PublicTransactionPoolAPI) SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, args Sen
 
 	var chainID *big.Int
 	if config := s.b.ChainConfig(); config.IsEIP155(s.b.CurrentBlock().Number()) {
-		chainID = config.ChainId
+		chainID = config.ChainID
 	}
 	signed, err := wallet.SignTx(account, tx, chainID)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1293,14 +1299,19 @@ func (s *PublicTransactionPoolAPI) SignTransaction(ctx context.Context, args Sen
 	return &SignTransactionResult{data, tx}, nil
 }
 
-// PendingTransactions returns the transactions that are in the transaction pool and have a from address that is one of
-// the accounts this node manages.
+// PendingTransactions returns the transactions that are in the transaction pool
+// and have a from address that is one of the accounts this node manages.
 func (s *PublicTransactionPoolAPI) PendingTransactions() ([]*RPCTransaction, error) {
 	pending, err := s.b.GetPoolTransactions()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
+	accounts := make(map[common.Address]struct{})
+	for _, wallet := range s.b.AccountManager().Wallets() {
+		for _, account := range wallet.Accounts() {
+			accounts[account.Address] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
 	transactions := make([]*RPCTransaction, 0, len(pending))
 	for _, tx := range pending {
 		var signer types.Signer = types.HomesteadSigner{}
@@ -1308,7 +1319,7 @@ func (s *PublicTransactionPoolAPI) PendingTransactions() ([]*RPCTransaction, err
 			signer = types.NewEIP155Signer(tx.ChainId())
 		}
 		from, _ := types.Sender(signer, tx)
-		if _, err := s.b.AccountManager().Find(accounts.Account{Address: from}); err == nil {
+		if _, exists := accounts[from]; exists {
 			transactions = append(transactions, newRPCPendingTransaction(tx))
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/internal/web3ext/web3ext.go b/internal/web3ext/web3ext.go
index 9d6ce8c6c8..89ebceec7c 100644
--- a/internal/web3ext/web3ext.go
+++ b/internal/web3ext/web3ext.go
@@ -313,8 +313,8 @@ web3._extend({
 			params: 2
 		}),
 		new web3._extend.Method({
-			name: 'setMutexProfileRate',
-			call: 'debug_setMutexProfileRate',
+			name: 'setMutexProfileFraction',
+			call: 'debug_setMutexProfileFraction',
 			params: 1
 		}),
 		new web3._extend.Method({
diff --git a/les/backend.go b/les/backend.go
index 2d8ada7b0e..35f67f29f8 100644
--- a/les/backend.go
+++ b/les/backend.go
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ func New(ctx *node.ServiceContext, config *eth.Config) (*LightEthereum, error) {
 	}
 
 	leth.txPool = light.NewTxPool(leth.chainConfig, leth.blockchain, leth.relay)
-	if leth.protocolManager, err = NewProtocolManager(leth.chainConfig, true, ClientProtocolVersions, config.NetworkId, leth.eventMux, leth.engine, leth.peers, leth.blockchain, nil, chainDb, leth.odr, leth.relay, quitSync, &leth.wg); err != nil {
+	if leth.protocolManager, err = NewProtocolManager(leth.chainConfig, true, ClientProtocolVersions, config.NetworkId, leth.eventMux, leth.engine, leth.peers, leth.blockchain, nil, chainDb, leth.odr, leth.relay, leth.serverPool, quitSync, &leth.wg); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	leth.ApiBackend = &LesApiBackend{leth, nil}
diff --git a/les/handler.go b/les/handler.go
index 22899eb1bc..a1c16cb875 100644
--- a/les/handler.go
+++ b/les/handler.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package les
 
 import (
 	"encoding/binary"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ type BlockChain interface {
 	InsertHeaderChain(chain []*types.Header, checkFreq int) (int, error)
 	Rollback(chain []common.Hash)
 	GetHeaderByNumber(number uint64) *types.Header
-	GetBlockHashesFromHash(hash common.Hash, max uint64) []common.Hash
+	GetAncestor(hash common.Hash, number, ancestor uint64, maxNonCanonical *uint64) (common.Hash, uint64)
 	Genesis() *types.Block
 	SubscribeChainHeadEvent(ch chan<- core.ChainHeadEvent) event.Subscription
 }
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ type ProtocolManager struct {
 
 // NewProtocolManager returns a new ethereum sub protocol manager. The Ethereum sub protocol manages peers capable
 // with the ethereum network.
-func NewProtocolManager(chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, lightSync bool, protocolVersions []uint, networkId uint64, mux *event.TypeMux, engine consensus.Engine, peers *peerSet, blockchain BlockChain, txpool txPool, chainDb ethdb.Database, odr *LesOdr, txrelay *LesTxRelay, quitSync chan struct{}, wg *sync.WaitGroup) (*ProtocolManager, error) {
+func NewProtocolManager(chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, lightSync bool, protocolVersions []uint, networkId uint64, mux *event.TypeMux, engine consensus.Engine, peers *peerSet, blockchain BlockChain, txpool txPool, chainDb ethdb.Database, odr *LesOdr, txrelay *LesTxRelay, serverPool *serverPool, quitSync chan struct{}, wg *sync.WaitGroup) (*ProtocolManager, error) {
 	// Create the protocol manager with the base fields
 	manager := &ProtocolManager{
 		lightSync:   lightSync,
@@ -140,6 +141,7 @@ func NewProtocolManager(chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, lightSync bool, protoco
 		networkId:   networkId,
 		txpool:      txpool,
 		txrelay:     txrelay,
+		serverPool:  serverPool,
 		peers:       peers,
 		newPeerCh:   make(chan *peer),
 		quitSync:    quitSync,
@@ -417,6 +419,8 @@ func (pm *ProtocolManager) handleMsg(p *peer) error {
 		}
 
 		hashMode := query.Origin.Hash != (common.Hash{})
+		first := true
+		maxNonCanonical := uint64(100)
 
 		// Gather headers until the fetch or network limits is reached
 		var (
@@ -428,40 +432,57 @@ func (pm *ProtocolManager) handleMsg(p *peer) error {
 			// Retrieve the next header satisfying the query
 			var origin *types.Header
 			if hashMode {
-				origin = pm.blockchain.GetHeaderByHash(query.Origin.Hash)
+				if first {
+					first = false
+					origin = pm.blockchain.GetHeaderByHash(query.Origin.Hash)
+					if origin != nil {
+						query.Origin.Number = origin.Number.Uint64()
+					}
+				} else {
+					origin = pm.blockchain.GetHeader(query.Origin.Hash, query.Origin.Number)
+				}
 			} else {
 				origin = pm.blockchain.GetHeaderByNumber(query.Origin.Number)
 			}
 			if origin == nil {
 				break
 			}
-			number := origin.Number.Uint64()
 			headers = append(headers, origin)
 			bytes += estHeaderRlpSize
 
 			// Advance to the next header of the query
 			switch {
-			case query.Origin.Hash != (common.Hash{}) && query.Reverse:
+			case hashMode && query.Reverse:
 				// Hash based traversal towards the genesis block
-				for i := 0; i < int(query.Skip)+1; i++ {
-					if header := pm.blockchain.GetHeader(query.Origin.Hash, number); header != nil {
-						query.Origin.Hash = header.ParentHash
-						number--
-					} else {
-						unknown = true
-						break
-					}
+				ancestor := query.Skip + 1
+				if ancestor == 0 {
+					unknown = true
+				} else {
+					query.Origin.Hash, query.Origin.Number = pm.blockchain.GetAncestor(query.Origin.Hash, query.Origin.Number, ancestor, &maxNonCanonical)
+					unknown = (query.Origin.Hash == common.Hash{})
 				}
-			case query.Origin.Hash != (common.Hash{}) && !query.Reverse:
+			case hashMode && !query.Reverse:
 				// Hash based traversal towards the leaf block
-				if header := pm.blockchain.GetHeaderByNumber(origin.Number.Uint64() + query.Skip + 1); header != nil {
-					if pm.blockchain.GetBlockHashesFromHash(header.Hash(), query.Skip+1)[query.Skip] == query.Origin.Hash {
-						query.Origin.Hash = header.Hash()
+				var (
+					current = origin.Number.Uint64()
+					next    = current + query.Skip + 1
+				)
+				if next <= current {
+					infos, _ := json.MarshalIndent(p.Peer.Info(), "", "  ")
+					p.Log().Warn("GetBlockHeaders skip overflow attack", "current", current, "skip", query.Skip, "next", next, "attacker", infos)
+					unknown = true
+				} else {
+					if header := pm.blockchain.GetHeaderByNumber(next); header != nil {
+						nextHash := header.Hash()
+						expOldHash, _ := pm.blockchain.GetAncestor(nextHash, next, query.Skip+1, &maxNonCanonical)
+						if expOldHash == query.Origin.Hash {
+							query.Origin.Hash, query.Origin.Number = nextHash, next
+						} else {
+							unknown = true
+						}
 					} else {
 						unknown = true
 					}
-				} else {
-					unknown = true
 				}
 			case query.Reverse:
 				// Number based traversal towards the genesis block
diff --git a/les/helper_test.go b/les/helper_test.go
index 6d997a1a36..8fd01a39e0 100644
--- a/les/helper_test.go
+++ b/les/helper_test.go
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ func newTestProtocolManager(lightSync bool, blocks int, generator func(int, *cor
 	} else {
 		protocolVersions = ServerProtocolVersions
 	}
-	pm, err := NewProtocolManager(gspec.Config, lightSync, protocolVersions, NetworkId, evmux, engine, peers, chain, nil, db, odr, nil, make(chan struct{}), new(sync.WaitGroup))
+	pm, err := NewProtocolManager(gspec.Config, lightSync, protocolVersions, NetworkId, evmux, engine, peers, chain, nil, db, odr, nil, nil, make(chan struct{}), new(sync.WaitGroup))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/les/retrieve.go b/les/retrieve.go
index e262a3cb47..a9037a38ef 100644
--- a/les/retrieve.go
+++ b/les/retrieve.go
@@ -69,9 +69,9 @@ type sentReq struct {
 	lock   sync.RWMutex // protect access to sentTo map
 	sentTo map[distPeer]sentReqToPeer
 
-	reqQueued    bool // a request has been queued but not sent
-	reqSent      bool // a request has been sent but not timed out
-	reqSrtoCount int  // number of requests that reached soft (but not hard) timeout
+	lastReqQueued bool     // last request has been queued but not sent
+	lastReqSentTo distPeer // if not nil then last request has been sent to given peer but not timed out
+	reqSrtoCount  int      // number of requests that reached soft (but not hard) timeout
 }
 
 // sentReqToPeer notifies the request-from-peer goroutine (tryRequest) about a response
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ type reqStateFn func() reqStateFn
 // retrieveLoop is the retrieval state machine event loop
 func (r *sentReq) retrieveLoop() {
 	go r.tryRequest()
-	r.reqQueued = true
+	r.lastReqQueued = true
 	state := r.stateRequesting
 
 	for state != nil {
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ func (r *sentReq) stateRequesting() reqStateFn {
 		case rpSoftTimeout:
 			// last request timed out, try asking a new peer
 			go r.tryRequest()
-			r.reqQueued = true
+			r.lastReqQueued = true
 			return r.stateRequesting
 		case rpDeliveredValid:
 			r.stop(nil)
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ func (r *sentReq) stateNoMorePeers() reqStateFn {
 	select {
 	case <-time.After(retryQueue):
 		go r.tryRequest()
-		r.reqQueued = true
+		r.lastReqQueued = true
 		return r.stateRequesting
 	case ev := <-r.eventsCh:
 		r.update(ev)
@@ -260,22 +260,26 @@ func (r *sentReq) stateStopped() reqStateFn {
 func (r *sentReq) update(ev reqPeerEvent) {
 	switch ev.event {
 	case rpSent:
-		r.reqQueued = false
-		if ev.peer != nil {
-			r.reqSent = true
-		}
+		r.lastReqQueued = false
+		r.lastReqSentTo = ev.peer
 	case rpSoftTimeout:
-		r.reqSent = false
+		r.lastReqSentTo = nil
 		r.reqSrtoCount++
-	case rpHardTimeout, rpDeliveredValid, rpDeliveredInvalid:
+	case rpHardTimeout:
 		r.reqSrtoCount--
+	case rpDeliveredValid, rpDeliveredInvalid:
+		if ev.peer == r.lastReqSentTo {
+			r.lastReqSentTo = nil
+		} else {
+			r.reqSrtoCount--
+		}
 	}
 }
 
 // waiting returns true if the retrieval mechanism is waiting for an answer from
 // any peer
 func (r *sentReq) waiting() bool {
-	return r.reqQueued || r.reqSent || r.reqSrtoCount > 0
+	return r.lastReqQueued || r.lastReqSentTo != nil || r.reqSrtoCount > 0
 }
 
 // tryRequest tries to send the request to a new peer and waits for it to either
diff --git a/les/server.go b/les/server.go
index 9eb8ee7f97..fca6124c9c 100644
--- a/les/server.go
+++ b/les/server.go
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ type LesServer struct {
 
 func NewLesServer(eth *eth.Ethereum, config *eth.Config) (*LesServer, error) {
 	quitSync := make(chan struct{})
-	pm, err := NewProtocolManager(eth.BlockChain().Config(), false, ServerProtocolVersions, config.NetworkId, eth.EventMux(), eth.Engine(), newPeerSet(), eth.BlockChain(), eth.TxPool(), eth.ChainDb(), nil, nil, quitSync, new(sync.WaitGroup))
+	pm, err := NewProtocolManager(eth.BlockChain().Config(), false, ServerProtocolVersions, config.NetworkId, eth.EventMux(), eth.Engine(), newPeerSet(), eth.BlockChain(), eth.TxPool(), eth.ChainDb(), nil, nil, nil, quitSync, new(sync.WaitGroup))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/light/lightchain.go b/light/lightchain.go
index 9d0a4e4f73..30b9bd89a6 100644
--- a/light/lightchain.go
+++ b/light/lightchain.go
@@ -433,6 +433,18 @@ func (self *LightChain) GetBlockHashesFromHash(hash common.Hash, max uint64) []c
 	return self.hc.GetBlockHashesFromHash(hash, max)
 }
 
+// GetAncestor retrieves the Nth ancestor of a given block. It assumes that either the given block or
+// a close ancestor of it is canonical. maxNonCanonical points to a downwards counter limiting the
+// number of blocks to be individually checked before we reach the canonical chain.
+//
+// Note: ancestor == 0 returns the same block, 1 returns its parent and so on.
+func (bc *LightChain) GetAncestor(hash common.Hash, number, ancestor uint64, maxNonCanonical *uint64) (common.Hash, uint64) {
+	bc.chainmu.Lock()
+	defer bc.chainmu.Unlock()
+
+	return bc.hc.GetAncestor(hash, number, ancestor, maxNonCanonical)
+}
+
 // GetHeaderByNumber retrieves a block header from the database by number,
 // caching it (associated with its hash) if found.
 func (self *LightChain) GetHeaderByNumber(number uint64) *types.Header {
diff --git a/light/postprocess.go b/light/postprocess.go
index c06c18027e..121321ae66 100644
--- a/light/postprocess.go
+++ b/light/postprocess.go
@@ -59,18 +59,18 @@ type trustedCheckpoint struct {
 var (
 	mainnetCheckpoint = trustedCheckpoint{
 		name:          "mainnet",
-		sectionIdx:    170,
-		sectionHead:   common.HexToHash("3bb2c28bcce463d57968f14f56cdb3fbf35349ab7a701f44c1afb57349c9a356"),
-		chtRoot:       common.HexToHash("d92b6d0853455f8439086292338e87f69781921680dd7aa072fb71547b87415e"),
-		bloomTrieRoot: common.HexToHash("e4e8250a2fefddead7ae42daecd848cbf9b66d748a8270f8bbd4370b764bb9e9"),
+		sectionIdx:    174,
+		sectionHead:   common.HexToHash("a3ef48cd8f1c3a08419f0237fc7763491fe89497b3144b17adf87c1c43664613"),
+		chtRoot:       common.HexToHash("dcbeed9f4dea1b3cb75601bb27c51b9960c28e5850275402ac49a150a667296e"),
+		bloomTrieRoot: common.HexToHash("6b7497a4a03e33870a2383cb6f5e70570f12b1bf5699063baf8c71d02ca90b02"),
 	}
 
 	ropstenCheckpoint = trustedCheckpoint{
 		name:          "ropsten",
-		sectionIdx:    97,
-		sectionHead:   common.HexToHash("719448c67c01eb5b9f27833a36a4e34612f66801316d7ff37daf9e77fb4cd095"),
-		chtRoot:       common.HexToHash("a7857afc15930ca6e583b6c3d563a025144011655843d52d28e2fdaadd417bea"),
-		bloomTrieRoot: common.HexToHash("9c71d4b50cbec86dfeaa8e08992de8a4667b81d13c54d6522b17ce2fc5d36416"),
+		sectionIdx:    102,
+		sectionHead:   common.HexToHash("9017ab08465cb2b2dee035ee5b817bbd7fa28e2c8d2cd903e0aed1cccb249e89"),
+		chtRoot:       common.HexToHash("f61c10a7a787a5ef15f0ae1ae6c13c64331e57e79d0466d2bd9b0c06833fe956"),
+		bloomTrieRoot: common.HexToHash("69f2ad19aa46d5213a90137b3d2c9bff8a7c9483f7170f0125096ff450c9a873"),
 	}
 )
 
diff --git a/light/txpool.go b/light/txpool.go
index 1fabc3dc5a..5b4d06d90d 100644
--- a/light/txpool.go
+++ b/light/txpool.go
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ type TxRelayBackend interface {
 func NewTxPool(config *params.ChainConfig, chain *LightChain, relay TxRelayBackend) *TxPool {
 	pool := &TxPool{
 		config:      config,
-		signer:      types.NewEIP155Signer(config.ChainId),
+		signer:      types.NewEIP155Signer(config.ChainID),
 		nonce:       make(map[common.Address]uint64),
 		pending:     make(map[common.Hash]*types.Transaction),
 		mined:       make(map[common.Hash][]*types.Transaction),
diff --git a/log/logger.go b/log/logger.go
index a8eef1a9a0..438aa548fa 100644
--- a/log/logger.go
+++ b/log/logger.go
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ const timeKey = "t"
 const lvlKey = "lvl"
 const msgKey = "msg"
 const errorKey = "LOG15_ERROR"
+const skipLevel = 2
 
 type Lvl int
 
@@ -157,27 +158,27 @@ func newContext(prefix []interface{}, suffix []interface{}) []interface{} {
 }
 
 func (l *logger) Trace(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
-	l.write(msg, LvlTrace, ctx, 2)
+	l.write(msg, LvlTrace, ctx, skipLevel)
 }
 
 func (l *logger) Debug(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
-	l.write(msg, LvlDebug, ctx, 2)
+	l.write(msg, LvlDebug, ctx, skipLevel)
 }
 
 func (l *logger) Info(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
-	l.write(msg, LvlInfo, ctx, 2)
+	l.write(msg, LvlInfo, ctx, skipLevel)
 }
 
 func (l *logger) Warn(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
-	l.write(msg, LvlWarn, ctx, 2)
+	l.write(msg, LvlWarn, ctx, skipLevel)
 }
 
 func (l *logger) Error(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
-	l.write(msg, LvlError, ctx, 2)
+	l.write(msg, LvlError, ctx, skipLevel)
 }
 
 func (l *logger) Crit(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
-	l.write(msg, LvlCrit, ctx, 2)
+	l.write(msg, LvlCrit, ctx, skipLevel)
 	os.Exit(1)
 }
 
diff --git a/log/root.go b/log/root.go
index dd24c05e32..9fb4c5ae0b 100644
--- a/log/root.go
+++ b/log/root.go
@@ -31,36 +31,40 @@ func Root() Logger {
 
 // Trace is a convenient alias for Root().Trace
 func Trace(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
-	root.write(msg, LvlTrace, ctx, 2)
+	root.write(msg, LvlTrace, ctx, skipLevel)
 }
 
 // Debug is a convenient alias for Root().Debug
 func Debug(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
-	root.write(msg, LvlDebug, ctx, 2)
+	root.write(msg, LvlDebug, ctx, skipLevel)
 }
 
 // Info is a convenient alias for Root().Info
 func Info(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
-	root.write(msg, LvlInfo, ctx, 2)
+	root.write(msg, LvlInfo, ctx, skipLevel)
 }
 
 // Warn is a convenient alias for Root().Warn
 func Warn(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
-	root.write(msg, LvlWarn, ctx, 2)
+	root.write(msg, LvlWarn, ctx, skipLevel)
 }
 
 // Error is a convenient alias for Root().Error
 func Error(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
-	root.write(msg, LvlError, ctx, 2)
+	root.write(msg, LvlError, ctx, skipLevel)
 }
 
 // Crit is a convenient alias for Root().Crit
 func Crit(msg string, ctx ...interface{}) {
-	root.write(msg, LvlCrit, ctx, 2)
+	root.write(msg, LvlCrit, ctx, skipLevel)
 	os.Exit(1)
 }
 
-// Output is a convenient alias for write
-func Output(msg string, lvl Lvl, skip int, ctx ...interface{}) {
-	root.write(msg, lvl, ctx, skip)
+// Output is a convenient alias for write, allowing for the modification of
+// the calldepth (number of stack frames to skip).
+// calldepth influences the reported line number of the log message.
+// A calldepth of zero reports the immediate caller of Output.
+// Non-zero calldepth skips as many stack frames.
+func Output(msg string, lvl Lvl, calldepth int, ctx ...interface{}) {
+	root.write(msg, lvl, ctx, calldepth+skipLevel)
 }
diff --git a/metrics/exp/exp.go b/metrics/exp/exp.go
index c19d00a94d..625ffd4e8a 100644
--- a/metrics/exp/exp.go
+++ b/metrics/exp/exp.go
@@ -134,6 +134,17 @@ func (exp *exp) publishTimer(name string, metric metrics.Timer) {
 	exp.getFloat(name + ".mean-rate").Set(t.RateMean())
 }
 
+func (exp *exp) publishResettingTimer(name string, metric metrics.ResettingTimer) {
+	t := metric.Snapshot()
+	ps := t.Percentiles([]float64{50, 75, 95, 99})
+	exp.getInt(name + ".count").Set(int64(len(t.Values())))
+	exp.getFloat(name + ".mean").Set(t.Mean())
+	exp.getInt(name + ".50-percentile").Set(ps[0])
+	exp.getInt(name + ".75-percentile").Set(ps[1])
+	exp.getInt(name + ".95-percentile").Set(ps[2])
+	exp.getInt(name + ".99-percentile").Set(ps[3])
+}
+
 func (exp *exp) syncToExpvar() {
 	exp.registry.Each(func(name string, i interface{}) {
 		switch i.(type) {
@@ -149,6 +160,8 @@ func (exp *exp) syncToExpvar() {
 			exp.publishMeter(name, i.(metrics.Meter))
 		case metrics.Timer:
 			exp.publishTimer(name, i.(metrics.Timer))
+		case metrics.ResettingTimer:
+			exp.publishResettingTimer(name, i.(metrics.ResettingTimer))
 		default:
 			panic(fmt.Sprintf("unsupported type for '%s': %T", name, i))
 		}
diff --git a/metrics/metrics.go b/metrics/metrics.go
index e24324814c..2356f2b148 100644
--- a/metrics/metrics.go
+++ b/metrics/metrics.go
@@ -68,17 +68,20 @@ func CollectProcessMetrics(refresh time.Duration) {
 	}
 	// Iterate loading the different stats and updating the meters
 	for i := 1; ; i++ {
-		runtime.ReadMemStats(memstats[i%2])
-		memAllocs.Mark(int64(memstats[i%2].Mallocs - memstats[(i-1)%2].Mallocs))
-		memFrees.Mark(int64(memstats[i%2].Frees - memstats[(i-1)%2].Frees))
-		memInuse.Mark(int64(memstats[i%2].Alloc - memstats[(i-1)%2].Alloc))
-		memPauses.Mark(int64(memstats[i%2].PauseTotalNs - memstats[(i-1)%2].PauseTotalNs))
+		location1 := i % 2
+		location2 := (i - 1) % 2
 
-		if ReadDiskStats(diskstats[i%2]) == nil {
-			diskReads.Mark(diskstats[i%2].ReadCount - diskstats[(i-1)%2].ReadCount)
-			diskReadBytes.Mark(diskstats[i%2].ReadBytes - diskstats[(i-1)%2].ReadBytes)
-			diskWrites.Mark(diskstats[i%2].WriteCount - diskstats[(i-1)%2].WriteCount)
-			diskWriteBytes.Mark(diskstats[i%2].WriteBytes - diskstats[(i-1)%2].WriteBytes)
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(memstats[location1])
+		memAllocs.Mark(int64(memstats[location1].Mallocs - memstats[location2].Mallocs))
+		memFrees.Mark(int64(memstats[location1].Frees - memstats[location2].Frees))
+		memInuse.Mark(int64(memstats[location1].Alloc - memstats[location2].Alloc))
+		memPauses.Mark(int64(memstats[location1].PauseTotalNs - memstats[location2].PauseTotalNs))
+
+		if ReadDiskStats(diskstats[location1]) == nil {
+			diskReads.Mark(diskstats[location1].ReadCount - diskstats[location2].ReadCount)
+			diskReadBytes.Mark(diskstats[location1].ReadBytes - diskstats[location2].ReadBytes)
+			diskWrites.Mark(diskstats[location1].WriteCount - diskstats[location2].WriteCount)
+			diskWriteBytes.Mark(diskstats[location1].WriteBytes - diskstats[location2].WriteBytes)
 		}
 		time.Sleep(refresh)
 	}
diff --git a/metrics/resetting_timer.go b/metrics/resetting_timer.go
index 57bcb31343..e5327d3bd3 100644
--- a/metrics/resetting_timer.go
+++ b/metrics/resetting_timer.go
@@ -58,7 +58,11 @@ type NilResettingTimer struct {
 func (NilResettingTimer) Values() []int64 { return nil }
 
 // Snapshot is a no-op.
-func (NilResettingTimer) Snapshot() ResettingTimer { return NilResettingTimer{} }
+func (NilResettingTimer) Snapshot() ResettingTimer {
+	return &ResettingTimerSnapshot{
+		values: []int64{},
+	}
+}
 
 // Time is a no-op.
 func (NilResettingTimer) Time(func()) {}
@@ -210,7 +214,7 @@ func (t *ResettingTimerSnapshot) calc(percentiles []float64) {
 				// poor man's math.Round(x):
 				// math.Floor(x + 0.5)
 				indexOfPerc := int(math.Floor(((abs / 100.0) * float64(count)) + 0.5))
-				if pct >= 0 {
+				if pct >= 0 && indexOfPerc > 0 {
 					indexOfPerc -= 1 // index offset=0
 				}
 				thresholdBoundary = t.values[indexOfPerc]
diff --git a/metrics/resetting_timer_test.go b/metrics/resetting_timer_test.go
index 58fd47f352..77c49dc386 100644
--- a/metrics/resetting_timer_test.go
+++ b/metrics/resetting_timer_test.go
@@ -104,3 +104,113 @@ func TestResettingTimer(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestResettingTimerWithFivePercentiles(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		values   []int64
+		start    int
+		end      int
+		wantP05  int64
+		wantP20  int64
+		wantP50  int64
+		wantP95  int64
+		wantP99  int64
+		wantMean float64
+		wantMin  int64
+		wantMax  int64
+	}{
+		{
+			values:  []int64{},
+			start:   1,
+			end:     11,
+			wantP05: 1, wantP20: 2, wantP50: 5, wantP95: 10, wantP99: 10,
+			wantMin: 1, wantMax: 10, wantMean: 5.5,
+		},
+		{
+			values:  []int64{},
+			start:   1,
+			end:     101,
+			wantP05: 5, wantP20: 20, wantP50: 50, wantP95: 95, wantP99: 99,
+			wantMin: 1, wantMax: 100, wantMean: 50.5,
+		},
+		{
+			values:  []int64{1},
+			start:   0,
+			end:     0,
+			wantP05: 1, wantP20: 1, wantP50: 1, wantP95: 1, wantP99: 1,
+			wantMin: 1, wantMax: 1, wantMean: 1,
+		},
+		{
+			values:  []int64{0},
+			start:   0,
+			end:     0,
+			wantP05: 0, wantP20: 0, wantP50: 0, wantP95: 0, wantP99: 0,
+			wantMin: 0, wantMax: 0, wantMean: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			values:  []int64{},
+			start:   0,
+			end:     0,
+			wantP05: 0, wantP20: 0, wantP50: 0, wantP95: 0, wantP99: 0,
+			wantMin: 0, wantMax: 0, wantMean: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			values:  []int64{1, 10},
+			start:   0,
+			end:     0,
+			wantP05: 1, wantP20: 1, wantP50: 1, wantP95: 10, wantP99: 10,
+			wantMin: 1, wantMax: 10, wantMean: 5.5,
+		},
+	}
+	for ind, tt := range tests {
+		timer := NewResettingTimer()
+
+		for i := tt.start; i < tt.end; i++ {
+			tt.values = append(tt.values, int64(i))
+		}
+
+		for _, v := range tt.values {
+			timer.Update(time.Duration(v))
+		}
+
+		snap := timer.Snapshot()
+
+		ps := snap.Percentiles([]float64{5, 20, 50, 95, 99})
+
+		val := snap.Values()
+
+		if len(val) > 0 {
+			if tt.wantMin != val[0] {
+				t.Fatalf("%d: min: got %d, want %d", ind, val[0], tt.wantMin)
+			}
+
+			if tt.wantMax != val[len(val)-1] {
+				t.Fatalf("%d: max: got %d, want %d", ind, val[len(val)-1], tt.wantMax)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if tt.wantMean != snap.Mean() {
+			t.Fatalf("%d: mean: got %.2f, want %.2f", ind, snap.Mean(), tt.wantMean)
+		}
+
+		if tt.wantP05 != ps[0] {
+			t.Fatalf("%d: p05: got %d, want %d", ind, ps[0], tt.wantP05)
+		}
+
+		if tt.wantP20 != ps[1] {
+			t.Fatalf("%d: p20: got %d, want %d", ind, ps[1], tt.wantP20)
+		}
+
+		if tt.wantP50 != ps[2] {
+			t.Fatalf("%d: p50: got %d, want %d", ind, ps[2], tt.wantP50)
+		}
+
+		if tt.wantP95 != ps[3] {
+			t.Fatalf("%d: p95: got %d, want %d", ind, ps[3], tt.wantP95)
+		}
+
+		if tt.wantP99 != ps[4] {
+			t.Fatalf("%d: p99: got %d, want %d", ind, ps[4], tt.wantP99)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/miner/worker.go b/miner/worker.go
index 640e9032e7..ff48ecabc3 100644
--- a/miner/worker.go
+++ b/miner/worker.go
@@ -297,7 +297,6 @@ func (self *worker) update() {
 
 func (self *worker) wait() {
 	for {
-		mustCommitNewWork := true
 		for result := range self.recv {
 			atomic.AddInt32(&self.atWork, -1)
 
@@ -322,11 +321,6 @@ func (self *worker) wait() {
 				log.Error("Failed writing block to chain", "err", err)
 				continue
 			}
-			// check if canon block and write transactions
-			if stat == core.CanonStatTy {
-				// implicit by posting ChainHeadEvent
-				mustCommitNewWork = false
-			}
 			// Broadcast the block and announce chain insertion event
 			self.mux.Post(core.NewMinedBlockEvent{Block: block})
 			var (
@@ -341,10 +335,6 @@ func (self *worker) wait() {
 
 			// Insert the block into the set of pending ones to wait for confirmations
 			self.unconfirmed.Insert(block.NumberU64(), block.Hash())
-
-			if mustCommitNewWork {
-				self.commitNewWork()
-			}
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -370,7 +360,7 @@ func (self *worker) makeCurrent(parent *types.Block, header *types.Header) error
 	}
 	work := &Work{
 		config:    self.config,
-		signer:    types.NewEIP155Signer(self.config.ChainId),
+		signer:    types.NewEIP155Signer(self.config.ChainID),
 		state:     state,
 		ancestors: set.New(),
 		family:    set.New(),
diff --git a/node/api.go b/node/api.go
index da9da5bd72..989d3884ac 100644
--- a/node/api.go
+++ b/node/api.go
@@ -338,6 +338,21 @@ func (api *PublicDebugAPI) Metrics(raw bool) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
 					},
 				}
 
+			case metrics.ResettingTimer:
+				t := metric.Snapshot()
+				ps := t.Percentiles([]float64{5, 20, 50, 80, 95})
+				root[name] = map[string]interface{}{
+					"Measurements": len(t.Values()),
+					"Mean":         time.Duration(t.Mean()).String(),
+					"Percentiles": map[string]interface{}{
+						"5":  time.Duration(ps[0]).String(),
+						"20": time.Duration(ps[1]).String(),
+						"50": time.Duration(ps[2]).String(),
+						"80": time.Duration(ps[3]).String(),
+						"95": time.Duration(ps[4]).String(),
+					},
+				}
+
 			default:
 				root[name] = "Unknown metric type"
 			}
@@ -373,6 +388,21 @@ func (api *PublicDebugAPI) Metrics(raw bool) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
 					},
 				}
 
+			case metrics.ResettingTimer:
+				t := metric.Snapshot()
+				ps := t.Percentiles([]float64{5, 20, 50, 80, 95})
+				root[name] = map[string]interface{}{
+					"Measurements": len(t.Values()),
+					"Mean":         time.Duration(t.Mean()).String(),
+					"Percentiles": map[string]interface{}{
+						"5":  time.Duration(ps[0]).String(),
+						"20": time.Duration(ps[1]).String(),
+						"50": time.Duration(ps[2]).String(),
+						"80": time.Duration(ps[3]).String(),
+						"95": time.Duration(ps[4]).String(),
+					},
+				}
+
 			default:
 				root[name] = "Unknown metric type"
 			}
diff --git a/p2p/rlpx.go b/p2p/rlpx.go
index a320e81e7c..149eda689c 100644
--- a/p2p/rlpx.go
+++ b/p2p/rlpx.go
@@ -528,9 +528,9 @@ func importPublicKey(pubKey []byte) (*ecies.PublicKey, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid public key length %v (expect 64/65)", len(pubKey))
 	}
 	// TODO: fewer pointless conversions
-	pub := crypto.ToECDSAPub(pubKey65)
-	if pub.X == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid public key")
+	pub, err := crypto.UnmarshalPubkey(pubKey65)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
 	return ecies.ImportECDSAPublic(pub), nil
 }
diff --git a/p2p/rlpx_test.go b/p2p/rlpx_test.go
index bca4604021..7ae8007740 100644
--- a/p2p/rlpx_test.go
+++ b/p2p/rlpx_test.go
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/ecies"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/sha3"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/discover"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/simulations/pipes"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 )
 
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ func TestProtocolHandshake(t *testing.T) {
 		wg sync.WaitGroup
 	)
 
-	fd0, fd1, err := tcpPipe()
+	fd0, fd1, err := pipes.TCPPipe()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -601,31 +602,3 @@ func TestHandshakeForwardCompatibility(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("ingress-mac('foo') mismatch:\ngot %x\nwant %x", fooIngressHash, wantFooIngressHash)
 	}
 }
-
-// tcpPipe creates an in process full duplex pipe based on a localhost TCP socket
-func tcpPipe() (net.Conn, net.Conn, error) {
-	l, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-	defer l.Close()
-
-	var aconn net.Conn
-	aerr := make(chan error, 1)
-	go func() {
-		var err error
-		aconn, err = l.Accept()
-		aerr <- err
-	}()
-
-	dconn, err := net.Dial("tcp", l.Addr().String())
-	if err != nil {
-		<-aerr
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-	if err := <-aerr; err != nil {
-		dconn.Close()
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-	return aconn, dconn, nil
-}
diff --git a/p2p/simulations/adapters/inproc.go b/p2p/simulations/adapters/inproc.go
index c81257e7df..b68d08f392 100644
--- a/p2p/simulations/adapters/inproc.go
+++ b/p2p/simulations/adapters/inproc.go
@@ -17,25 +17,23 @@
 package adapters
 
 import (
-	"crypto/rand"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"net"
-	"os"
 	"sync"
-	"syscall"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/node"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/discover"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/simulations/pipes"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
 )
 
 // SimAdapter is a NodeAdapter which creates in-memory simulation nodes and
-// connects them using net.Pipe or OS socket connections
+// connects them using net.Pipe
 type SimAdapter struct {
 	pipe     func() (net.Conn, net.Conn, error)
 	mtx      sync.RWMutex
@@ -49,19 +47,7 @@ type SimAdapter struct {
 // the adapter uses a net.Pipe for in-memory simulated network connections
 func NewSimAdapter(services map[string]ServiceFunc) *SimAdapter {
 	return &SimAdapter{
-		pipe:     netPipe,
-		nodes:    make(map[discover.NodeID]*SimNode),
-		services: services,
-	}
-}
-
-// NewSocketAdapter creates a SimAdapter which is capable of running in-memory
-// simulation nodes running any of the given services (the services to run on a
-// particular node are passed to the NewNode function in the NodeConfig)
-// the adapter uses a OS socketpairs for in-memory simulated network connections
-func NewSocketAdapter(services map[string]ServiceFunc) *SimAdapter {
-	return &SimAdapter{
-		pipe:     socketPipe,
+		pipe:     pipes.NetPipe,
 		nodes:    make(map[discover.NodeID]*SimNode),
 		services: services,
 	}
@@ -69,7 +55,7 @@ func NewSocketAdapter(services map[string]ServiceFunc) *SimAdapter {
 
 func NewTCPAdapter(services map[string]ServiceFunc) *SimAdapter {
 	return &SimAdapter{
-		pipe:     tcpPipe,
+		pipe:     pipes.TCPPipe,
 		nodes:    make(map[discover.NodeID]*SimNode),
 		services: services,
 	}
@@ -128,7 +114,7 @@ func (s *SimAdapter) NewNode(config *NodeConfig) (Node, error) {
 }
 
 // Dial implements the p2p.NodeDialer interface by connecting to the node using
-// an in-memory net.Pipe or OS socket connection
+// an in-memory net.Pipe
 func (s *SimAdapter) Dial(dest *discover.Node) (conn net.Conn, err error) {
 	node, ok := s.GetNode(dest.ID)
 	if !ok {
@@ -138,7 +124,7 @@ func (s *SimAdapter) Dial(dest *discover.Node) (conn net.Conn, err error) {
 	if srv == nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("node not running: %s", dest.ID)
 	}
-	// SimAdapter.pipe is either net.Pipe (NewSimAdapter) or socketPipe (NewSocketAdapter)
+	// SimAdapter.pipe is net.Pipe (NewSimAdapter)
 	pipe1, pipe2, err := s.pipe()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -173,8 +159,8 @@ func (s *SimAdapter) GetNode(id discover.NodeID) (*SimNode, bool) {
 }
 
 // SimNode is an in-memory simulation node which connects to other nodes using
-// net.Pipe or OS socket connection (see SimAdapter.Dial), running devp2p
-// protocols directly over that pipe
+// net.Pipe (see SimAdapter.Dial), running devp2p protocols directly over that
+// pipe
 type SimNode struct {
 	lock         sync.RWMutex
 	ID           discover.NodeID
@@ -348,34 +334,6 @@ func (sn *SimNode) NodeInfo() *p2p.NodeInfo {
 	return server.NodeInfo()
 }
 
-// socketPipe creates an in process full duplex pipe based on OS sockets
-// credit to @lmars & Flynn
-// https://github.com/flynn/flynn/blob/master/host/containerinit/init.go#L743-L749
-// using this in large simulations requires raising OS's max open file limit
-func socketPipe() (net.Conn, net.Conn, error) {
-	pair, err := syscall.Socketpair(syscall.AF_UNIX, syscall.SOCK_STREAM, 0)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-	nameb := make([]byte, 8)
-	_, err = rand.Read(nameb)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-	f1 := os.NewFile(uintptr(pair[0]), string(nameb)+".out")
-	f2 := os.NewFile(uintptr(pair[1]), string(nameb)+".in")
-	pipe1, err := net.FileConn(f1)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-	pipe2, err := net.FileConn(f2)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-
-	return pipe1, pipe2, nil
-}
-
 func setSocketBuffer(conn net.Conn, socketReadBuffer int, socketWriteBuffer int) error {
 	switch v := conn.(type) {
 	case *net.UnixConn:
@@ -390,64 +348,3 @@ func setSocketBuffer(conn net.Conn, socketReadBuffer int, socketWriteBuffer int)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
-
-// netPipe wraps net.Pipe in a signature returning  an error
-func netPipe() (net.Conn, net.Conn, error) {
-	p1, p2 := net.Pipe()
-	return p1, p2, nil
-}
-
-// tcpPipe creates an in process full duplex pipe based on a localhost TCP socket
-func tcpPipe() (net.Conn, net.Conn, error) {
-	type result struct {
-		conn net.Conn
-		err  error
-	}
-
-	cl := make(chan result)
-	cd := make(chan result)
-
-	start := make(chan net.Addr)
-
-	go func(res chan result, start chan net.Addr) {
-		// resolve
-		addr, err := net.ResolveTCPAddr("tcp", "localhost:0")
-		if err != nil {
-			res <- result{err: err}
-			return
-		}
-		// listen
-		l, err := net.ListenTCP("tcp", addr)
-		if err != nil {
-			res <- result{err: err}
-			return
-		}
-		start <- l.Addr()
-		c, err := l.AcceptTCP()
-		if err != nil {
-			res <- result{err: err}
-			return
-		}
-		res <- result{conn: c}
-	}(cl, start)
-
-	go func(res chan result, start chan net.Addr) {
-		addr := <-start
-		c, err := net.DialTCP("tcp", nil, addr.(*net.TCPAddr))
-		if err != nil {
-			res <- result{err: err}
-			return
-		}
-		res <- result{conn: c}
-	}(cd, start)
-
-	a := <-cl
-	if a.err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, a.err
-	}
-	b := <-cd
-	if b.err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, b.err
-	}
-	return a.conn, b.conn, nil
-}
diff --git a/p2p/simulations/adapters/inproc_test.go b/p2p/simulations/adapters/inproc_test.go
index b1ef7add0b..e1e092f6e1 100644
--- a/p2p/simulations/adapters/inproc_test.go
+++ b/p2p/simulations/adapters/inproc_test.go
@@ -22,123 +22,12 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
-)
-
-func TestSocketPipe(t *testing.T) {
-	c1, c2, err := socketPipe()
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	done := make(chan struct{})
-
-	go func() {
-		msgs := 20
-		size := 8
-
-		// OS socket pipe is blocking (depending on buffer size on OS), so writes are emitted asynchronously
-		go func() {
-			for i := 0; i < msgs; i++ {
-				msg := make([]byte, size)
-				_ = binary.PutUvarint(msg, uint64(i))
-
-				_, err := c1.Write(msg)
-				if err != nil {
-					t.Fatal(err)
-				}
-			}
-		}()
-
-		for i := 0; i < msgs; i++ {
-			msg := make([]byte, size)
-			_ = binary.PutUvarint(msg, uint64(i))
-
-			out := make([]byte, size)
-			_, err := c2.Read(out)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-
-			if !bytes.Equal(msg, out) {
-				t.Fatalf("expected %#v, got %#v", msg, out)
-			}
-		}
-		done <- struct{}{}
-	}()
-
-	select {
-	case <-done:
-	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("test timeout")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestSocketPipeBidirections(t *testing.T) {
-	c1, c2, err := socketPipe()
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
 
-	done := make(chan struct{})
-
-	go func() {
-		msgs := 100
-		size := 4
-
-		// OS socket pipe is blocking (depending on buffer size on OS), so writes are emitted asynchronously
-		go func() {
-			for i := 0; i < msgs; i++ {
-				msg := []byte(`ping`)
-
-				_, err := c1.Write(msg)
-				if err != nil {
-					t.Fatal(err)
-				}
-			}
-		}()
-
-		for i := 0; i < msgs; i++ {
-			out := make([]byte, size)
-			_, err := c2.Read(out)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-
-			if bytes.Equal(out, []byte(`ping`)) {
-				msg := []byte(`pong`)
-				_, err := c2.Write(msg)
-				if err != nil {
-					t.Fatal(err)
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		for i := 0; i < msgs; i++ {
-			expected := []byte(`pong`)
-
-			out := make([]byte, size)
-			_, err := c1.Read(out)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-
-			if !bytes.Equal(out, expected) {
-				t.Fatalf("expected %#v, got %#v", expected, out)
-			}
-		}
-
-		done <- struct{}{}
-	}()
-
-	select {
-	case <-done:
-	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("test timeout")
-	}
-}
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/simulations/pipes"
+)
 
-func TestTcpPipe(t *testing.T) {
-	c1, c2, err := tcpPipe()
+func TestTCPPipe(t *testing.T) {
+	c1, c2, err := pipes.TCPPipe()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -182,8 +71,8 @@ func TestTcpPipe(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestTcpPipeBidirections(t *testing.T) {
-	c1, c2, err := tcpPipe()
+func TestTCPPipeBidirections(t *testing.T) {
+	c1, c2, err := pipes.TCPPipe()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -246,7 +135,7 @@ func TestTcpPipeBidirections(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestNetPipe(t *testing.T) {
-	c1, c2, err := netPipe()
+	c1, c2, err := pipes.NetPipe()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -295,7 +184,7 @@ func TestNetPipe(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestNetPipeBidirections(t *testing.T) {
-	c1, c2, err := netPipe()
+	c1, c2, err := pipes.NetPipe()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
diff --git a/p2p/simulations/network.go b/p2p/simulations/network.go
index a104d4d576..0fb7485ad0 100644
--- a/p2p/simulations/network.go
+++ b/p2p/simulations/network.go
@@ -378,6 +378,15 @@ func (net *Network) GetNodeByName(name string) *Node {
 	return net.getNodeByName(name)
 }
 
+// GetNodes returns the existing nodes
+func (net *Network) GetNodes() (nodes []*Node) {
+	net.lock.Lock()
+	defer net.lock.Unlock()
+
+	nodes = append(nodes, net.Nodes...)
+	return nodes
+}
+
 func (net *Network) getNode(id discover.NodeID) *Node {
 	i, found := net.nodeMap[id]
 	if !found {
@@ -395,27 +404,6 @@ func (net *Network) getNodeByName(name string) *Node {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// GetNodes returns the existing nodes
-func (net *Network) GetNodes() (nodes []*Node) {
-	net.lock.Lock()
-	defer net.lock.Unlock()
-
-	nodes = append(nodes, net.Nodes...)
-	return nodes
-}
-
-// GetNodes returns the existing nodes that are up
-func (net *Network) GetUpNodes() (nodes []*Node) {
-	net.lock.Lock()
-	defer net.lock.Unlock()
-	for _, n := range net.Nodes {
-		if n.Up {
-			nodes = append(nodes, n)
-		}
-	}
-	return nodes
-}
-
 // GetConn returns the connection which exists between "one" and "other"
 // regardless of which node initiated the connection
 func (net *Network) GetConn(oneID, otherID discover.NodeID) *Conn {
diff --git a/p2p/simulations/pipes/pipes.go b/p2p/simulations/pipes/pipes.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8532c1bcf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/p2p/simulations/pipes/pipes.go
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package pipes
+
+import (
+	"net"
+)
+
+// NetPipe wraps net.Pipe in a signature returning an error
+func NetPipe() (net.Conn, net.Conn, error) {
+	p1, p2 := net.Pipe()
+	return p1, p2, nil
+}
+
+// TCPPipe creates an in process full duplex pipe based on a localhost TCP socket
+func TCPPipe() (net.Conn, net.Conn, error) {
+	l, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	defer l.Close()
+
+	var aconn net.Conn
+	aerr := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() {
+		var err error
+		aconn, err = l.Accept()
+		aerr <- err
+	}()
+
+	dconn, err := net.Dial("tcp", l.Addr().String())
+	if err != nil {
+		<-aerr
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	if err := <-aerr; err != nil {
+		dconn.Close()
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	return aconn, dconn, nil
+}
diff --git a/params/config.go b/params/config.go
index dc02c7ca37..6e6a5cb8b2 100644
--- a/params/config.go
+++ b/params/config.go
@@ -23,15 +23,16 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 )
 
+// Genesis hashes to enforce below configs on.
 var (
-	MainnetGenesisHash = common.HexToHash("0xd4e56740f876aef8c010b86a40d5f56745a118d0906a34e69aec8c0db1cb8fa3") // Mainnet genesis hash to enforce below configs on
-	TestnetGenesisHash = common.HexToHash("0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d") // Testnet genesis hash to enforce below configs on
+	MainnetGenesisHash = common.HexToHash("0xd4e56740f876aef8c010b86a40d5f56745a118d0906a34e69aec8c0db1cb8fa3")
+	TestnetGenesisHash = common.HexToHash("0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d")
 )
 
 var (
 	// MainnetChainConfig is the chain parameters to run a node on the main network.
 	MainnetChainConfig = &ChainConfig{
-		ChainId:             big.NewInt(1),
+		ChainID:             big.NewInt(1),
 		HomesteadBlock:      big.NewInt(1150000),
 		DAOForkBlock:        big.NewInt(1920000),
 		DAOForkSupport:      true,
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ var (
 
 	// TestnetChainConfig contains the chain parameters to run a node on the Ropsten test network.
 	TestnetChainConfig = &ChainConfig{
-		ChainId:             big.NewInt(3),
+		ChainID:             big.NewInt(3),
 		HomesteadBlock:      big.NewInt(0),
 		DAOForkBlock:        nil,
 		DAOForkSupport:      true,
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ var (
 
 	// RinkebyChainConfig contains the chain parameters to run a node on the Rinkeby test network.
 	RinkebyChainConfig = &ChainConfig{
-		ChainId:             big.NewInt(4),
+		ChainID:             big.NewInt(4),
 		HomesteadBlock:      big.NewInt(1),
 		DAOForkBlock:        nil,
 		DAOForkSupport:      true,
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@ var (
 // that any network, identified by its genesis block, can have its own
 // set of configuration options.
 type ChainConfig struct {
-	ChainId *big.Int `json:"chainId"` // Chain id identifies the current chain and is used for replay protection
+	ChainID *big.Int `json:"chainId"` // chainId identifies the current chain and is used for replay protection
 
 	HomesteadBlock *big.Int `json:"homesteadBlock,omitempty"` // Homestead switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already homestead)
 
@@ -154,7 +155,7 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) String() string {
 		engine = "unknown"
 	}
 	return fmt.Sprintf("{ChainID: %v Homestead: %v DAO: %v DAOSupport: %v EIP150: %v EIP155: %v EIP158: %v Byzantium: %v Constantinople: %v Engine: %v}",
-		c.ChainId,
+		c.ChainID,
 		c.HomesteadBlock,
 		c.DAOForkBlock,
 		c.DAOForkSupport,
@@ -172,27 +173,32 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) IsHomestead(num *big.Int) bool {
 	return isForked(c.HomesteadBlock, num)
 }
 
-// IsDAO returns whether num is either equal to the DAO fork block or greater.
+// IsDAOFork returns whether num is either equal to the DAO fork block or greater.
 func (c *ChainConfig) IsDAOFork(num *big.Int) bool {
 	return isForked(c.DAOForkBlock, num)
 }
 
+// IsEIP150 returns whether num is either equal to the EIP150 fork block or greater.
 func (c *ChainConfig) IsEIP150(num *big.Int) bool {
 	return isForked(c.EIP150Block, num)
 }
 
+// IsEIP155 returns whether num is either equal to the EIP155 fork block or greater.
 func (c *ChainConfig) IsEIP155(num *big.Int) bool {
 	return isForked(c.EIP155Block, num)
 }
 
+// IsEIP158 returns whether num is either equal to the EIP158 fork block or greater.
 func (c *ChainConfig) IsEIP158(num *big.Int) bool {
 	return isForked(c.EIP158Block, num)
 }
 
+// IsByzantium returns whether num is either equal to the Byzantium fork block or greater.
 func (c *ChainConfig) IsByzantium(num *big.Int) bool {
 	return isForked(c.ByzantiumBlock, num)
 }
 
+// IsConstantinople returns whether num is either equal to the Constantinople fork block or greater.
 func (c *ChainConfig) IsConstantinople(num *big.Int) bool {
 	return isForked(c.ConstantinopleBlock, num)
 }
@@ -251,7 +257,7 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) checkCompatible(newcfg *ChainConfig, head *big.Int) *Confi
 	if isForkIncompatible(c.EIP158Block, newcfg.EIP158Block, head) {
 		return newCompatError("EIP158 fork block", c.EIP158Block, newcfg.EIP158Block)
 	}
-	if c.IsEIP158(head) && !configNumEqual(c.ChainId, newcfg.ChainId) {
+	if c.IsEIP158(head) && !configNumEqual(c.ChainID, newcfg.ChainID) {
 		return newCompatError("EIP158 chain ID", c.EIP158Block, newcfg.EIP158Block)
 	}
 	if isForkIncompatible(c.ByzantiumBlock, newcfg.ByzantiumBlock, head) {
@@ -324,15 +330,16 @@ func (err *ConfigCompatError) Error() string {
 // Rules is a one time interface meaning that it shouldn't be used in between transition
 // phases.
 type Rules struct {
-	ChainId                                   *big.Int
+	ChainID                                   *big.Int
 	IsHomestead, IsEIP150, IsEIP155, IsEIP158 bool
 	IsByzantium                               bool
 }
 
+// Rules ensures c's ChainID is not nil.
 func (c *ChainConfig) Rules(num *big.Int) Rules {
-	chainId := c.ChainId
-	if chainId == nil {
-		chainId = new(big.Int)
+	chainID := c.ChainID
+	if chainID == nil {
+		chainID = new(big.Int)
 	}
-	return Rules{ChainId: new(big.Int).Set(chainId), IsHomestead: c.IsHomestead(num), IsEIP150: c.IsEIP150(num), IsEIP155: c.IsEIP155(num), IsEIP158: c.IsEIP158(num), IsByzantium: c.IsByzantium(num)}
+	return Rules{ChainID: new(big.Int).Set(chainID), IsHomestead: c.IsHomestead(num), IsEIP150: c.IsEIP150(num), IsEIP155: c.IsEIP155(num), IsEIP158: c.IsEIP158(num), IsByzantium: c.IsByzantium(num)}
 }
diff --git a/params/denomination.go b/params/denomination.go
index 9e1b52506f..1a309827da 100644
--- a/params/denomination.go
+++ b/params/denomination.go
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@
 
 package params
 
+// These are the multipliers for ether denominations.
+// Example: To get the wei value of an amount in 'douglas', use
+//
+//    new(big.Int).Mul(value, big.NewInt(params.Douglas))
+//
 const (
-	// These are the multipliers for ether denominations.
-	// Example: To get the wei value of an amount in 'douglas', use
-	//
-	//    new(big.Int).Mul(value, big.NewInt(params.Douglas))
-	//
 	Wei      = 1
 	Ada      = 1e3
 	Babbage  = 1e6
diff --git a/params/gas_table.go b/params/gas_table.go
index 4969382b1b..d33bebbe53 100644
--- a/params/gas_table.go
+++ b/params/gas_table.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 package params
 
+// GasTable organizes gas prices for different ethereum phases.
 type GasTable struct {
 	ExtcodeSize uint64
 	ExtcodeCopy uint64
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ type GasTable struct {
 	CreateBySuicide uint64
 }
 
+// Variables containing gas prices for different ethereum phases.
 var (
 	// GasTableHomestead contain the gas prices for
 	// the homestead phase.
@@ -47,8 +49,8 @@ var (
 		ExpByte:     10,
 	}
 
-	// GasTableHomestead contain the gas re-prices for
-	// the homestead phase.
+	// GasTableEIP150 contain the gas re-prices for
+	// the EIP150 phase.
 	GasTableEIP150 = GasTable{
 		ExtcodeSize: 700,
 		ExtcodeCopy: 700,
@@ -60,7 +62,8 @@ var (
 
 		CreateBySuicide: 25000,
 	}
-
+	// GasTableEIP158 contain the gas re-prices for
+	// the EIP15* phase.
 	GasTableEIP158 = GasTable{
 		ExtcodeSize: 700,
 		ExtcodeCopy: 700,
diff --git a/params/protocol_params.go b/params/protocol_params.go
index 5a0b14d61a..1ea9c58138 100644
--- a/params/protocol_params.go
+++ b/params/protocol_params.go
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ package params
 import "math/big"
 
 var (
-	TargetGasLimit uint64 = GenesisGasLimit // The artificial target
+	TargetGasLimit = GenesisGasLimit // The artificial target
 )
 
 const (
diff --git a/params/version.go b/params/version.go
index 8689ccba7f..f679908ae4 100644
--- a/params/version.go
+++ b/params/version.go
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import (
 const (
 	VersionMajor = 1          // Major version component of the current release
 	VersionMinor = 8          // Minor version component of the current release
-	VersionPatch = 11         // Patch version component of the current release
+	VersionPatch = 12         // Patch version component of the current release
 	VersionMeta  = "unstable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
 )
 
diff --git a/rpc/http.go b/rpc/http.go
index feaa7348c4..6388d68961 100644
--- a/rpc/http.go
+++ b/rpc/http.go
@@ -165,7 +165,12 @@ func NewHTTPServer(cors []string, vhosts []string, srv *Server) *http.Server {
 	// Wrap the CORS-handler within a host-handler
 	handler := newCorsHandler(srv, cors)
 	handler = newVHostHandler(vhosts, handler)
-	return &http.Server{Handler: handler}
+	return &http.Server{
+		Handler:      handler,
+		ReadTimeout:  5 * time.Second,
+		WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
+		IdleTimeout:  120 * time.Second,
+	}
 }
 
 // ServeHTTP serves JSON-RPC requests over HTTP.
@@ -181,7 +186,7 @@ func (srv *Server) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	// All checks passed, create a codec that reads direct from the request body
 	// untilEOF and writes the response to w and order the server to process a
 	// single request.
-	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx := r.Context()
 	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, "remote", r.RemoteAddr)
 	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, "scheme", r.Proto)
 	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, "local", r.Host)
diff --git a/rpc/json.go b/rpc/json.go
index 837011f51b..a523eeb8ef 100644
--- a/rpc/json.go
+++ b/rpc/json.go
@@ -320,9 +320,6 @@ func parsePositionalArguments(rawArgs json.RawMessage, types []reflect.Type) ([]
 
 // CreateResponse will create a JSON-RPC success response with the given id and reply as result.
 func (c *jsonCodec) CreateResponse(id interface{}, reply interface{}) interface{} {
-	if isHexNum(reflect.TypeOf(reply)) {
-		return &jsonSuccessResponse{Version: jsonrpcVersion, Id: id, Result: fmt.Sprintf(`%#x`, reply)}
-	}
 	return &jsonSuccessResponse{Version: jsonrpcVersion, Id: id, Result: reply}
 }
 
@@ -340,11 +337,6 @@ func (c *jsonCodec) CreateErrorResponseWithInfo(id interface{}, err Error, info
 
 // CreateNotification will create a JSON-RPC notification with the given subscription id and event as params.
 func (c *jsonCodec) CreateNotification(subid, namespace string, event interface{}) interface{} {
-	if isHexNum(reflect.TypeOf(event)) {
-		return &jsonNotification{Version: jsonrpcVersion, Method: namespace + notificationMethodSuffix,
-			Params: jsonSubscription{Subscription: subid, Result: fmt.Sprintf(`%#x`, event)}}
-	}
-
 	return &jsonNotification{Version: jsonrpcVersion, Method: namespace + notificationMethodSuffix,
 		Params: jsonSubscription{Subscription: subid, Result: event}}
 }
diff --git a/rpc/server.go b/rpc/server.go
index 7f304d8d93..8925419fe0 100644
--- a/rpc/server.go
+++ b/rpc/server.go
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ func (s *Server) serveRequest(ctx context.Context, codec ServerCodec, singleShot
 	defer cancel()
 
 	// if the codec supports notification include a notifier that callbacks can use
-	// to send notification to clients. It is thight to the codec/connection. If the
+	// to send notification to clients. It is tied to the codec/connection. If the
 	// connection is closed the notifier will stop and cancels all active subscriptions.
 	if options&OptionSubscriptions == OptionSubscriptions {
 		ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, notifierKey{}, newNotifier(codec))
@@ -313,7 +313,6 @@ func (s *Server) handle(ctx context.Context, codec ServerCodec, req *serverReque
 	if len(reply) == 0 {
 		return codec.CreateResponse(req.id, nil), nil
 	}
-
 	if req.callb.errPos >= 0 { // test if method returned an error
 		if !reply[req.callb.errPos].IsNil() {
 			e := reply[req.callb.errPos].Interface().(error)
diff --git a/rpc/utils.go b/rpc/utils.go
index 9315cab591..7f7ac4520b 100644
--- a/rpc/utils.go
+++ b/rpc/utils.go
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import (
 	crand "crypto/rand"
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"encoding/hex"
-	"math/big"
 	"math/rand"
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
@@ -105,20 +104,6 @@ func formatName(name string) string {
 	return string(ret)
 }
 
-var bigIntType = reflect.TypeOf((*big.Int)(nil)).Elem()
-
-// Indication if this type should be serialized in hex
-func isHexNum(t reflect.Type) bool {
-	if t == nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	for t.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
-		t = t.Elem()
-	}
-
-	return t == bigIntType
-}
-
 // suitableCallbacks iterates over the methods of the given type. It will determine if a method satisfies the criteria
 // for a RPC callback or a subscription callback and adds it to the collection of callbacks or subscriptions. See server
 // documentation for a summary of these criteria.
diff --git a/signer/core/api.go b/signer/core/api.go
index 45933284bf..1372646de0 100644
--- a/signer/core/api.go
+++ b/signer/core/api.go
@@ -432,13 +432,11 @@ func (api *SignerAPI) EcRecover(ctx context.Context, data, sig hexutil.Bytes) (c
 	}
 	sig[64] -= 27 // Transform yellow paper V from 27/28 to 0/1
 	hash, _ := SignHash(data)
-	rpk, err := crypto.Ecrecover(hash, sig)
+	rpk, err := crypto.SigToPub(hash, sig)
 	if err != nil {
 		return common.Address{}, err
 	}
-	pubKey := crypto.ToECDSAPub(rpk)
-	recoveredAddr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(*pubKey)
-	return recoveredAddr, nil
+	return crypto.PubkeyToAddress(*rpk), nil
 }
 
 // SignHash is a helper function that calculates a hash for the given message that can be
diff --git a/swarm/network/simulations/discovery/discovery_test.go b/swarm/network/simulations/discovery/discovery_test.go
index b44e7878ef..acf3479e52 100644
--- a/swarm/network/simulations/discovery/discovery_test.go
+++ b/swarm/network/simulations/discovery/discovery_test.go
@@ -155,10 +155,6 @@ func testDiscoverySimulationExecAdapter(t *testing.T, nodes, conns int) {
 	testDiscoverySimulation(t, nodes, conns, adapters.NewExecAdapter(baseDir))
 }
 
-func TestDiscoverySimulationSocketAdapter(t *testing.T) {
-	testDiscoverySimulationSocketAdapter(t, *nodeCount, *initCount)
-}
-
 func TestDiscoverySimulationSimAdapter(t *testing.T) {
 	testDiscoverySimulationSimAdapter(t, *nodeCount, *initCount)
 }
@@ -175,10 +171,6 @@ func testDiscoverySimulationSimAdapter(t *testing.T, nodes, conns int) {
 	testDiscoverySimulation(t, nodes, conns, adapters.NewSimAdapter(services))
 }
 
-func testDiscoverySimulationSocketAdapter(t *testing.T, nodes, conns int) {
-	testDiscoverySimulation(t, nodes, conns, adapters.NewSocketAdapter(services))
-}
-
 func testDiscoverySimulation(t *testing.T, nodes, conns int, adapter adapters.NodeAdapter) {
 	startedAt := time.Now()
 	result, err := discoverySimulation(nodes, conns, adapter)
diff --git a/swarm/network/stream/common_test.go b/swarm/network/stream/common_test.go
index 7c9fea3f4e..9d1f997f29 100644
--- a/swarm/network/stream/common_test.go
+++ b/swarm/network/stream/common_test.go
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ var (
 	stores       map[discover.NodeID]storage.ChunkStore
 	toAddr       func(discover.NodeID) *network.BzzAddr
 	peerCount    func(discover.NodeID) int
-	adapter      = flag.String("adapter", "sim", "type of simulation: sim|socket|exec|docker")
+	adapter      = flag.String("adapter", "sim", "type of simulation: sim|exec|docker")
 	loglevel     = flag.Int("loglevel", 2, "verbosity of logs")
 	nodes        = flag.Int("nodes", 0, "number of nodes")
 	chunks       = flag.Int("chunks", 0, "number of chunks")
diff --git a/swarm/network/stream/snapshot_sync_test.go b/swarm/network/stream/snapshot_sync_test.go
index 1cb9e9104e..ff1c39319d 100644
--- a/swarm/network/stream/snapshot_sync_test.go
+++ b/swarm/network/stream/snapshot_sync_test.go
@@ -604,8 +604,6 @@ func initNetWithSnapshot(nodeCount int) (*simulations.Network, error) {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		a = adapters.NewExecAdapter(dirname)
-	} else if *adapter == "socket" {
-		a = adapters.NewSocketAdapter(services)
 	} else if *adapter == "tcp" {
 		a = adapters.NewTCPAdapter(services)
 	} else if *adapter == "sim" {
diff --git a/swarm/network/stream/testing/testing.go b/swarm/network/stream/testing/testing.go
index 08f94e44be..d584ec3974 100644
--- a/swarm/network/stream/testing/testing.go
+++ b/swarm/network/stream/testing/testing.go
@@ -79,8 +79,6 @@ func NewAdapter(adapterType string, services adapters.Services) (adapter adapter
 	switch adapterType {
 	case "sim":
 		adapter = adapters.NewSimAdapter(services)
-	case "socket":
-		adapter = adapters.NewSocketAdapter(services)
 	case "exec":
 		baseDir, err0 := ioutil.TempDir("", "swarm-test")
 		if err0 != nil {
@@ -94,7 +92,7 @@ func NewAdapter(adapterType string, services adapters.Services) (adapter adapter
 			return nil, teardown, err
 		}
 	default:
-		return nil, teardown, errors.New("adapter needs to be one of sim, socket, exec, docker")
+		return nil, teardown, errors.New("adapter needs to be one of sim, exec, docker")
 	}
 	return adapter, teardown, nil
 }
diff --git a/swarm/pss/api.go b/swarm/pss/api.go
index 74dce145de..eba7bb722c 100644
--- a/swarm/pss/api.go
+++ b/swarm/pss/api.go
@@ -118,9 +118,13 @@ func (pssapi *API) GetPublicKey() (keybytes hexutil.Bytes) {
 
 // Set Public key to associate with a particular Pss peer
 func (pssapi *API) SetPeerPublicKey(pubkey hexutil.Bytes, topic Topic, addr PssAddress) error {
-	err := pssapi.Pss.SetPeerPublicKey(crypto.ToECDSAPub(pubkey), topic, &addr)
+	pk, err := crypto.UnmarshalPubkey(pubkey)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid key: %x", pubkey)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Cannot unmarshal pubkey: %x", pubkey)
+	}
+	err = pssapi.Pss.SetPeerPublicKey(pk, topic, &addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid key: %x", pk)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/swarm/pss/pss.go b/swarm/pss/pss.go
index 294871f7b3..77191b25a0 100644
--- a/swarm/pss/pss.go
+++ b/swarm/pss/pss.go
@@ -725,9 +725,8 @@ func (p *Pss) SendSym(symkeyid string, topic Topic, msg []byte) error {
 //
 // Fails if the key id does not match any in of the stored public keys
 func (p *Pss) SendAsym(pubkeyid string, topic Topic, msg []byte) error {
-	pubkey := crypto.ToECDSAPub(common.FromHex(pubkeyid))
-	if pubkey == nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid public key id %x", pubkey)
+	if _, err := crypto.UnmarshalPubkey(common.FromHex(pubkeyid)); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Cannot unmarshal pubkey: %x", pubkeyid)
 	}
 	p.pubKeyPoolMu.Lock()
 	psp, ok := p.pubKeyPool[pubkeyid][topic]
@@ -770,7 +769,11 @@ func (p *Pss) send(to []byte, topic Topic, msg []byte, asymmetric bool, key []by
 		Padding:  padding,
 	}
 	if asymmetric {
-		wparams.Dst = crypto.ToECDSAPub(key)
+		pk, err := crypto.UnmarshalPubkey(key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Cannot unmarshal pubkey: %x", key)
+		}
+		wparams.Dst = pk
 	} else {
 		wparams.KeySym = key
 	}
diff --git a/swarm/pss/pss_test.go b/swarm/pss/pss_test.go
index ac784c9904..e28af275bb 100644
--- a/swarm/pss/pss_test.go
+++ b/swarm/pss/pss_test.go
@@ -955,10 +955,10 @@ func worker(id int, jobs <-chan Job, rpcs map[discover.NodeID]*rpc.Client, pubke
 func TestNetwork2000(t *testing.T) {
 	//enableMetrics()
 
-	t.Run("3/2000/4/sock", testNetwork)
-	t.Run("4/2000/4/sock", testNetwork)
-	t.Run("8/2000/4/sock", testNetwork)
-	t.Run("16/2000/4/sock", testNetwork)
+	t.Run("3/2000/4/sim", testNetwork)
+	t.Run("4/2000/4/sim", testNetwork)
+	t.Run("8/2000/4/sim", testNetwork)
+	t.Run("16/2000/4/sim", testNetwork)
 }
 
 func TestNetwork5000(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1010,8 +1010,6 @@ func testNetwork(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 		a = adapters.NewExecAdapter(dirname)
-	} else if adapter == "sock" {
-		a = adapters.NewSocketAdapter(newServices(false))
 	} else if adapter == "tcp" {
 		a = adapters.NewTCPAdapter(newServices(false))
 	} else if adapter == "sim" {
diff --git a/swarm/services/swap/swap.go b/swarm/services/swap/swap.go
index d4465a5bc1..91fa54fcf0 100644
--- a/swarm/services/swap/swap.go
+++ b/swarm/services/swap/swap.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package swap
 import (
 	"context"
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
 	"os"
@@ -136,6 +137,11 @@ func NewSwap(localProfile *LocalProfile, remoteProfile *RemoteProfile, backend c
 		out *chequebook.Outbox
 	)
 
+	remotekey, err := crypto.UnmarshalPubkey(common.FromHex(remoteProfile.PublicKey))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid remote public key")
+	}
+
 	// check if remoteProfile chequebook is valid
 	// insolvent chequebooks suicide so will signal as invalid
 	// TODO: monitoring a chequebooks events
@@ -144,7 +150,7 @@ func NewSwap(localProfile *LocalProfile, remoteProfile *RemoteProfile, backend c
 		log.Info(fmt.Sprintf("invalid contract %v for peer %v: %v)", remoteProfile.Contract.Hex()[:8], proto, err))
 	} else {
 		// remoteProfile contract valid, create inbox
-		in, err = chequebook.NewInbox(localProfile.privateKey, remoteProfile.Contract, localProfile.Beneficiary, crypto.ToECDSAPub(common.FromHex(remoteProfile.PublicKey)), backend)
+		in, err = chequebook.NewInbox(localProfile.privateKey, remoteProfile.Contract, localProfile.Beneficiary, remotekey, backend)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("unable to set up inbox for chequebook contract %v for peer %v: %v)", remoteProfile.Contract.Hex()[:8], proto, err))
 		}
diff --git a/tests/block_test_util.go b/tests/block_test_util.go
index a72799f6e2..2db47da57f 100644
--- a/tests/block_test_util.go
+++ b/tests/block_test_util.go
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ type BlockTest struct {
 	json btJSON
 }
 
+// UnmarshalJSON implements json.Unmarshaler interface.
 func (t *BlockTest) UnmarshalJSON(in []byte) error {
 	return json.Unmarshal(in, &t.json)
 }
diff --git a/tests/difficulty_test.go b/tests/difficulty_test.go
index 6006373009..20294cc9d5 100644
--- a/tests/difficulty_test.go
+++ b/tests/difficulty_test.go
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ import (
 
 var (
 	mainnetChainConfig = params.ChainConfig{
-		ChainId:        big.NewInt(1),
+		ChainID:        big.NewInt(1),
 		HomesteadBlock: big.NewInt(1150000),
 		DAOForkBlock:   big.NewInt(1920000),
 		DAOForkSupport: true,
diff --git a/tests/init.go b/tests/init.go
index 0bea5ccd63..af65f92069 100644
--- a/tests/init.go
+++ b/tests/init.go
@@ -26,26 +26,26 @@ import (
 // Forks table defines supported forks and their chain config.
 var Forks = map[string]*params.ChainConfig{
 	"Frontier": {
-		ChainId: big.NewInt(1),
+		ChainID: big.NewInt(1),
 	},
 	"Homestead": {
-		ChainId:        big.NewInt(1),
+		ChainID:        big.NewInt(1),
 		HomesteadBlock: big.NewInt(0),
 	},
 	"EIP150": {
-		ChainId:        big.NewInt(1),
+		ChainID:        big.NewInt(1),
 		HomesteadBlock: big.NewInt(0),
 		EIP150Block:    big.NewInt(0),
 	},
 	"EIP158": {
-		ChainId:        big.NewInt(1),
+		ChainID:        big.NewInt(1),
 		HomesteadBlock: big.NewInt(0),
 		EIP150Block:    big.NewInt(0),
 		EIP155Block:    big.NewInt(0),
 		EIP158Block:    big.NewInt(0),
 	},
 	"Byzantium": {
-		ChainId:        big.NewInt(1),
+		ChainID:        big.NewInt(1),
 		HomesteadBlock: big.NewInt(0),
 		EIP150Block:    big.NewInt(0),
 		EIP155Block:    big.NewInt(0),
@@ -54,22 +54,22 @@ var Forks = map[string]*params.ChainConfig{
 		ByzantiumBlock: big.NewInt(0),
 	},
 	"FrontierToHomesteadAt5": {
-		ChainId:        big.NewInt(1),
+		ChainID:        big.NewInt(1),
 		HomesteadBlock: big.NewInt(5),
 	},
 	"HomesteadToEIP150At5": {
-		ChainId:        big.NewInt(1),
+		ChainID:        big.NewInt(1),
 		HomesteadBlock: big.NewInt(0),
 		EIP150Block:    big.NewInt(5),
 	},
 	"HomesteadToDaoAt5": {
-		ChainId:        big.NewInt(1),
+		ChainID:        big.NewInt(1),
 		HomesteadBlock: big.NewInt(0),
 		DAOForkBlock:   big.NewInt(5),
 		DAOForkSupport: true,
 	},
 	"EIP158ToByzantiumAt5": {
-		ChainId:        big.NewInt(1),
+		ChainID:        big.NewInt(1),
 		HomesteadBlock: big.NewInt(0),
 		EIP150Block:    big.NewInt(0),
 		EIP155Block:    big.NewInt(0),
diff --git a/tests/transaction_test.go b/tests/transaction_test.go
index c743996c2a..42ad81877e 100644
--- a/tests/transaction_test.go
+++ b/tests/transaction_test.go
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ func TestTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 		EIP150Block:    big.NewInt(0),
 		EIP155Block:    big.NewInt(0),
 		EIP158Block:    big.NewInt(0),
-		ChainId:        big.NewInt(1),
+		ChainID:        big.NewInt(1),
 	})
 	txt.config(`^Byzantium/`, params.ChainConfig{
 		HomesteadBlock: big.NewInt(0),
diff --git a/trie/database.go b/trie/database.go
index da36e72f98..468c139df4 100644
--- a/trie/database.go
+++ b/trie/database.go
@@ -23,6 +23,21 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
+)
+
+var (
+	memcacheFlushTimeTimer  = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("trie/memcache/flush/time", nil)
+	memcacheFlushNodesMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("trie/memcache/flush/nodes", nil)
+	memcacheFlushSizeMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("trie/memcache/flush/size", nil)
+
+	memcacheGCTimeTimer  = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("trie/memcache/gc/time", nil)
+	memcacheGCNodesMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("trie/memcache/gc/nodes", nil)
+	memcacheGCSizeMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("trie/memcache/gc/size", nil)
+
+	memcacheCommitTimeTimer  = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("trie/memcache/commit/time", nil)
+	memcacheCommitNodesMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("trie/memcache/commit/nodes", nil)
+	memcacheCommitSizeMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("trie/memcache/commit/size", nil)
 )
 
 // secureKeyPrefix is the database key prefix used to store trie node preimages.
@@ -46,15 +61,22 @@ type DatabaseReader interface {
 type Database struct {
 	diskdb ethdb.Database // Persistent storage for matured trie nodes
 
-	nodes     map[common.Hash]*cachedNode // Data and references relationships of a node
-	preimages map[common.Hash][]byte      // Preimages of nodes from the secure trie
-	seckeybuf [secureKeyLength]byte       // Ephemeral buffer for calculating preimage keys
+	nodes  map[common.Hash]*cachedNode // Data and references relationships of a node
+	oldest common.Hash                 // Oldest tracked node, flush-list head
+	newest common.Hash                 // Newest tracked node, flush-list tail
+
+	preimages map[common.Hash][]byte // Preimages of nodes from the secure trie
+	seckeybuf [secureKeyLength]byte  // Ephemeral buffer for calculating preimage keys
 
 	gctime  time.Duration      // Time spent on garbage collection since last commit
 	gcnodes uint64             // Nodes garbage collected since last commit
 	gcsize  common.StorageSize // Data storage garbage collected since last commit
 
-	nodesSize     common.StorageSize // Storage size of the nodes cache
+	flushtime  time.Duration      // Time spent on data flushing since last commit
+	flushnodes uint64             // Nodes flushed since last commit
+	flushsize  common.StorageSize // Data storage flushed since last commit
+
+	nodesSize     common.StorageSize // Storage size of the nodes cache (exc. flushlist)
 	preimagesSize common.StorageSize // Storage size of the preimages cache
 
 	lock sync.RWMutex
@@ -66,6 +88,9 @@ type cachedNode struct {
 	blob     []byte              // Cached data block of the trie node
 	parents  int                 // Number of live nodes referencing this one
 	children map[common.Hash]int // Children referenced by this nodes
+
+	flushPrev common.Hash // Previous node in the flush-list
+	flushNext common.Hash // Next node in the flush-list
 }
 
 // NewDatabase creates a new trie database to store ephemeral trie content before
@@ -96,12 +121,20 @@ func (db *Database) Insert(hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
 
 // insert is the private locked version of Insert.
 func (db *Database) insert(hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
+	// If the node's already cached, skip
 	if _, ok := db.nodes[hash]; ok {
 		return
 	}
 	db.nodes[hash] = &cachedNode{
-		blob:     common.CopyBytes(blob),
-		children: make(map[common.Hash]int),
+		blob:      common.CopyBytes(blob),
+		children:  make(map[common.Hash]int),
+		flushPrev: db.newest,
+	}
+	// Update the flush-list endpoints
+	if db.oldest == (common.Hash{}) {
+		db.oldest, db.newest = hash, hash
+	} else {
+		db.nodes[db.newest].flushNext, db.newest = hash, hash
 	}
 	db.nodesSize += common.StorageSize(common.HashLength + len(blob))
 }
@@ -208,6 +241,10 @@ func (db *Database) Dereference(child common.Hash, parent common.Hash) {
 	db.gcsize += storage - db.nodesSize
 	db.gctime += time.Since(start)
 
+	memcacheGCTimeTimer.Update(time.Since(start))
+	memcacheGCSizeMeter.Mark(int64(storage - db.nodesSize))
+	memcacheGCNodesMeter.Mark(int64(nodes - len(db.nodes)))
+
 	log.Debug("Dereferenced trie from memory database", "nodes", nodes-len(db.nodes), "size", storage-db.nodesSize, "time", time.Since(start),
 		"gcnodes", db.gcnodes, "gcsize", db.gcsize, "gctime", db.gctime, "livenodes", len(db.nodes), "livesize", db.nodesSize)
 }
@@ -221,7 +258,7 @@ func (db *Database) dereference(child common.Hash, parent common.Hash) {
 	if node.children[child] == 0 {
 		delete(node.children, child)
 	}
-	// If the node does not exist, it's a previously committed node.
+	// If the child does not exist, it's a previously committed node.
 	node, ok := db.nodes[child]
 	if !ok {
 		return
@@ -229,6 +266,14 @@ func (db *Database) dereference(child common.Hash, parent common.Hash) {
 	// If there are no more references to the child, delete it and cascade
 	node.parents--
 	if node.parents == 0 {
+		// Remove the node from the flush-list
+		if child == db.oldest {
+			db.oldest = node.flushNext
+		} else {
+			db.nodes[node.flushPrev].flushNext = node.flushNext
+			db.nodes[node.flushNext].flushPrev = node.flushPrev
+		}
+		// Dereference all children and delete the node
 		for hash := range node.children {
 			db.dereference(hash, child)
 		}
@@ -237,6 +282,107 @@ func (db *Database) dereference(child common.Hash, parent common.Hash) {
 	}
 }
 
+// Cap iteratively flushes old but still referenced trie nodes until the total
+// memory usage goes below the given threshold.
+func (db *Database) Cap(limit common.StorageSize) error {
+	// Create a database batch to flush persistent data out. It is important that
+	// outside code doesn't see an inconsistent state (referenced data removed from
+	// memory cache during commit but not yet in persistent storage). This is ensured
+	// by only uncaching existing data when the database write finalizes.
+	db.lock.RLock()
+
+	nodes, storage, start := len(db.nodes), db.nodesSize, time.Now()
+	batch := db.diskdb.NewBatch()
+
+	// db.nodesSize only contains the useful data in the cache, but when reporting
+	// the total memory consumption, the maintenance metadata is also needed to be
+	// counted. For every useful node, we track 2 extra hashes as the flushlist.
+	size := db.nodesSize + common.StorageSize((len(db.nodes)-1)*2*common.HashLength)
+
+	// If the preimage cache got large enough, push to disk. If it's still small
+	// leave for later to deduplicate writes.
+	flushPreimages := db.preimagesSize > 4*1024*1024
+	if flushPreimages {
+		for hash, preimage := range db.preimages {
+			if err := batch.Put(db.secureKey(hash[:]), preimage); err != nil {
+				log.Error("Failed to commit preimage from trie database", "err", err)
+				db.lock.RUnlock()
+				return err
+			}
+			if batch.ValueSize() > ethdb.IdealBatchSize {
+				if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
+					db.lock.RUnlock()
+					return err
+				}
+				batch.Reset()
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	// Keep committing nodes from the flush-list until we're below allowance
+	oldest := db.oldest
+	for size > limit && oldest != (common.Hash{}) {
+		// Fetch the oldest referenced node and push into the batch
+		node := db.nodes[oldest]
+		if err := batch.Put(oldest[:], node.blob); err != nil {
+			db.lock.RUnlock()
+			return err
+		}
+		// If we exceeded the ideal batch size, commit and reset
+		if batch.ValueSize() >= ethdb.IdealBatchSize {
+			if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
+				log.Error("Failed to write flush list to disk", "err", err)
+				db.lock.RUnlock()
+				return err
+			}
+			batch.Reset()
+		}
+		// Iterate to the next flush item, or abort if the size cap was achieved. Size
+		// is the total size, including both the useful cached data (hash -> blob), as
+		// well as the flushlist metadata (2*hash). When flushing items from the cache,
+		// we need to reduce both.
+		size -= common.StorageSize(3*common.HashLength + len(node.blob))
+		oldest = node.flushNext
+	}
+	// Flush out any remainder data from the last batch
+	if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to write flush list to disk", "err", err)
+		db.lock.RUnlock()
+		return err
+	}
+	db.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	// Write successful, clear out the flushed data
+	db.lock.Lock()
+	defer db.lock.Unlock()
+
+	if flushPreimages {
+		db.preimages = make(map[common.Hash][]byte)
+		db.preimagesSize = 0
+	}
+	for db.oldest != oldest {
+		node := db.nodes[db.oldest]
+		delete(db.nodes, db.oldest)
+		db.oldest = node.flushNext
+
+		db.nodesSize -= common.StorageSize(common.HashLength + len(node.blob))
+	}
+	if db.oldest != (common.Hash{}) {
+		db.nodes[db.oldest].flushPrev = common.Hash{}
+	}
+	db.flushnodes += uint64(nodes - len(db.nodes))
+	db.flushsize += storage - db.nodesSize
+	db.flushtime += time.Since(start)
+
+	memcacheFlushTimeTimer.Update(time.Since(start))
+	memcacheFlushSizeMeter.Mark(int64(storage - db.nodesSize))
+	memcacheFlushNodesMeter.Mark(int64(nodes - len(db.nodes)))
+
+	log.Debug("Persisted nodes from memory database", "nodes", nodes-len(db.nodes), "size", storage-db.nodesSize, "time", time.Since(start),
+		"flushnodes", db.flushnodes, "flushsize", db.flushsize, "flushtime", db.flushtime, "livenodes", len(db.nodes), "livesize", db.nodesSize)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // Commit iterates over all the children of a particular node, writes them out
 // to disk, forcefully tearing down all references in both directions.
 //
@@ -266,7 +412,7 @@ func (db *Database) Commit(node common.Hash, report bool) error {
 		}
 	}
 	// Move the trie itself into the batch, flushing if enough data is accumulated
-	nodes, storage := len(db.nodes), db.nodesSize+db.preimagesSize
+	nodes, storage := len(db.nodes), db.nodesSize
 	if err := db.commit(node, batch); err != nil {
 		log.Error("Failed to commit trie from trie database", "err", err)
 		db.lock.RUnlock()
@@ -289,15 +435,20 @@ func (db *Database) Commit(node common.Hash, report bool) error {
 
 	db.uncache(node)
 
+	memcacheCommitTimeTimer.Update(time.Since(start))
+	memcacheCommitSizeMeter.Mark(int64(storage - db.nodesSize))
+	memcacheCommitNodesMeter.Mark(int64(nodes - len(db.nodes)))
+
 	logger := log.Info
 	if !report {
 		logger = log.Debug
 	}
-	logger("Persisted trie from memory database", "nodes", nodes-len(db.nodes), "size", storage-db.nodesSize, "time", time.Since(start),
+	logger("Persisted trie from memory database", "nodes", nodes-len(db.nodes)+int(db.flushnodes), "size", storage-db.nodesSize+db.flushsize, "time", time.Since(start)+db.flushtime,
 		"gcnodes", db.gcnodes, "gcsize", db.gcsize, "gctime", db.gctime, "livenodes", len(db.nodes), "livesize", db.nodesSize)
 
 	// Reset the garbage collection statistics
 	db.gcnodes, db.gcsize, db.gctime = 0, 0, 0
+	db.flushnodes, db.flushsize, db.flushtime = 0, 0, 0
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -317,7 +468,7 @@ func (db *Database) commit(hash common.Hash, batch ethdb.Batch) error {
 	if err := batch.Put(hash[:], node.blob); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	// If we've reached an optimal match size, commit and start over
+	// If we've reached an optimal batch size, commit and start over
 	if batch.ValueSize() >= ethdb.IdealBatchSize {
 		if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -337,7 +488,14 @@ func (db *Database) uncache(hash common.Hash) {
 	if !ok {
 		return
 	}
-	// Otherwise uncache the node's subtries and remove the node itself too
+	// Node still exists, remove it from the flush-list
+	if hash == db.oldest {
+		db.oldest = node.flushNext
+	} else {
+		db.nodes[node.flushPrev].flushNext = node.flushNext
+		db.nodes[node.flushNext].flushPrev = node.flushPrev
+	}
+	// Uncache the node's subtries and remove the node itself too
 	for child := range node.children {
 		db.uncache(child)
 	}
@@ -347,9 +505,13 @@ func (db *Database) uncache(hash common.Hash) {
 
 // Size returns the current storage size of the memory cache in front of the
 // persistent database layer.
-func (db *Database) Size() common.StorageSize {
+func (db *Database) Size() (common.StorageSize, common.StorageSize) {
 	db.lock.RLock()
 	defer db.lock.RUnlock()
 
-	return db.nodesSize + db.preimagesSize
+	// db.nodesSize only contains the useful data in the cache, but when reporting
+	// the total memory consumption, the maintenance metadata is also needed to be
+	// counted. For every useful node, we track 2 extra hashes as the flushlist.
+	var flushlistSize = common.StorageSize((len(db.nodes) - 1) * 2 * common.HashLength)
+	return db.nodesSize + flushlistSize, db.preimagesSize
 }
diff --git a/trie/encoding.go b/trie/encoding.go
index 221fa6d3aa..5f120de638 100644
--- a/trie/encoding.go
+++ b/trie/encoding.go
@@ -53,10 +53,9 @@ func hexToCompact(hex []byte) []byte {
 
 func compactToHex(compact []byte) []byte {
 	base := keybytesToHex(compact)
-	base = base[:len(base)-1]
-	// apply terminator flag
-	if base[0] >= 2 {
-		base = append(base, 16)
+	// delete terminator flag
+	if base[0] < 2 {
+		base = base[:len(base)-1]
 	}
 	// apply odd flag
 	chop := 2 - base[0]&1
diff --git a/trie/hasher.go b/trie/hasher.go
index ff61e70922..47c6dd8f9d 100644
--- a/trie/hasher.go
+++ b/trie/hasher.go
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 package trie
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"hash"
 	"sync"
 
@@ -27,17 +26,39 @@ import (
 )
 
 type hasher struct {
-	tmp        *bytes.Buffer
-	sha        hash.Hash
+	tmp        sliceBuffer
+	sha        keccakState
 	cachegen   uint16
 	cachelimit uint16
 	onleaf     LeafCallback
 }
 
+// keccakState wraps sha3.state. In addition to the usual hash methods, it also supports
+// Read to get a variable amount of data from the hash state. Read is faster than Sum
+// because it doesn't copy the internal state, but also modifies the internal state.
+type keccakState interface {
+	hash.Hash
+	Read([]byte) (int, error)
+}
+
+type sliceBuffer []byte
+
+func (b *sliceBuffer) Write(data []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	*b = append(*b, data...)
+	return len(data), nil
+}
+
+func (b *sliceBuffer) Reset() {
+	*b = (*b)[:0]
+}
+
 // hashers live in a global db.
 var hasherPool = sync.Pool{
 	New: func() interface{} {
-		return &hasher{tmp: new(bytes.Buffer), sha: sha3.NewKeccak256()}
+		return &hasher{
+			tmp: make(sliceBuffer, 0, 550), // cap is as large as a full fullNode.
+			sha: sha3.NewKeccak256().(keccakState),
+		}
 	},
 }
 
@@ -157,26 +178,23 @@ func (h *hasher) store(n node, db *Database, force bool) (node, error) {
 	}
 	// Generate the RLP encoding of the node
 	h.tmp.Reset()
-	if err := rlp.Encode(h.tmp, n); err != nil {
+	if err := rlp.Encode(&h.tmp, n); err != nil {
 		panic("encode error: " + err.Error())
 	}
-	if h.tmp.Len() < 32 && !force {
+	if len(h.tmp) < 32 && !force {
 		return n, nil // Nodes smaller than 32 bytes are stored inside their parent
 	}
 	// Larger nodes are replaced by their hash and stored in the database.
 	hash, _ := n.cache()
 	if hash == nil {
-		h.sha.Reset()
-		h.sha.Write(h.tmp.Bytes())
-		hash = hashNode(h.sha.Sum(nil))
+		hash = h.makeHashNode(h.tmp)
 	}
+
 	if db != nil {
 		// We are pooling the trie nodes into an intermediate memory cache
 		db.lock.Lock()
-
 		hash := common.BytesToHash(hash)
-		db.insert(hash, h.tmp.Bytes())
-
+		db.insert(hash, h.tmp)
 		// Track all direct parent->child node references
 		switch n := n.(type) {
 		case *shortNode:
@@ -210,3 +228,11 @@ func (h *hasher) store(n node, db *Database, force bool) (node, error) {
 	}
 	return hash, nil
 }
+
+func (h *hasher) makeHashNode(data []byte) hashNode {
+	n := make(hashNode, h.sha.Size())
+	h.sha.Reset()
+	h.sha.Write(data)
+	h.sha.Read(n)
+	return n
+}
diff --git a/whisper/whisperv5/api.go b/whisper/whisperv5/api.go
index c56d139499..2ce4642202 100644
--- a/whisper/whisperv5/api.go
+++ b/whisper/whisperv5/api.go
@@ -252,8 +252,7 @@ func (api *PublicWhisperAPI) Post(ctx context.Context, req NewMessage) (bool, er
 
 	// Set asymmetric key that is used to encrypt the message
 	if pubKeyGiven {
-		params.Dst = crypto.ToECDSAPub(req.PublicKey)
-		if !ValidatePublicKey(params.Dst) {
+		if params.Dst, err = crypto.UnmarshalPubkey(req.PublicKey); err != nil {
 			return false, ErrInvalidPublicKey
 		}
 	}
@@ -329,8 +328,7 @@ func (api *PublicWhisperAPI) Messages(ctx context.Context, crit Criteria) (*rpc.
 	}
 
 	if len(crit.Sig) > 0 {
-		filter.Src = crypto.ToECDSAPub(crit.Sig)
-		if !ValidatePublicKey(filter.Src) {
+		if filter.Src, err = crypto.UnmarshalPubkey(crit.Sig); err != nil {
 			return nil, ErrInvalidSigningPubKey
 		}
 	}
@@ -513,8 +511,7 @@ func (api *PublicWhisperAPI) NewMessageFilter(req Criteria) (string, error) {
 	}
 
 	if len(req.Sig) > 0 {
-		src = crypto.ToECDSAPub(req.Sig)
-		if !ValidatePublicKey(src) {
+		if src, err = crypto.UnmarshalPubkey(req.Sig); err != nil {
 			return "", ErrInvalidSigningPubKey
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/whisper/whisperv5/peer_test.go b/whisper/whisperv5/peer_test.go
index 388962559e..1a54b86eb5 100644
--- a/whisper/whisperv5/peer_test.go
+++ b/whisper/whisperv5/peer_test.go
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ package whisperv5
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
-	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
@@ -108,8 +107,6 @@ func TestSimulation(t *testing.T) {
 
 func initialize(t *testing.T) {
 	var err error
-	ip := net.IPv4(127, 0, 0, 1)
-	port0 := 30303
 
 	for i := 0; i < NumNodes; i++ {
 		var node TestNode
@@ -128,29 +125,15 @@ func initialize(t *testing.T) {
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("failed convert the key: %s.", keys[i])
 		}
-		port := port0 + i
-		addr := fmt.Sprintf(":%d", port) // e.g. ":30303"
 		name := common.MakeName("whisper-go", "2.0")
-		var peers []*discover.Node
-		if i > 0 {
-			peerNodeId := nodes[i-1].id
-			peerPort := uint16(port - 1)
-			peerNode := discover.PubkeyID(&peerNodeId.PublicKey)
-			peer := discover.NewNode(peerNode, ip, peerPort, peerPort)
-			peers = append(peers, peer)
-		}
-
 		node.server = &p2p.Server{
 			Config: p2p.Config{
-				PrivateKey:     node.id,
-				MaxPeers:       NumNodes/2 + 1,
-				Name:           name,
-				Protocols:      node.shh.Protocols(),
-				ListenAddr:     addr,
-				NAT:            nat.Any(),
-				BootstrapNodes: peers,
-				StaticNodes:    peers,
-				TrustedNodes:   peers,
+				PrivateKey: node.id,
+				MaxPeers:   NumNodes/2 + 1,
+				Name:       name,
+				Protocols:  node.shh.Protocols(),
+				ListenAddr: "127.0.0.1:0",
+				NAT:        nat.Any(),
 			},
 		}
 
@@ -159,6 +142,15 @@ func initialize(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Skipf("failed to start server %d (port may be taken, skipping since there is no handler in test for this, should be ported to simulation framework): error is %v", i, err)
 		}
 
+		for j := 0; j < i; j++ {
+			peerNodeId := nodes[j].id
+			address, _ := net.ResolveTCPAddr("tcp", nodes[j].server.ListenAddr)
+			peerPort := uint16(address.Port)
+			peerNode := discover.PubkeyID(&peerNodeId.PublicKey)
+			peer := discover.NewNode(peerNode, address.IP, peerPort, peerPort)
+			node.server.AddPeer(peer)
+		}
+
 		nodes[i] = &node
 	}
 }
diff --git a/whisper/whisperv6/api.go b/whisper/whisperv6/api.go
index c60bc46a13..d729e79c35 100644
--- a/whisper/whisperv6/api.go
+++ b/whisper/whisperv6/api.go
@@ -272,8 +272,7 @@ func (api *PublicWhisperAPI) Post(ctx context.Context, req NewMessage) (hexutil.
 
 	// Set asymmetric key that is used to encrypt the message
 	if pubKeyGiven {
-		params.Dst = crypto.ToECDSAPub(req.PublicKey)
-		if !ValidatePublicKey(params.Dst) {
+		if params.Dst, err = crypto.UnmarshalPubkey(req.PublicKey); err != nil {
 			return nil, ErrInvalidPublicKey
 		}
 	}
@@ -360,8 +359,7 @@ func (api *PublicWhisperAPI) Messages(ctx context.Context, crit Criteria) (*rpc.
 	}
 
 	if len(crit.Sig) > 0 {
-		filter.Src = crypto.ToECDSAPub(crit.Sig)
-		if !ValidatePublicKey(filter.Src) {
+		if filter.Src, err = crypto.UnmarshalPubkey(crit.Sig); err != nil {
 			return nil, ErrInvalidSigningPubKey
 		}
 	}
@@ -544,8 +542,7 @@ func (api *PublicWhisperAPI) NewMessageFilter(req Criteria) (string, error) {
 	}
 
 	if len(req.Sig) > 0 {
-		src = crypto.ToECDSAPub(req.Sig)
-		if !ValidatePublicKey(src) {
+		if src, err = crypto.UnmarshalPubkey(req.Sig); err != nil {
 			return "", ErrInvalidSigningPubKey
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/whisper/whisperv6/peer_test.go b/whisper/whisperv6/peer_test.go
index 06389c8252..57c3811f7a 100644
--- a/whisper/whisperv6/peer_test.go
+++ b/whisper/whisperv6/peer_test.go
@@ -21,12 +21,13 @@ import (
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
 	"fmt"
 	mrand "math/rand"
-	"net"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"net"
+
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
@@ -173,8 +174,6 @@ func initialize(t *testing.T) {
 	initBloom(t)
 
 	var err error
-	ip := net.IPv4(127, 0, 0, 1)
-	port0 := 30303
 
 	for i := 0; i < NumNodes; i++ {
 		var node TestNode
@@ -199,40 +198,36 @@ func initialize(t *testing.T) {
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("failed convert the key: %s.", keys[i])
 		}
-		port := port0 + i
-		addr := fmt.Sprintf(":%d", port) // e.g. ":30303"
 		name := common.MakeName("whisper-go", "2.0")
-		var peers []*discover.Node
-		if i > 0 {
-			peerNodeID := nodes[i-1].id
-			peerPort := uint16(port - 1)
-			peerNode := discover.PubkeyID(&peerNodeID.PublicKey)
-			peer := discover.NewNode(peerNode, ip, peerPort, peerPort)
-			peers = append(peers, peer)
-		}
 
 		node.server = &p2p.Server{
 			Config: p2p.Config{
-				PrivateKey:     node.id,
-				MaxPeers:       NumNodes/2 + 1,
-				Name:           name,
-				Protocols:      node.shh.Protocols(),
-				ListenAddr:     addr,
-				NAT:            nat.Any(),
-				BootstrapNodes: peers,
-				StaticNodes:    peers,
-				TrustedNodes:   peers,
+				PrivateKey: node.id,
+				MaxPeers:   NumNodes/2 + 1,
+				Name:       name,
+				Protocols:  node.shh.Protocols(),
+				ListenAddr: "127.0.0.1:0",
+				NAT:        nat.Any(),
 			},
 		}
 
+		go startServer(t, node.server)
+
 		nodes[i] = &node
 	}
 
+	waitForServersToStart(t)
+
 	for i := 0; i < NumNodes; i++ {
-		go startServer(t, nodes[i].server)
+		for j := 0; j < i; j++ {
+			peerNodeId := nodes[j].id
+			address, _ := net.ResolveTCPAddr("tcp", nodes[j].server.ListenAddr)
+			peerPort := uint16(address.Port)
+			peerNode := discover.PubkeyID(&peerNodeId.PublicKey)
+			peer := discover.NewNode(peerNode, address.IP, peerPort, peerPort)
+			nodes[i].server.AddPeer(peer)
+		}
 	}
-
-	waitForServersToStart(t)
 }
 
 func startServer(t *testing.T, s *p2p.Server) {