feat: Thread configuration prototype

This is a prototype implementation of RCLCPP for discussion about the thread configuration feature to receive and apply a set of scheduling parameters for the threads controlled by the ROS 2 executor.

Our basic idea is as below.
 1. Implement a new class rclcpp::thread and modify rclcpp to use it.
   This class has the same function set as the std::thread but also additional features to control its thread attributions.
 2. Modify the rcl layer to receive a set of scheduling parameters.
   The parameters are described in YAML format and passed via command line parameters, environment variables, or files.
 3. the rclcpp reads the parameters from rcl and applies them to each thread in the thread pool.

There have been some discussions about this pull request, as below.
[ROS Discourse]
https://discourse.ros.org/t/adding-thread-attributes-configuration-in-ros-2-framework/30701
[ROS 2 Real-Time Working Group]
ros-realtime/ros-realtime.github.io#18

rclcpp/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -121,6 +121,16 @@ set(${PROJECT_NAME}_SRCS
   src/rclcpp/waitable.cpp
 )
 
+if(${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} MATCHES "Linux")
+  list(APPEND ${PROJECT_NAME}_SRCS
+    src/rclcpp/threads/posix_thread.cpp
+  )
+elseif(${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} MATCHES "Windows")
+  list(APPEND ${PROJECT_NAME}_SRCS
+    src/rclcpp/threads/windows_thread.cpp
+  )
+endif()
+
 find_package(Python3 REQUIRED COMPONENTS Interpreter)
 
 # "watch" template for changes

rclcpp/include/rclcpp/executors/multi_threaded_executor.hpp

@@ -18,10 +18,12 @@
 #include <chrono>
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
+#include <vector>
 #include <set>
 #include <thread>
 #include <unordered_map>
 
+#include "rcl_yaml_param_parser/types.h"
 #include "rclcpp/executor.hpp"
 #include "rclcpp/macros.hpp"
 #include "rclcpp/memory_strategies.hpp"
@@ -85,6 +87,7 @@ class MultiThreadedExecutor : public rclcpp::Executor
   size_t number_of_threads_;
   bool yield_before_execute_;
   std::chrono::nanoseconds next_exec_timeout_;
+  rcl_thread_attrs_t * thread_attributes_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace executors

rclcpp/include/rclcpp/executors/single_threaded_executor.hpp

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "rcl_yaml_param_parser/types.h"
 #include "rclcpp/executor.hpp"
 #include "rclcpp/macros.hpp"
 #include "rclcpp/memory_strategies.hpp"
@@ -65,8 +66,14 @@ class SingleThreadedExecutor : public rclcpp::Executor
   void
   spin() override;
 
+protected:
+  RCLCPP_PUBLIC
+  void
+  run();
+
 private:
   RCLCPP_DISABLE_COPY(SingleThreadedExecutor)
+  rcl_thread_attrs_t * thread_attributes_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace executors

rclcpp/include/rclcpp/threads.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// Copyright 2023 eSOL Co.,Ltd.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RCLCPP__THREADS_HPP_
+#define RCLCPP__THREADS_HPP_
+
+#if defined(__linux__)
+#include "rclcpp/threads/posix/thread.hpp"
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+#include "rclcpp/threads/win32/thread.hpp"
+#else
+#include "rclcpp/threads/std/thread.hpp"
+#endif
+
+#endif  // RCLCPP__THREADS_HPP_

rclcpp/include/rclcpp/threads/posix/linux/cpu_set.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+// Copyright 2023 eSOL Co.,Ltd.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RCLCPP__THREADS__POSIX__LINUX__CPU_SET_HPP_
+#define RCLCPP__THREADS__POSIX__LINUX__CPU_SET_HPP_
+
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <vector>
+#include <utility>
+#include <memory>
+
+#include "rclcpp/visibility_control.hpp"
+
+namespace rclcpp
+{
+
+namespace detail
+{
+
+struct CpuSet
+{
+  using NativeCpuSetType = cpu_set_t;
+  CpuSet() = default;
+  explicit CpuSet(std::size_t cpu)
+  {
+    init_cpu_set();
+    CPU_ZERO_S(alloc_size(), cpu_set_.get());
+    CPU_SET_S(cpu, alloc_size(), cpu_set_.get());
+  }
+  CpuSet(const CpuSet & other)
+  {
+    if (other.cpu_set_) {
+      init_cpu_set();
+      memcpy(cpu_set_.get(), other.cpu_set_.get(), alloc_size());
+    }
+  }
+  CpuSet & operator=(const CpuSet & other)
+  {
+    if (other.cpu_set_) {
+      init_cpu_set();
+      memcpy(cpu_set_.get(), other.cpu_set_.get(), alloc_size());
+    } else {
+      clear();
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+  CpuSet(CpuSet && other)
+  : CpuSet()
+  {
+    swap(other);
+  }
+  CpuSet & operator=(CpuSet && other)
+  {
+    CpuSet tmp;
+    other.swap(tmp);
+    tmp.swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  void swap(CpuSet & other)
+  {
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(cpu_set_, other.cpu_set_);
+    swap(num_proc_, other.num_proc_);
+  }
+  void set(std::size_t cpu)
+  {
+    init_cpu_set();
+    valid_cpu(cpu);
+    CPU_SET_S(cpu, alloc_size(), cpu_set_.get());
+  }
+  void unset(std::size_t cpu)
+  {
+    init_cpu_set();
+    valid_cpu(cpu);
+    CPU_CLR_S(cpu, alloc_size(), cpu_set_.get());
+  }
+  void clear()
+  {
+    if (cpu_set_) {
+      CPU_ZERO_S(alloc_size(), cpu_set_.get());
+    }
+  }
+  bool is_set(std::size_t cpu) const
+  {
+    if (cpu_set_) {
+      valid_cpu(cpu);
+      return CPU_ISSET_S(cpu, alloc_size(), cpu_set_.get());
+    } else {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  std::size_t max_processors() const
+  {
+    return num_proc_;
+  }
+  std::size_t alloc_size() const
+  {
+    return CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(num_proc_);
+  }
+  NativeCpuSetType * native_cpu_set() const
+  {
+    return cpu_set_.get();
+  }
+
+private:
+  void init_cpu_set()
+  {
+    if (cpu_set_) {
+      return;
+    }
+    auto num_proc = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN);
+    if (num_proc == -1) {
+      return;
+    }
+    auto p = CPU_ALLOC(CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(num_proc));
+    cpu_set_ = std::unique_ptr<NativeCpuSetType, CpuSetDeleter>(p);
+    num_proc_ = num_proc;
+  }
+  void valid_cpu(std::size_t cpu) const
+  {
+    if (num_proc_ <= cpu) {
+      auto ec = std::make_error_code(std::errc::invalid_argument);
+      throw std::system_error{ec, "cpu number is invaild"};
+    }
+  }
+  struct CpuSetDeleter
+  {
+    void operator()(NativeCpuSetType * cpu_set) const
+    {
+      CPU_FREE(cpu_set);
+    }
+  };
+  std::unique_ptr<NativeCpuSetType, CpuSetDeleter> cpu_set_;
+  std::size_t num_proc_;
+};
+
+inline void swap(CpuSet & a, CpuSet & b)
+{
+  a.swap(b);
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+}  // namespace rclcpp
+
+#endif  // RCLCPP__THREADS__POSIX__LINUX__CPU_SET_HPP_