diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/database.go b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
index ae9574963e0..546d2e0301f 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/database.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ func New(diskdb ethdb.Database, config *Config, isVerkle bool) *Database {
 	}
 	// TODO (rjl493456442) disable the background indexing in read-only mode
 	if db.stateFreezer != nil && db.config.EnableStateIndexing {
-		db.stateIndexer = newHistoryIndexer(db.diskdb, db.stateFreezer, db.tree.bottom().stateID())
+		db.stateIndexer = newHistoryIndexer(db.diskdb, db.stateFreezer, db.tree.bottom().stateID(), typeStateHistory)
 		log.Info("Enabled state history indexing")
 	}
 	fields := config.fields()
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ func (db *Database) repairHistory() error {
 	}
 	// Truncate the extra state histories above in freezer in case it's not
 	// aligned with the disk layer. It might happen after a unclean shutdown.
-	pruned, err := truncateFromHead(db.stateFreezer, id)
+	pruned, err := truncateFromHead(db.stateFreezer, typeStateHistory, id)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to truncate extra state histories", "err", err)
 	}
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ func (db *Database) Enable(root common.Hash) error {
 	//   2. Re-initialize the indexer so it starts indexing from the new state root.
 	if db.stateIndexer != nil && db.stateFreezer != nil && db.config.EnableStateIndexing {
 		db.stateIndexer.close()
-		db.stateIndexer = newHistoryIndexer(db.diskdb, db.stateFreezer, db.tree.bottom().stateID())
+		db.stateIndexer = newHistoryIndexer(db.diskdb, db.stateFreezer, db.tree.bottom().stateID(), typeStateHistory)
 		log.Info("Re-enabled state history indexing")
 	}
 	log.Info("Rebuilt trie database", "root", root)
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ func (db *Database) Recover(root common.Hash) error {
 	if err := db.diskdb.SyncKeyValue(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err := truncateFromHead(db.stateFreezer, dl.stateID())
+	_, err := truncateFromHead(db.stateFreezer, typeStateHistory, dl.stateID())
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go b/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
index 2042e916110..76f3f5a46ea 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) writeStateHistory(diff *diffLayer) (bool, error) {
 		log.Debug("Skip tail truncation", "persistentID", persistentID, "tailID", tail+1, "headID", diff.stateID(), "limit", limit)
 		return true, nil
 	}
-	pruned, err := truncateFromTail(dl.db.stateFreezer, newFirst-1)
+	pruned, err := truncateFromTail(dl.db.stateFreezer, typeStateHistory, newFirst-1)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history.go b/triedb/pathdb/history.go
index bbedd52f344..ae022236fef 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history.go
@@ -19,11 +19,147 @@ package pathdb
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"iter"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 )
 
+// historyType represents the category of historical data.
+type historyType uint8
+
+const (
+	// typeStateHistory indicates history data related to account or storage changes.
+	typeStateHistory historyType = 0
+)
+
+// String returns the string format representation.
+func (h historyType) String() string {
+	switch h {
+	case typeStateHistory:
+		return "state"
+	default:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("unknown type: %d", h)
+	}
+}
+
+// elementType represents the category of state element.
+type elementType uint8
+
+const (
+	typeAccount elementType = 0 // represents the account data
+	typeStorage elementType = 1 // represents the storage slot data
+)
+
+// String returns the string format representation.
+func (e elementType) String() string {
+	switch e {
+	case typeAccount:
+		return "account"
+	case typeStorage:
+		return "storage"
+	default:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("unknown element type: %d", e)
+	}
+}
+
+// toHistoryType maps an element type to its corresponding history type.
+func toHistoryType(typ elementType) historyType {
+	if typ == typeAccount || typ == typeStorage {
+		return typeStateHistory
+	}
+	panic(fmt.Sprintf("unknown element type %v", typ))
+}
+
+// stateIdent represents the identifier of a state element, which can be
+// an account or a storage slot.
+type stateIdent struct {
+	typ elementType
+
+	// The hash of the account address. This is used instead of the raw account
+	// address is to align the traversal order with the Merkle-Patricia-Trie.
+	addressHash common.Hash
+
+	// The hash of the storage slot key. This is used instead of the raw slot key
+	// because, in legacy state histories (prior to the Cancun fork), the slot
+	// identifier is the hash of the key, and the original key (preimage) cannot
+	// be recovered. To maintain backward compatibility, the key hash is used.
+	//
+	// Meanwhile, using the storage key hash also preserve the traversal order
+	// with Merkle-Patricia-Trie.
+	//
+	// This field is null if the identifier refers to an account or a trie node.
+	storageHash common.Hash
+}
+
+// String returns the string format state identifier.
+func (ident stateIdent) String() string {
+	if ident.typ == typeAccount {
+		return ident.addressHash.Hex()
+	}
+	return ident.addressHash.Hex() + ident.storageHash.Hex()
+}
+
+// newAccountIdent constructs a state identifier for an account.
+func newAccountIdent(addressHash common.Hash) stateIdent {
+	return stateIdent{
+		typ:         typeAccount,
+		addressHash: addressHash,
+	}
+}
+
+// newStorageIdent constructs a state identifier for a storage slot.
+// The address denotes the address hash of the associated account;
+// the storageHash denotes the hash of the raw storage slot key;
+func newStorageIdent(addressHash common.Hash, storageHash common.Hash) stateIdent {
+	return stateIdent{
+		typ:         typeStorage,
+		addressHash: addressHash,
+		storageHash: storageHash,
+	}
+}
+
+// stateIdentQuery is the extension of stateIdent by adding the account address
+// and raw storage key.
+type stateIdentQuery struct {
+	stateIdent
+
+	address    common.Address
+	storageKey common.Hash
+}
+
+// newAccountIdentQuery constructs a state identifier for an account.
+func newAccountIdentQuery(address common.Address, addressHash common.Hash) stateIdentQuery {
+	return stateIdentQuery{
+		stateIdent: newAccountIdent(addressHash),
+		address:    address,
+	}
+}
+
+// newStorageIdentQuery constructs a state identifier for a storage slot.
+// the address denotes the address of the associated account;
+// the addressHash denotes the address hash of the associated account;
+// the storageKey denotes the raw storage slot key;
+// the storageHash denotes the hash of the raw storage slot key;
+func newStorageIdentQuery(address common.Address, addressHash common.Hash, storageKey common.Hash, storageHash common.Hash) stateIdentQuery {
+	return stateIdentQuery{
+		stateIdent: newStorageIdent(addressHash, storageHash),
+		address:    address,
+		storageKey: storageKey,
+	}
+}
+
+// history defines the interface of historical data, implemented by stateHistory
+// and trienodeHistory (in the near future).
+type history interface {
+	// typ returns the historical data type held in the history.
+	typ() historyType
+
+	// forEach returns an iterator to traverse the state entries in the history.
+	forEach() iter.Seq[stateIdent]
+}
+
 var (
 	errHeadTruncationOutOfRange = errors.New("history head truncation out of range")
 	errTailTruncationOutOfRange = errors.New("history tail truncation out of range")
@@ -31,7 +167,7 @@ var (
 
 // truncateFromHead removes excess elements from the head of the freezer based
 // on the given parameters. It returns the number of items that were removed.
-func truncateFromHead(store ethdb.AncientStore, nhead uint64) (int, error) {
+func truncateFromHead(store ethdb.AncientStore, typ historyType, nhead uint64) (int, error) {
 	ohead, err := store.Ancients()
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
@@ -40,11 +176,11 @@ func truncateFromHead(store ethdb.AncientStore, nhead uint64) (int, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
-	log.Info("Truncating from head", "ohead", ohead, "tail", otail, "nhead", nhead)
+	log.Info("Truncating from head", "type", typ.String(), "ohead", ohead, "tail", otail, "nhead", nhead)
 
 	// Ensure that the truncation target falls within the valid range.
 	if ohead < nhead || nhead < otail {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", errHeadTruncationOutOfRange, otail, ohead, nhead)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w, %s, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", errHeadTruncationOutOfRange, typ, otail, ohead, nhead)
 	}
 	// Short circuit if nothing to truncate.
 	if ohead == nhead {
@@ -61,7 +197,7 @@ func truncateFromHead(store ethdb.AncientStore, nhead uint64) (int, error) {
 
 // truncateFromTail removes excess elements from the end of the freezer based
 // on the given parameters. It returns the number of items that were removed.
-func truncateFromTail(store ethdb.AncientStore, ntail uint64) (int, error) {
+func truncateFromTail(store ethdb.AncientStore, typ historyType, ntail uint64) (int, error) {
 	ohead, err := store.Ancients()
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
@@ -72,7 +208,7 @@ func truncateFromTail(store ethdb.AncientStore, ntail uint64) (int, error) {
 	}
 	// Ensure that the truncation target falls within the valid range.
 	if otail > ntail || ntail > ohead {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", errTailTruncationOutOfRange, otail, ohead, ntail)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w, %s, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", errTailTruncationOutOfRange, typ, otail, ohead, ntail)
 	}
 	// Short circuit if nothing to truncate.
 	if otail == ntail {
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go
index e781a898e1a..47cee9820dd 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go
@@ -78,12 +78,7 @@ type indexReader struct {
 
 // loadIndexData loads the index data associated with the specified state.
 func loadIndexData(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent) ([]*indexBlockDesc, error) {
-	var blob []byte
-	if state.account {
-		blob = rawdb.ReadAccountHistoryIndex(db, state.addressHash)
-	} else {
-		blob = rawdb.ReadStorageHistoryIndex(db, state.addressHash, state.storageHash)
-	}
+	blob := readStateIndex(state, db)
 	if len(blob) == 0 {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
@@ -137,15 +132,8 @@ func (r *indexReader) readGreaterThan(id uint64) (uint64, error) {
 
 	br, ok := r.readers[desc.id]
 	if !ok {
-		var (
-			err  error
-			blob []byte
-		)
-		if r.state.account {
-			blob = rawdb.ReadAccountHistoryIndexBlock(r.db, r.state.addressHash, desc.id)
-		} else {
-			blob = rawdb.ReadStorageHistoryIndexBlock(r.db, r.state.addressHash, r.state.storageHash, desc.id)
-		}
+		var err error
+		blob := readStateIndexBlock(r.state, r.db, desc.id)
 		br, err = newBlockReader(blob)
 		if err != nil {
 			return 0, err
@@ -174,12 +162,7 @@ type indexWriter struct {
 
 // newIndexWriter constructs the index writer for the specified state.
 func newIndexWriter(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent) (*indexWriter, error) {
-	var blob []byte
-	if state.account {
-		blob = rawdb.ReadAccountHistoryIndex(db, state.addressHash)
-	} else {
-		blob = rawdb.ReadStorageHistoryIndex(db, state.addressHash, state.storageHash)
-	}
+	blob := readStateIndex(state, db)
 	if len(blob) == 0 {
 		desc := newIndexBlockDesc(0)
 		bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, desc)
@@ -194,15 +177,8 @@ func newIndexWriter(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent) (*indexWriter, er
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	var (
-		indexBlock []byte
-		lastDesc   = descList[len(descList)-1]
-	)
-	if state.account {
-		indexBlock = rawdb.ReadAccountHistoryIndexBlock(db, state.addressHash, lastDesc.id)
-	} else {
-		indexBlock = rawdb.ReadStorageHistoryIndexBlock(db, state.addressHash, state.storageHash, lastDesc.id)
-	}
+	lastDesc := descList[len(descList)-1]
+	indexBlock := readStateIndexBlock(state, db, lastDesc.id)
 	bw, err := newBlockWriter(indexBlock, lastDesc)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -270,11 +246,7 @@ func (w *indexWriter) finish(batch ethdb.Batch) {
 		return // nothing to commit
 	}
 	for _, bw := range writers {
-		if w.state.account {
-			rawdb.WriteAccountHistoryIndexBlock(batch, w.state.addressHash, bw.desc.id, bw.finish())
-		} else {
-			rawdb.WriteStorageHistoryIndexBlock(batch, w.state.addressHash, w.state.storageHash, bw.desc.id, bw.finish())
-		}
+		writeStateIndexBlock(w.state, batch, bw.desc.id, bw.finish())
 	}
 	w.frozen = nil // release all the frozen writers
 
@@ -282,11 +254,7 @@ func (w *indexWriter) finish(batch ethdb.Batch) {
 	for _, desc := range descList {
 		buf = append(buf, desc.encode()...)
 	}
-	if w.state.account {
-		rawdb.WriteAccountHistoryIndex(batch, w.state.addressHash, buf)
-	} else {
-		rawdb.WriteStorageHistoryIndex(batch, w.state.addressHash, w.state.storageHash, buf)
-	}
+	writeStateIndex(w.state, batch, buf)
 }
 
 // indexDeleter is responsible for deleting index data for a specific state.
@@ -301,12 +269,7 @@ type indexDeleter struct {
 
 // newIndexDeleter constructs the index deleter for the specified state.
 func newIndexDeleter(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent) (*indexDeleter, error) {
-	var blob []byte
-	if state.account {
-		blob = rawdb.ReadAccountHistoryIndex(db, state.addressHash)
-	} else {
-		blob = rawdb.ReadStorageHistoryIndex(db, state.addressHash, state.storageHash)
-	}
+	blob := readStateIndex(state, db)
 	if len(blob) == 0 {
 		// TODO(rjl493456442) we can probably return an error here,
 		// deleter with no data is meaningless.
@@ -323,15 +286,8 @@ func newIndexDeleter(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent) (*indexDeleter,
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	var (
-		indexBlock []byte
-		lastDesc   = descList[len(descList)-1]
-	)
-	if state.account {
-		indexBlock = rawdb.ReadAccountHistoryIndexBlock(db, state.addressHash, lastDesc.id)
-	} else {
-		indexBlock = rawdb.ReadStorageHistoryIndexBlock(db, state.addressHash, state.storageHash, lastDesc.id)
-	}
+	lastDesc := descList[len(descList)-1]
+	indexBlock := readStateIndexBlock(state, db, lastDesc.id)
 	bw, err := newBlockWriter(indexBlock, lastDesc)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -376,15 +332,8 @@ func (d *indexDeleter) pop(id uint64) error {
 	d.descList = d.descList[:len(d.descList)-1]
 
 	// Open the previous block writer for deleting
-	var (
-		indexBlock []byte
-		lastDesc   = d.descList[len(d.descList)-1]
-	)
-	if d.state.account {
-		indexBlock = rawdb.ReadAccountHistoryIndexBlock(d.db, d.state.addressHash, lastDesc.id)
-	} else {
-		indexBlock = rawdb.ReadStorageHistoryIndexBlock(d.db, d.state.addressHash, d.state.storageHash, lastDesc.id)
-	}
+	lastDesc := d.descList[len(d.descList)-1]
+	indexBlock := readStateIndexBlock(d.state, d.db, lastDesc.id)
 	bw, err := newBlockWriter(indexBlock, lastDesc)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -399,38 +348,100 @@ func (d *indexDeleter) pop(id uint64) error {
 // This function is safe to be called multiple times.
 func (d *indexDeleter) finish(batch ethdb.Batch) {
 	for _, id := range d.dropped {
-		if d.state.account {
-			rawdb.DeleteAccountHistoryIndexBlock(batch, d.state.addressHash, id)
-		} else {
-			rawdb.DeleteStorageHistoryIndexBlock(batch, d.state.addressHash, d.state.storageHash, id)
-		}
+		deleteStateIndexBlock(d.state, batch, id)
 	}
 	d.dropped = nil
 
 	// Flush the content of last block writer, regardless it's dirty or not
 	if !d.bw.empty() {
-		if d.state.account {
-			rawdb.WriteAccountHistoryIndexBlock(batch, d.state.addressHash, d.bw.desc.id, d.bw.finish())
-		} else {
-			rawdb.WriteStorageHistoryIndexBlock(batch, d.state.addressHash, d.state.storageHash, d.bw.desc.id, d.bw.finish())
-		}
+		writeStateIndexBlock(d.state, batch, d.bw.desc.id, d.bw.finish())
 	}
 	// Flush the index metadata into the supplied batch
 	if d.empty() {
-		if d.state.account {
-			rawdb.DeleteAccountHistoryIndex(batch, d.state.addressHash)
-		} else {
-			rawdb.DeleteStorageHistoryIndex(batch, d.state.addressHash, d.state.storageHash)
-		}
+		deleteStateIndex(d.state, batch)
 	} else {
 		buf := make([]byte, 0, indexBlockDescSize*len(d.descList))
 		for _, desc := range d.descList {
 			buf = append(buf, desc.encode()...)
 		}
-		if d.state.account {
-			rawdb.WriteAccountHistoryIndex(batch, d.state.addressHash, buf)
-		} else {
-			rawdb.WriteStorageHistoryIndex(batch, d.state.addressHash, d.state.storageHash, buf)
-		}
+		writeStateIndex(d.state, batch, buf)
+	}
+}
+
+// readStateIndex retrieves the index metadata for the given state identifier.
+// This function is shared by accounts and storage slots.
+func readStateIndex(ident stateIdent, db ethdb.KeyValueReader) []byte {
+	switch ident.typ {
+	case typeAccount:
+		return rawdb.ReadAccountHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash)
+	case typeStorage:
+		return rawdb.ReadStorageHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash, ident.storageHash)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %v", ident.typ))
+	}
+}
+
+// writeStateIndex writes the provided index metadata into database with the
+// given state identifier. This function is shared by accounts and storage slots.
+func writeStateIndex(ident stateIdent, db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, data []byte) {
+	switch ident.typ {
+	case typeAccount:
+		rawdb.WriteAccountHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash, data)
+	case typeStorage:
+		rawdb.WriteStorageHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash, ident.storageHash, data)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %v", ident.typ))
+	}
+}
+
+// deleteStateIndex removes the index metadata for the given state identifier.
+// This function is shared by accounts and storage slots.
+func deleteStateIndex(ident stateIdent, db ethdb.KeyValueWriter) {
+	switch ident.typ {
+	case typeAccount:
+		rawdb.DeleteAccountHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash)
+	case typeStorage:
+		rawdb.DeleteStorageHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash, ident.storageHash)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %v", ident.typ))
+	}
+}
+
+// readStateIndexBlock retrieves the index block for the given state identifier
+// and block ID. This function is shared by accounts and storage slots.
+func readStateIndexBlock(ident stateIdent, db ethdb.KeyValueReader, id uint32) []byte {
+	switch ident.typ {
+	case typeAccount:
+		return rawdb.ReadAccountHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, id)
+	case typeStorage:
+		return rawdb.ReadStorageHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, ident.storageHash, id)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %v", ident.typ))
+	}
+}
+
+// writeStateIndexBlock writes the provided index block into database with the
+// given state identifier. This function is shared by accounts and storage slots.
+func writeStateIndexBlock(ident stateIdent, db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, id uint32, data []byte) {
+	switch ident.typ {
+	case typeAccount:
+		rawdb.WriteAccountHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, id, data)
+	case typeStorage:
+		rawdb.WriteStorageHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, ident.storageHash, id, data)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %v", ident.typ))
+	}
+}
+
+// deleteStateIndexBlock removes the index block from database with the given
+// state identifier. This function is shared by accounts and storage slots.
+func deleteStateIndexBlock(ident stateIdent, db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, id uint32) {
+	switch ident.typ {
+	case typeAccount:
+		rawdb.DeleteAccountHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, id)
+	case typeStorage:
+		rawdb.DeleteStorageHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, ident.storageHash, id)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %v", ident.typ))
 	}
 }
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go
index c83c33ffbde..be9b7c40491 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ func TestIndexWriterDelete(t *testing.T) {
 func TestBatchIndexerWrite(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		db        = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		batch     = newBatchIndexer(db, false)
+		batch     = newBatchIndexer(db, false, typeStateHistory)
 		histories = makeStateHistories(10)
 	)
 	for i, h := range histories {
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ func TestBatchIndexerWrite(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := batch.finish(true); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to finish batch indexer, %v", err)
 	}
-	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db)
+	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db, typeStateHistory)
 	if metadata == nil || metadata.Last != uint64(10) {
 		t.Fatal("Unexpected index position")
 	}
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ func TestBatchIndexerWrite(t *testing.T) {
 func TestBatchIndexerDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		db        = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		bw        = newBatchIndexer(db, false)
+		bw        = newBatchIndexer(db, false, typeStateHistory)
 		histories = makeStateHistories(10)
 	)
 	// Index histories
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ func TestBatchIndexerDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Unindex histories
-	bd := newBatchIndexer(db, true)
+	bd := newBatchIndexer(db, true, typeStateHistory)
 	for i := len(histories) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
 		if err := bd.process(histories[i], uint64(i+1)); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Failed to process history, %v", err)
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ func TestBatchIndexerDelete(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to finish batch indexer, %v", err)
 	}
 
-	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db)
+	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db, typeStateHistory)
 	if metadata != nil {
 		t.Fatal("Unexpected index position")
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
index b4e89c3f17b..d6185859291 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
@@ -41,13 +40,32 @@ const (
 	stateIndexVersion = stateIndexV0 // the current state index version
 )
 
+// indexVersion returns the latest index version for the given history type.
+// It panics if the history type is unknown.
+func indexVersion(typ historyType) uint8 {
+	switch typ {
+	case typeStateHistory:
+		return stateIndexVersion
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown history type: %d", typ))
+	}
+}
+
+// indexMetadata describes the metadata of the historical data index.
 type indexMetadata struct {
 	Version uint8
 	Last    uint64
 }
 
-func loadIndexMetadata(db ethdb.KeyValueReader) *indexMetadata {
-	blob := rawdb.ReadStateHistoryIndexMetadata(db)
+// loadIndexMetadata reads the metadata of the specific history index.
+func loadIndexMetadata(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, typ historyType) *indexMetadata {
+	var blob []byte
+	switch typ {
+	case typeStateHistory:
+		blob = rawdb.ReadStateHistoryIndexMetadata(db)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown history type %d", typ))
+	}
 	if len(blob) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -59,91 +77,94 @@ func loadIndexMetadata(db ethdb.KeyValueReader) *indexMetadata {
 	return &m
 }
 
-func storeIndexMetadata(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, last uint64) {
-	var m indexMetadata
-	m.Version = stateIndexVersion
-	m.Last = last
+// storeIndexMetadata stores the metadata of the specific history index.
+func storeIndexMetadata(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, typ historyType, last uint64) {
+	m := indexMetadata{
+		Version: indexVersion(typ),
+		Last:    last,
+	}
 	blob, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(m)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Crit("Failed to encode index metadata", "err", err)
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("fail to encode index metadata, %v", err))
 	}
-	rawdb.WriteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(db, blob)
+	switch typ {
+	case typeStateHistory:
+		rawdb.WriteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(db, blob)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown history type %d", typ))
+	}
+	log.Debug("Written index metadata", "type", typ, "last", last)
 }
 
-// batchIndexer is a structure designed to perform batch indexing or unindexing
-// of state histories atomically.
+// deleteIndexMetadata deletes the metadata of the specific history index.
+func deleteIndexMetadata(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, typ historyType) {
+	switch typ {
+	case typeStateHistory:
+		rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(db)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown history type %d", typ))
+	}
+	log.Debug("Deleted index metadata", "type", typ)
+}
+
+// batchIndexer is responsible for performing batch indexing or unindexing
+// of historical data (e.g., state or trie node changes) atomically.
 type batchIndexer struct {
-	accounts map[common.Hash][]uint64                 // History ID list, Keyed by the hash of account address
-	storages map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]uint64 // History ID list, Keyed by the hash of account address and the hash of raw storage key
-	counter  int                                      // The counter of processed states
-	delete   bool                                     // Index or unindex mode
-	lastID   uint64                                   // The ID of latest processed history
-	db       ethdb.KeyValueStore
+	index   map[stateIdent][]uint64 // List of history IDs for tracked state entry
+	pending int                     // Number of entries processed in the current batch.
+	delete  bool                    // Operation mode: true for unindex, false for index.
+	lastID  uint64                  // ID of the most recently processed history.
+	typ     historyType             // Type of history being processed (e.g., state or trienode).
+	db      ethdb.KeyValueStore     // Key-value database used to store or delete index data.
 }
 
 // newBatchIndexer constructs the batch indexer with the supplied mode.
-func newBatchIndexer(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, delete bool) *batchIndexer {
+func newBatchIndexer(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, delete bool, typ historyType) *batchIndexer {
 	return &batchIndexer{
-		accounts: make(map[common.Hash][]uint64),
-		storages: make(map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]uint64),
-		delete:   delete,
-		db:       db,
+		index:  make(map[stateIdent][]uint64),
+		delete: delete,
+		typ:    typ,
+		db:     db,
 	}
 }
 
-// process iterates through the accounts and their associated storage slots in the
-// state history, tracking the mapping between state and history IDs.
-func (b *batchIndexer) process(h *stateHistory, historyID uint64) error {
-	for _, address := range h.accountList {
-		addrHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(address.Bytes())
-		b.counter += 1
-		b.accounts[addrHash] = append(b.accounts[addrHash], historyID)
-
-		for _, slotKey := range h.storageList[address] {
-			b.counter += 1
-			if _, ok := b.storages[addrHash]; !ok {
-				b.storages[addrHash] = make(map[common.Hash][]uint64)
-			}
-			// The hash of the storage slot key is used as the identifier because the
-			// legacy history does not include the raw storage key, therefore, the
-			// conversion from storage key to hash is necessary for non-v0 histories.
-			slotHash := slotKey
-			if h.meta.version != stateHistoryV0 {
-				slotHash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(slotKey.Bytes())
-			}
-			b.storages[addrHash][slotHash] = append(b.storages[addrHash][slotHash], historyID)
-		}
+// process traverses the state entries within the provided history and tracks the mutation
+// records for them.
+func (b *batchIndexer) process(h history, id uint64) error {
+	for ident := range h.forEach() {
+		b.index[ident] = append(b.index[ident], id)
+		b.pending++
 	}
-	b.lastID = historyID
+	b.lastID = id
+
 	return b.finish(false)
 }
 
 // finish writes the accumulated state indexes into the disk if either the
 // memory limitation is reached or it's requested forcibly.
 func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
-	if b.counter == 0 {
+	if b.pending == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	if !force && b.counter < historyIndexBatch {
+	if !force && b.pending < historyIndexBatch {
 		return nil
 	}
 	var (
-		batch    = b.db.NewBatch()
-		batchMu  sync.RWMutex
-		storages int
-		start    = time.Now()
-		eg       errgroup.Group
+		batch   = b.db.NewBatch()
+		batchMu sync.RWMutex
+		start   = time.Now()
+		eg      errgroup.Group
 	)
 	eg.SetLimit(runtime.NumCPU())
 
-	for addrHash, idList := range b.accounts {
+	for ident, list := range b.index {
 		eg.Go(func() error {
 			if !b.delete {
-				iw, err := newIndexWriter(b.db, newAccountIdent(addrHash))
+				iw, err := newIndexWriter(b.db, ident)
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
-				for _, n := range idList {
+				for _, n := range list {
 					if err := iw.append(n); err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
@@ -152,11 +173,11 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
 				iw.finish(batch)
 				batchMu.Unlock()
 			} else {
-				id, err := newIndexDeleter(b.db, newAccountIdent(addrHash))
+				id, err := newIndexDeleter(b.db, ident)
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
-				for _, n := range idList {
+				for _, n := range list {
 					if err := id.pop(n); err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
@@ -168,72 +189,36 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
 			return nil
 		})
 	}
-	for addrHash, slots := range b.storages {
-		storages += len(slots)
-		for storageHash, idList := range slots {
-			eg.Go(func() error {
-				if !b.delete {
-					iw, err := newIndexWriter(b.db, newStorageIdent(addrHash, storageHash))
-					if err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-					for _, n := range idList {
-						if err := iw.append(n); err != nil {
-							return err
-						}
-					}
-					batchMu.Lock()
-					iw.finish(batch)
-					batchMu.Unlock()
-				} else {
-					id, err := newIndexDeleter(b.db, newStorageIdent(addrHash, storageHash))
-					if err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-					for _, n := range idList {
-						if err := id.pop(n); err != nil {
-							return err
-						}
-					}
-					batchMu.Lock()
-					id.finish(batch)
-					batchMu.Unlock()
-				}
-				return nil
-			})
-		}
-	}
 	if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	// Update the position of last indexed state history
 	if !b.delete {
-		storeIndexMetadata(batch, b.lastID)
+		storeIndexMetadata(batch, b.typ, b.lastID)
 	} else {
 		if b.lastID == 1 {
-			rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(batch)
+			deleteIndexMetadata(batch, b.typ)
 		} else {
-			storeIndexMetadata(batch, b.lastID-1)
+			storeIndexMetadata(batch, b.typ, b.lastID-1)
 		}
 	}
 	if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	log.Debug("Committed batch indexer", "accounts", len(b.accounts), "storages", storages, "records", b.counter, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
-	b.counter = 0
-	b.accounts = make(map[common.Hash][]uint64)
-	b.storages = make(map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]uint64)
+	log.Debug("Committed batch indexer", "type", b.typ, "entries", len(b.index), "records", b.pending, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	b.pending = 0
+	b.index = make(map[stateIdent][]uint64)
 	return nil
 }
 
 // indexSingle processes the state history with the specified ID for indexing.
-func indexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientReader) error {
+func indexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientReader, typ historyType) error {
 	start := time.Now()
 	defer func() {
 		indexHistoryTimer.UpdateSince(start)
 	}()
 
-	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db)
+	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db, typ)
 	if metadata == nil || metadata.Last+1 != historyID {
 		last := "null"
 		if metadata != nil {
@@ -241,29 +226,37 @@ func indexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.Ancient
 		}
 		return fmt.Errorf("history indexing is out of order, last: %s, requested: %d", last, historyID)
 	}
-	h, err := readStateHistory(freezer, historyID)
+	var (
+		err error
+		h   history
+		b   = newBatchIndexer(db, false, typ)
+	)
+	if typ == typeStateHistory {
+		h, err = readStateHistory(freezer, historyID)
+	} else {
+		// h, err = readTrienodeHistory(freezer, historyID)
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	b := newBatchIndexer(db, false)
 	if err := b.process(h, historyID); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if err := b.finish(true); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	log.Debug("Indexed state history", "id", historyID, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	log.Debug("Indexed history", "type", typ, "id", historyID, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 	return nil
 }
 
 // unindexSingle processes the state history with the specified ID for unindexing.
-func unindexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientReader) error {
+func unindexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientReader, typ historyType) error {
 	start := time.Now()
 	defer func() {
 		unindexHistoryTimer.UpdateSince(start)
 	}()
 
-	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db)
+	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db, typ)
 	if metadata == nil || metadata.Last != historyID {
 		last := "null"
 		if metadata != nil {
@@ -271,18 +264,26 @@ func unindexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.Ancie
 		}
 		return fmt.Errorf("history unindexing is out of order, last: %s, requested: %d", last, historyID)
 	}
-	h, err := readStateHistory(freezer, historyID)
+	var (
+		err error
+		h   history
+	)
+	b := newBatchIndexer(db, true, typ)
+	if typ == typeStateHistory {
+		h, err = readStateHistory(freezer, historyID)
+	} else {
+		// h, err = readTrienodeHistory(freezer, historyID)
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	b := newBatchIndexer(db, true)
 	if err := b.process(h, historyID); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if err := b.finish(true); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	log.Debug("Unindexed state history", "id", historyID, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	log.Debug("Unindexed history", "type", typ, "id", historyID, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -305,6 +306,8 @@ type indexIniter struct {
 	interrupt chan *interruptSignal
 	done      chan struct{}
 	closed    chan struct{}
+	typ       historyType
+	log       log.Logger // Contextual logger with the history type injected
 
 	// indexing progress
 	indexed atomic.Uint64 // the id of latest indexed state
@@ -313,18 +316,20 @@ type indexIniter struct {
 	wg sync.WaitGroup
 }
 
-func newIndexIniter(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientStore, lastID uint64) *indexIniter {
+func newIndexIniter(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientStore, typ historyType, lastID uint64) *indexIniter {
 	initer := &indexIniter{
 		disk:      disk,
 		freezer:   freezer,
 		interrupt: make(chan *interruptSignal),
 		done:      make(chan struct{}),
 		closed:    make(chan struct{}),
+		typ:       typ,
+		log:       log.New("type", typ.String()),
 	}
 	// Load indexing progress
 	var recover bool
 	initer.last.Store(lastID)
-	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(disk)
+	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(disk, typ)
 	if metadata != nil {
 		initer.indexed.Store(metadata.Last)
 		recover = metadata.Last > lastID
@@ -371,7 +376,7 @@ func (i *indexIniter) remain() uint64 {
 	default:
 		last, indexed := i.last.Load(), i.indexed.Load()
 		if last < indexed {
-			log.Warn("State indexer is in recovery", "indexed", indexed, "last", last)
+			i.log.Warn("State indexer is in recovery", "indexed", indexed, "last", last)
 			return indexed - last
 		}
 		return last - indexed
@@ -389,7 +394,7 @@ func (i *indexIniter) run(lastID uint64) {
 		// checkDone indicates whether all requested state histories
 		// have been fully indexed.
 		checkDone = func() bool {
-			metadata := loadIndexMetadata(i.disk)
+			metadata := loadIndexMetadata(i.disk, i.typ)
 			return metadata != nil && metadata.Last == lastID
 		}
 	)
@@ -411,7 +416,7 @@ func (i *indexIniter) run(lastID uint64) {
 			if newLastID == lastID+1 {
 				lastID = newLastID
 				signal.result <- nil
-				log.Debug("Extended state history range", "last", lastID)
+				i.log.Debug("Extended history range", "last", lastID)
 				continue
 			}
 			// The index limit is shortened by one, interrupt the current background
@@ -422,14 +427,14 @@ func (i *indexIniter) run(lastID uint64) {
 			// If all state histories, including the one to be reverted, have
 			// been fully indexed, unindex it here and shut down the initializer.
 			if checkDone() {
-				log.Info("Truncate the extra history", "id", lastID)
-				if err := unindexSingle(lastID, i.disk, i.freezer); err != nil {
+				i.log.Info("Truncate the extra history", "id", lastID)
+				if err := unindexSingle(lastID, i.disk, i.freezer, i.typ); err != nil {
 					signal.result <- err
 					return
 				}
 				close(i.done)
 				signal.result <- nil
-				log.Info("State histories have been fully indexed", "last", lastID-1)
+				i.log.Info("Histories have been fully indexed", "last", lastID-1)
 				return
 			}
 			// Adjust the indexing target and relaunch the process
@@ -438,12 +443,12 @@ func (i *indexIniter) run(lastID uint64) {
 
 			done, interrupt = make(chan struct{}), new(atomic.Int32)
 			go i.index(done, interrupt, lastID)
-			log.Debug("Shortened state history range", "last", lastID)
+			i.log.Debug("Shortened history range", "last", lastID)
 
 		case <-done:
 			if checkDone() {
 				close(i.done)
-				log.Info("State histories have been fully indexed", "last", lastID)
+				i.log.Info("Histories have been fully indexed", "last", lastID)
 				return
 			}
 			// Relaunch the background runner if some tasks are left
@@ -452,7 +457,7 @@ func (i *indexIniter) run(lastID uint64) {
 
 		case <-i.closed:
 			interrupt.Store(1)
-			log.Info("Waiting background history index initer to exit")
+			i.log.Info("Waiting background history index initer to exit")
 			<-done
 
 			if checkDone() {
@@ -472,14 +477,14 @@ func (i *indexIniter) next() (uint64, error) {
 	tailID := tail + 1 // compute the id of the oldest history
 
 	// Start indexing from scratch if nothing has been indexed
-	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(i.disk)
+	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(i.disk, i.typ)
 	if metadata == nil {
-		log.Debug("Initialize state history indexing from scratch", "id", tailID)
+		i.log.Debug("Initialize history indexing from scratch", "id", tailID)
 		return tailID, nil
 	}
 	// Resume indexing from the last interrupted position
 	if metadata.Last+1 >= tailID {
-		log.Debug("Resume state history indexing", "id", metadata.Last+1, "tail", tailID)
+		i.log.Debug("Resume history indexing", "id", metadata.Last+1, "tail", tailID)
 		return metadata.Last + 1, nil
 	}
 	// History has been shortened without indexing. Discard the gapped segment
@@ -487,7 +492,7 @@ func (i *indexIniter) next() (uint64, error) {
 	//
 	// The missing indexes corresponding to the gapped histories won't be visible.
 	// It's fine to leave them unindexed.
-	log.Info("History gap detected, discard old segment", "oldHead", metadata.Last, "newHead", tailID)
+	i.log.Info("History gap detected, discard old segment", "oldHead", metadata.Last, "newHead", tailID)
 	return tailID, nil
 }
 
@@ -496,7 +501,7 @@ func (i *indexIniter) index(done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32, lastID
 
 	beginID, err := i.next()
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to find next state history for indexing", "err", err)
+		i.log.Error("Failed to find next history for indexing", "err", err)
 		return
 	}
 	// All available state histories have been indexed, and the last indexed one
@@ -511,36 +516,47 @@ func (i *indexIniter) index(done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32, lastID
 			//
 			// This step is essential to avoid spinning up indexing thread
 			// endlessly until a history object is produced.
-			storeIndexMetadata(i.disk, 0)
-			log.Info("Initialized history indexing flag")
+			storeIndexMetadata(i.disk, i.typ, 0)
+			i.log.Info("Initialized history indexing flag")
 		} else {
-			log.Debug("State history is fully indexed", "last", lastID)
+			i.log.Debug("History is fully indexed", "last", lastID)
 		}
 		return
 	}
-	log.Info("Start history indexing", "beginID", beginID, "lastID", lastID)
+	i.log.Info("Start history indexing", "beginID", beginID, "lastID", lastID)
 
 	var (
 		current = beginID
 		start   = time.Now()
 		logged  = time.Now()
-		batch   = newBatchIndexer(i.disk, false)
+		batch   = newBatchIndexer(i.disk, false, i.typ)
 	)
 	for current <= lastID {
 		count := lastID - current + 1
 		if count > historyReadBatch {
 			count = historyReadBatch
 		}
-		histories, err := readStateHistories(i.freezer, current, count)
-		if err != nil {
-			// The history read might fall if the history is truncated from
-			// head due to revert operation.
-			log.Error("Failed to read history for indexing", "current", current, "count", count, "err", err)
-			return
+		var histories []history
+		if i.typ == typeStateHistory {
+			histories, err = readStateHistories(i.freezer, current, count)
+			if err != nil {
+				// The history read might fall if the history is truncated from
+				// head due to revert operation.
+				i.log.Error("Failed to read history for indexing", "current", current, "count", count, "err", err)
+				return
+			}
+		} else {
+			// histories, err = readTrienodeHistories(i.freezer, current, count)
+			// if err != nil {
+			//	// The history read might fall if the history is truncated from
+			//	// head due to revert operation.
+			//	i.log.Error("Failed to read history for indexing", "current", current, "count", count, "err", err)
+			//	return
+			// }
 		}
 		for _, h := range histories {
 			if err := batch.process(h, current); err != nil {
-				log.Error("Failed to index history", "err", err)
+				i.log.Error("Failed to index history", "err", err)
 				return
 			}
 			current += 1
@@ -554,7 +570,7 @@ func (i *indexIniter) index(done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32, lastID
 					done = current - beginID
 				)
 				eta := common.CalculateETA(done, left, time.Since(start))
-				log.Info("Indexing state history", "processed", done, "left", left, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)), "eta", common.PrettyDuration(eta))
+				i.log.Info("Indexing state history", "processed", done, "left", left, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)), "eta", common.PrettyDuration(eta))
 			}
 		}
 		i.indexed.Store(current - 1) // update indexing progress
@@ -563,7 +579,7 @@ func (i *indexIniter) index(done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32, lastID
 		if interrupt != nil {
 			if signal := interrupt.Load(); signal != 0 {
 				if err := batch.finish(true); err != nil {
-					log.Error("Failed to flush index", "err", err)
+					i.log.Error("Failed to flush index", "err", err)
 				}
 				log.Info("State indexing interrupted")
 				return
@@ -571,9 +587,9 @@ func (i *indexIniter) index(done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32, lastID
 		}
 	}
 	if err := batch.finish(true); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to flush index", "err", err)
+		i.log.Error("Failed to flush index", "err", err)
 	}
-	log.Info("Indexed state history", "from", beginID, "to", lastID, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	i.log.Info("Indexed history", "from", beginID, "to", lastID, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 }
 
 // recover handles unclean shutdown recovery. After an unclean shutdown, any
@@ -602,14 +618,14 @@ func (i *indexIniter) recover(lastID uint64) {
 			lastID = newLastID
 			signal.result <- nil
 			i.last.Store(newLastID)
-			log.Debug("Updated history index flag", "last", lastID)
+			i.log.Debug("Updated history index flag", "last", lastID)
 
 			// Terminate the recovery routine once the histories are fully aligned
 			// with the index data, indicating that index initialization is complete.
-			metadata := loadIndexMetadata(i.disk)
+			metadata := loadIndexMetadata(i.disk, i.typ)
 			if metadata != nil && metadata.Last == lastID {
 				close(i.done)
-				log.Info("History indexer is recovered", "last", lastID)
+				i.log.Info("History indexer is recovered", "last", lastID)
 				return
 			}
 
@@ -631,21 +647,31 @@ func (i *indexIniter) recover(lastID uint64) {
 // state history.
 type historyIndexer struct {
 	initer  *indexIniter
+	typ     historyType
 	disk    ethdb.KeyValueStore
 	freezer ethdb.AncientStore
 }
 
 // checkVersion checks whether the index data in the database matches the version.
-func checkVersion(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore) {
-	blob := rawdb.ReadStateHistoryIndexMetadata(disk)
+func checkVersion(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore, typ historyType) {
+	var blob []byte
+	if typ == typeStateHistory {
+		blob = rawdb.ReadStateHistoryIndexMetadata(disk)
+	} else {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown history type: %v", typ))
+	}
+	// Short circuit if metadata is not found, re-index is required
+	// from scratch.
 	if len(blob) == 0 {
 		return
 	}
+	// Short circuit if the metadata is found and the version is matched
 	var m indexMetadata
 	err := rlp.DecodeBytes(blob, &m)
 	if err == nil && m.Version == stateIndexVersion {
 		return
 	}
+	// Version is not matched, prune the existing data and re-index from scratch
 	version := "unknown"
 	if err == nil {
 		version = fmt.Sprintf("%d", m.Version)
@@ -662,10 +688,11 @@ func checkVersion(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore) {
 
 // newHistoryIndexer constructs the history indexer and launches the background
 // initer to complete the indexing of any remaining state histories.
-func newHistoryIndexer(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientStore, lastHistoryID uint64) *historyIndexer {
-	checkVersion(disk)
+func newHistoryIndexer(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientStore, lastHistoryID uint64, typ historyType) *historyIndexer {
+	checkVersion(disk, typ)
 	return &historyIndexer{
-		initer:  newIndexIniter(disk, freezer, lastHistoryID),
+		initer:  newIndexIniter(disk, freezer, typ, lastHistoryID),
+		typ:     typ,
 		disk:    disk,
 		freezer: freezer,
 	}
@@ -693,7 +720,7 @@ func (i *historyIndexer) extend(historyID uint64) error {
 	case <-i.initer.closed:
 		return errors.New("indexer is closed")
 	case <-i.initer.done:
-		return indexSingle(historyID, i.disk, i.freezer)
+		return indexSingle(historyID, i.disk, i.freezer, i.typ)
 	case i.initer.interrupt <- signal:
 		return <-signal.result
 	}
@@ -710,7 +737,7 @@ func (i *historyIndexer) shorten(historyID uint64) error {
 	case <-i.initer.closed:
 		return errors.New("indexer is closed")
 	case <-i.initer.done:
-		return unindexSingle(historyID, i.disk, i.freezer)
+		return unindexSingle(historyID, i.disk, i.freezer, i.typ)
 	case i.initer.interrupt <- signal:
 		return <-signal.result
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer_test.go
index 96c87ccb1bd..f333d18d8b5 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer_test.go
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ func TestHistoryIndexerShortenDeadlock(t *testing.T) {
 		rawdb.WriteStateHistory(freezer, uint64(i+1), h.meta.encode(), accountIndex, storageIndex, accountData, storageData)
 	}
 	// As a workaround, assign a future block to keep the initer running indefinitely
-	indexer := newHistoryIndexer(db, freezer, 200)
+	indexer := newHistoryIndexer(db, freezer, 200, typeStateHistory)
 	defer indexer.close()
 
 	done := make(chan error, 1)
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
index a11297b3f61..ce6aa693d11 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
@@ -29,88 +29,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 )
 
-// stateIdent represents the identifier of a state element, which can be
-// either an account or a storage slot.
-type stateIdent struct {
-	account bool
-
-	// The hash of the account address. This is used instead of the raw account
-	// address is to align the traversal order with the Merkle-Patricia-Trie.
-	addressHash common.Hash
-
-	// The hash of the storage slot key. This is used instead of the raw slot key
-	// because, in legacy state histories (prior to the Cancun fork), the slot
-	// identifier is the hash of the key, and the original key (preimage) cannot
-	// be recovered. To maintain backward compatibility, the key hash is used.
-	//
-	// Meanwhile, using the storage key hash also preserve the traversal order
-	// with Merkle-Patricia-Trie.
-	//
-	// This field is null if the identifier refers to account data.
-	storageHash common.Hash
-}
-
-// String returns the string format state identifier.
-func (ident stateIdent) String() string {
-	if ident.account {
-		return ident.addressHash.Hex()
-	}
-	return ident.addressHash.Hex() + ident.storageHash.Hex()
-}
-
-// newAccountIdent constructs a state identifier for an account.
-func newAccountIdent(addressHash common.Hash) stateIdent {
-	return stateIdent{
-		account:     true,
-		addressHash: addressHash,
-	}
-}
-
-// newStorageIdent constructs a state identifier for a storage slot.
-// The address denotes the address of the associated account;
-// the storageHash denotes the hash of the raw storage slot key;
-func newStorageIdent(addressHash common.Hash, storageHash common.Hash) stateIdent {
-	return stateIdent{
-		addressHash: addressHash,
-		storageHash: storageHash,
-	}
-}
-
-// stateIdentQuery is the extension of stateIdent by adding the raw storage key.
-type stateIdentQuery struct {
-	stateIdent
-
-	address    common.Address
-	storageKey common.Hash
-}
-
-// newAccountIdentQuery constructs a state identifier for an account.
-func newAccountIdentQuery(address common.Address, addressHash common.Hash) stateIdentQuery {
-	return stateIdentQuery{
-		stateIdent: stateIdent{
-			account:     true,
-			addressHash: addressHash,
-		},
-		address: address,
-	}
-}
-
-// newStorageIdentQuery constructs a state identifier for a storage slot.
-// the address denotes the address of the associated account;
-// the addressHash denotes the address hash of the associated account;
-// the storageKey denotes the raw storage slot key;
-// the storageHash denotes the hash of the raw storage slot key;
-func newStorageIdentQuery(address common.Address, addressHash common.Hash, storageKey common.Hash, storageHash common.Hash) stateIdentQuery {
-	return stateIdentQuery{
-		stateIdent: stateIdent{
-			addressHash: addressHash,
-			storageHash: storageHash,
-		},
-		address:    address,
-		storageKey: storageKey,
-	}
-}
-
 // indexReaderWithLimitTag is a wrapper around indexReader that includes an
 // additional index position. This position represents the ID of the last
 // indexed state history at the time the reader was created, implying that
@@ -169,7 +87,7 @@ func (r *indexReaderWithLimitTag) readGreaterThan(id uint64, lastID uint64) (uin
 	// Given that it's very unlikely to occur and users try to perform historical
 	// state queries while reverting the states at the same time. Simply returning
 	// an error should be sufficient for now.
-	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(r.db)
+	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(r.db, toHistoryType(r.reader.state.typ))
 	if metadata == nil || metadata.Last < lastID {
 		return 0, errors.New("state history hasn't been indexed yet")
 	}
@@ -331,7 +249,7 @@ func (r *historyReader) read(state stateIdentQuery, stateID uint64, lastID uint6
 	// To serve the request, all state histories from stateID+1 to lastID
 	// must be indexed. It's not supposed to happen unless system is very
 	// wrong.
-	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(r.disk)
+	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(r.disk, toHistoryType(state.typ))
 	if metadata == nil || metadata.Last < lastID {
 		indexed := "null"
 		if metadata != nil {
@@ -364,7 +282,7 @@ func (r *historyReader) read(state stateIdentQuery, stateID uint64, lastID uint6
 	// that the associated state histories are no longer available due to a rollback.
 	// Such truncation should be captured by the state resolver below, rather than returning
 	// invalid data.
-	if state.account {
+	if state.typ == typeAccount {
 		return r.readAccount(state.address, historyID)
 	}
 	return r.readStorage(state.address, state.storageKey, state.storageHash, historyID)
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
index 75c5f701f96..3e1a545ff32 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ import (
 
 func waitIndexing(db *Database) {
 	for {
-		metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db.diskdb)
+		metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db.diskdb, typeStateHistory)
 		if metadata != nil && metadata.Last >= db.tree.bottom().stateID() {
 			return
 		}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go
index 3bb69a7f4d0..9d1e4dfb099 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"iter"
 	"maps"
 	"slices"
 	"time"
@@ -275,6 +276,36 @@ func newStateHistory(root common.Hash, parent common.Hash, block uint64, account
 	}
 }
 
+// typ implements the history interface, returning the historical data type held.
+func (h *stateHistory) typ() historyType {
+	return typeStateHistory
+}
+
+// forEach implements the history interface, returning an iterator to traverse the
+// state entries in the history.
+func (h *stateHistory) forEach() iter.Seq[stateIdent] {
+	return func(yield func(stateIdent) bool) {
+		for _, addr := range h.accountList {
+			addrHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(addr.Bytes())
+			if !yield(newAccountIdent(addrHash)) {
+				return
+			}
+			for _, slotKey := range h.storageList[addr] {
+				// The hash of the storage slot key is used as the identifier because the
+				// legacy history does not include the raw storage key, therefore, the
+				// conversion from storage key to hash is necessary for non-v0 histories.
+				slotHash := slotKey
+				if h.meta.version != stateHistoryV0 {
+					slotHash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(slotKey.Bytes())
+				}
+				if !yield(newStorageIdent(addrHash, slotHash)) {
+					return
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // stateSet returns the state set, keyed by the hash of the account address
 // and the hash of the storage slot key.
 func (h *stateHistory) stateSet() (map[common.Hash][]byte, map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]byte) {
@@ -536,8 +567,8 @@ func readStateHistory(reader ethdb.AncientReader, id uint64) (*stateHistory, err
 }
 
 // readStateHistories reads a list of state history records within the specified range.
-func readStateHistories(freezer ethdb.AncientReader, start uint64, count uint64) ([]*stateHistory, error) {
-	var histories []*stateHistory
+func readStateHistories(freezer ethdb.AncientReader, start uint64, count uint64) ([]history, error) {
+	var histories []history
 	metaList, aIndexList, sIndexList, aDataList, sDataList, err := rawdb.ReadStateHistoryList(freezer, start, count)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go
index 4a777111ea8..5718081566c 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ func TestTruncateHeadStateHistory(t *testing.T) {
 		rawdb.WriteStateHistory(freezer, uint64(i+1), hs[i].meta.encode(), accountIndex, storageIndex, accountData, storageData)
 	}
 	for size := len(hs); size > 0; size-- {
-		pruned, err := truncateFromHead(freezer, uint64(size-1))
+		pruned, err := truncateFromHead(freezer, typeStateHistory, uint64(size-1))
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Failed to truncate from head %v", err)
 		}
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ func TestTruncateTailStateHistory(t *testing.T) {
 		rawdb.WriteStateHistory(freezer, uint64(i+1), hs[i].meta.encode(), accountIndex, storageIndex, accountData, storageData)
 	}
 	for newTail := 1; newTail < len(hs); newTail++ {
-		pruned, _ := truncateFromTail(freezer, uint64(newTail))
+		pruned, _ := truncateFromTail(freezer, typeStateHistory, uint64(newTail))
 		if pruned != 1 {
 			t.Error("Unexpected pruned items", "want", 1, "got", pruned)
 		}
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ func TestTruncateTailStateHistories(t *testing.T) {
 			accountData, storageData, accountIndex, storageIndex := hs[i].encode()
 			rawdb.WriteStateHistory(freezer, uint64(i+1), hs[i].meta.encode(), accountIndex, storageIndex, accountData, storageData)
 		}
-		pruned, _ := truncateFromTail(freezer, uint64(10)-c.limit)
+		pruned, _ := truncateFromTail(freezer, typeStateHistory, uint64(10)-c.limit)
 		if pruned != c.expPruned {
 			t.Error("Unexpected pruned items", "want", c.expPruned, "got", pruned)
 		}
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ func TestTruncateOutOfRange(t *testing.T) {
 		accountData, storageData, accountIndex, storageIndex := hs[i].encode()
 		rawdb.WriteStateHistory(freezer, uint64(i+1), hs[i].meta.encode(), accountIndex, storageIndex, accountData, storageData)
 	}
-	truncateFromTail(freezer, uint64(len(hs)/2))
+	truncateFromTail(freezer, typeStateHistory, uint64(len(hs)/2))
 
 	// Ensure of-out-range truncations are rejected correctly.
 	head, _ := freezer.Ancients()
@@ -254,9 +254,9 @@ func TestTruncateOutOfRange(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, c := range cases {
 		var gotErr error
 		if c.mode == 0 {
-			_, gotErr = truncateFromHead(freezer, c.target)
+			_, gotErr = truncateFromHead(freezer, typeStateHistory, c.target)
 		} else {
-			_, gotErr = truncateFromTail(freezer, c.target)
+			_, gotErr = truncateFromTail(freezer, typeStateHistory, c.target)
 		}
 		if !errors.Is(gotErr, c.expErr) {
 			t.Errorf("Unexpected error, want: %v, got: %v", c.expErr, gotErr)