relational.js is an experimental logic-programming package based on the relational model that implements the definitional algebra A as defined in Appendix A of Databases, Types and the Relational Model: The Third Manifesto (TTM).
relational.js conforms to a subset of the RM Prescriptions and RM Proscriptions defined in TTM for a relational language D. An approach is offered distinct from the proposals of Darwen and Date in TTM in that a Horn-clause theorem-proving system is provided for computing relations with definite cardinalities as results of queries of relations with indefinite cardinalities.
This implementation supports the full range of relational operators of A for computing the conjunction, disjunction, negation, renaming of attributes, removing of attributes, composition and transitive closures of relations. Thus relations with an indefinite cardinality are definable and queryable. In addition, a database of operators defined as relations is provided which includes relations for square roots, addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc.
This package is written in ECMAScript 6 and presents an interface for defining and using relations that provides a superset of the properties and methods of an instance of the built-in Set constructor.
To install relational.js for usage with node:
$ npm install relational.js
let Relational = require('relational.js');
let { Relation } = Relational;Relations are defined using the Relation(heading, body[, ruleFn]) constructor where heading is an object with enumerable properties being attribute names with the values being type constructors, and body is an iterable of tuples as objects that conform to the heading to be inserted. If heading is missing, but body isn't, then the heading is inferred using the first element of body, otherwise the relation will have a degree of zero.
The ruleFn argument is optional and acts as a rule defined for the relation. Rules are used for defining theorems as a series of goals that when queried an attempt is made to resolve tuples by proving the theorem true by finding values of attributes that satisfy the rules. If a value for ruleFn is supplied it must be a function that accepts a single argument being an object with bound variable identifiers as enumerable properties that includes the corresponding values. The function acts as a Horn clause similar to the rules of Datalog and Prolog. If the solution to the rule for any given supplied bound variables is an indefinite number of tuples then ruleFn should return Symbol(indefinite). If there is no solution it should return undefined, null or false. Otherwise it should return the solution as an iterable of tuples as objects. It is optional for the returned tuples as objects to include enumerable properties of the bound variables. If the tuples of the solution only contain the bound variables, then ruleFn can optionally return true. When a rule is provided, the Relation object has a size attribute of value Symbol(indefinite).
let r = new Relation(),
s = new Relation({ x: Number }),
p = new Relation({ d: Number }, [{ d: 4 }]),
g = new Relation(null, [{ k: 8 }]);An example of using rules to define a relation with a heading that includes the single attribute x of type Number, and a body of an infinite number of tuples (which are not computed) where the value of x is a positive number.
let positive = new Relation({ x: Number }, null, ({ x }) => x >= 0);
console.log(`It is ${positive.has({ x: -3 })} that -3 is positive.`);
console.log(`It is ${positive.has({ x: 4 })} that 4 is positive.`);Which outputs:
It is false that -3 is positive.
It is true that 4 is positive.
An object instantiated using the Relation constructor has the following accessor properties: heading which returns the heading object, degree which returns the number of attributes of the heading, and size which returns the cardinality of the body as a number or Symbol(indefinite).
Relation types can be defined by defining a class that extends Relation.
// Define a relation type for Employee
class Employee extends Relation {
constructor(...args) {
super({ name: String, position: String }, ...args);
}
}Where r is an instance of Relation, and tuple is an object with enumerable properties and value types that include those in the heading of r, the method invocation r.add(tuple) inserts tuple into the body of r if it is not already in it and returns r.
class Person extends Relation {
constructor(...args) {
super({ name: String, age: Number }, ...args);
}
}
let r = new Relation({ x: Number, p: Person });
r.add({ x: 4, p: new Person([{ name: 'Thomas', age: 59 }]) });
// Throws Error: attribute 'p' must be of type Person
r.add({ x: 4, p: new Relation() });Where r is an instance of Relation representing a relation with a definite cardinality, and tuple is any object, the method invocation R.delete(tuple) removes tuple from the body of r if it is in it and ignores it when returned from a rule defined for r, and returns true, otherwise it returns false.
let r = new Relation(null, [{ d: 3.0 }, { d: 4.8 }]);
r.delete({ d: 4.8 });Instances of Relation are iterable and can be iterated over when the relation has a definite cardinality.
let s = new Relation(null, [{ k: 4 }, { k: 8 }, { k: 6 }]);
for (let { k } of s) {
console.log(`s: The value of k is ${k}.`);
}Which outputs:
s: The value of k is 4.
s: The value of k is 8.
s: The value of k is 6.
Also defined for iteration are the methods entries, forEach, keys, and values, with the same usage as with an instance of the built-in Set constructor.
The predicate of a relation is true if the cardinality of the relation is greater than zero. Where r is an instance of Relation, the result of r.toBoolean() is the corresponding boolean value of r.
// predicate: Person with a name and an age.
let person = new Relation(null, [{ name: 'Jack', age: 30 }]);
let b = person.toBoolean();
console.log(`The predicate of person is ${b}.`);Which outputs:
The predicate of person is true.
Where r1 and r2 are both instances of Relation with the types of any common attributes of the headings being equal, and s is the result of r1.and(r2). The value of s is an instance of Relation with the heading being the union of the headings of r1 and r2. If the cardinalities of both r1 and r2 are indefinite, or the cardinality of r1 or r2 is indefinite and no tuples of the indefinite body could be resolved using the definite body, then the size attribute of s is Symbol(indefinite). The body of the relation represented by s is a possibly infinite number of every tuple that conforms to the heading of s and is a superset of both some tuple in the body of the relation represented by r1 and some tuple in the body of the relation represented by r2.
If the predicates of r1 and r2 contain common free variables, then the body of the relation represented by s is the natural join of the bodies of the relations represented by r1 and r2, otherwise it is the Cartesian product of the two relations.
// predicate: Person with a name and an age.
let person = new Relation(null, [
{ name: 'Thomas', age: 30 },
{ name: 'Jack', age: 44 }
]);
// predicate: Employee with a name and a job position.
let employee = new Relation(null, [
{ name: 'Thomas', position: 'programmer' },
{ name: 'Jack', position: 'manager' }
]);
// predicate: Someone who is a person and an employee.
let someone = person.and(employee);
for (let { name, age, position } of someone) {
console.log(`Person and employee ${name} age ${age} is a ${position}.`);
}Which outputs:
Person and employee Thomas age 30 is a programmer.
Person and employee Jack age 44 is a manager.
An instance of the Set constructor includes the has method. An instance of Relation includes this method as a macro method that combines and with toBoolean. Where r is an instance of Relation, tuple is any object, and b is the result of r.has(tuple). The value of b is a boolean being true if tuple is in the body of the relation represented by r, or false if it is not.
let person = new Relation(null, [{ name: 'Jack' }, { name: 'Tom' }]);
let b = person.has({ name: 'Tom' });
console.log(`It is ${b} that there is a person named Tom.`);Which outputs:
It is true that there is a person named Tom.
Where r1 and r2 are both instances of Relation with the types of any common attributes of the headings being equal, and s is the result of r1.or(r2). The value of s is an instance of Relation with the heading being the union of the headings of r1 and r2. If the cardinality of either r1 or r2 is indefinite then the size attribute of s is Symbol(indefinite). The body of the relation represented by s is a possibly infinite number of every tuple that conforms to the heading of s and is a superset of both some tuple in the body of the relation represented by r1 or some tuple in the body of the relation represented by r2.
If the predicates of r1 and r2 contain common free variables, then the body of the relation represented by s is the union of the bodies of the relations represented by r1 and r2. Otherwise the body is an infinite number of tuples where the values of attributes not common to r1 and r2 are any possible value whether or not it is in the bodies of the relations represented by r1 or r2.
// predicate: Truck with a make, model and year.
let truck = new Relation(null, [{ make: 'Ford', model: 'F-150', year: 2016 }]);
// predicate: Car with a make, model and year.
let car = new Relation(null, [{ make: 'Ford', model: 'Mustang', year: 2015 }]);
// predicate: Vehicle that is either a truck or a car.
let vehicle = truck.or(car);
for (let { make, model, year } of vehicle) {
console.log(`Make ${make} model ${model} year ${year} is a vehicle.`);
}Which outputs:
Make Ford model F-150 year 2016 is a vehicle.
Make Ford model Mustang year 2015 is a vehicle.
Where r is an instance of Relation, and s is the result of r.not(). The value of s is an instance of Relation with the same heading as that of r. The size of s is Symbol(indefinite) and the body of the relation represented by s is a possibly infinite number of tuples conforming to the heading of s that are not in the body of the relation represented by r.
// predicate: Person with a name.
let person = new Relation(null, [
{ name: 'Jack' },
{ name: 'Tom' },
{ name: 'Frank' },
{ name: 'Peter' },
{ name: 'Johan' },
{ name: 'Thomas' }
]);
// predicate: Military personnel with a name.
let military = new Relation(null, [
{ name: 'Jack' },
{ name: 'Tom' },
{ name: 'Frank' }
]);
// predicate: Civilian who is a person.
let civilian = military.not().and(person);
for (let { name } of civilian) {
console.log(`There exists a civilian named ${name}.`);
}Which outputs:
There exists a civilian named Peter.
There exists a civilian named Johan.
There exists a civilian named Thomas.
Where r is an instance of Relation, and obj is an object with enumerable properties being attribute names in the heading of r to be renamed, with the values being attribute names not in the heading of r to be renamed to, and s is the result of r.rename(obj). The value of s is an instance of Relation with the heading being the heading of r with the attribute names renamed in accordance to obj. If the cardinality of r is indefinite then the size attribute of s is Symbol(indefinite). The body of the relation represented by s is a possibly infinite number of every tuple in the body of the relation represented by r except that the attribute names are renamed in accordance to obj.
// predicate: "r" with "g" and "k" values.
let r = new Relation(null, [{ g: 4, k: 8 }, { g: 6, k: 2 }]);
let s = r.rename({ g: 'b' });
for (let { b, k } of s) {
console.log(`s: The value of b is ${b} and k is ${k}.`);
}Which outputs:
s: The value of b is 4 and k is 8.
s: The value of b is 6 and k is 2.
Where r is an instance of Relation, attrs is an iterable of attribute names, and s is the result of r.remove(attrs). The value of s is an instance of Relation with the heading being the heading of r minus the attributes in attrs. If the cardinality of r is indefinite then the size attribute of s is Symbol(indefinite). The body of the relation represented by s is a possibly infinite number of every tuple that conforms to the heading of s and is a subset of some tuple in the body of the relation represented by r.
// predicate: "r" with "d" and "t" values.
let r = new Relation(null, [{ d: 3, t: 2 }, { d: 8, t: 3 }]);
// predicate: "s" with "d" and "t" values.
let s = new Relation(null, [{ d: 3, t: 8 }, { d: 8, t: 6 }]);
let p = r.remove(['t']);
console.log(`p: The degree is ${p.degree}.`);
for (let { d, t } of p) {
console.log(`p: The value of d is ${d} and t is ${t}.`);
}
let g = p.and(s);
console.log(`g: The degree is ${g.degree}.`);
for (let { d, t } of g) {
console.log(`g: The value of d is ${d} and t is ${t}.`);
}Which outputs:
p: The degree is 1.
p: The value of d is 3 and t is undefined.
p: The value of d is 8 and t is undefined.
g: The degree is 2.
g: The value of d is 3 and t is 8.
g: The value of d is 8 and t is 6.
Where r1 and r2 are both instances of Relation, and s is the result of r1.compose(r2). The value of s is an instance of Relation with the heading being the union of the headings of r1 and r2 minus attribute names common to the headings of both r1 and r2. If the cardinality of r is indefinite then the size attribute of s is Symbol(indefinite). The body of the relation represented by s is a possibly infinite number of every tuple that conforms to the heading of s and is a subset of some tuple in the body of the relation represented by r2.and(r2). The compose operator corresponds to functional composition.
// predicate: "f" with "x" and "y" values.
let f = new Relation(null, [{ x: 2, y: 8 }]);
// predicate: "r" with an "x" value.
let r = new Relation(null, [{ x: 2 }]);
// predicate: "s" with a "y" value in "f".
let s = f.compose(r);
console.log(`s: The value of y is ${[...s][0].y}.`);Which outputs:
s: The value of y is 8.
Where r is an instance of Relation with a definite size, and s is the result of r.tclose(). The value of s is an instance of Relation with the same heading as that of r. The body of s is the transitive closure of the body of r.
// predicate: parent "a" has child "b".
let parent = new Relation(null, [
{ a: 'David', b: 'John' },
{ a: 'Jim', b: 'David' },
{ a: 'Steve', b: 'Jim' },
{ a: 'Nathan', b: 'Steve' }
]);
// predicate: ancestor "a" has descendant "b".
let ancestor = parent.tclose();
for (let { a, b } of ancestor) {
console.log(`${a} is an ancestor of ${b}.`);
}Which outputs:
David is an ancestor of John.
Jim is an ancestor of David.
Steve is an ancestor of Jim.
Nathan is an ancestor of Steve.
Jim is an ancestor of John.
Steve is an ancestor of David.
Nathan is an ancestor of Jim.
Steve is an ancestor of John.
Nathan is an ancestor of David.
Nathan is an ancestor of John.
Where r is an instance of Relation, attrs is an iterable of attribute names, and s is the result of r.tclose(). The value of s is an instance of Relation with the same heading as that of r minus any attributes not found in attrs. The body of the relation represented by s is a possibly infinite number of every tuple that conforms to the heading of s and is either a subset of or equal to some tuple in the body of the relation represented by r.
let r = new Relation(null, [{ x: 4, k: 8 }, { x: 6, k: 3 }]);
let s = r.project(['x']);
console.log(`s: The degree is ${s.degree}.`);
for (let { x, k } of s) {
console.log(`s: The value of x is ${x} and k is ${k}.`);
}Which outputs:
s: The degree is 1.
s: The value of x is 4 and k is undefined.
s: The value of x is 6 and k is undefined.
As noted and discussed in Appendix A of TTM, operators can be treated as relations and invoked using relational conjunction with another relation that supplies arguments. The following are some operators defined as relations that relational.js provides. If an operator is not provided with sufficient arguments to resolve the free variables then the resulting Relation object has a size of Symbol(indefinite). The body of the relation is only resolved if the relational disjunction is applied to it and another Relation object with a body that includes the necessary arguments. In essence this is a relational form of the partial application of functions.
let { sqrt } = Relational;
let body = [...sqrt.compose(new Relation(null, [{ x: 4 }]))];
let [y1, y2] = [body[0].y, body[1].y];
console.log(`The value of y in sqrt(4) = y is ${y1} or ${y2}.`);Which outputs:
The value of y in sqrt(4) = y is 2 or -2.
let { plus } = Relational;
let r = plus.compose(new Relation(null, [{ x: 2, y: 4 }]));
console.log(`The result of z in 2 + 4 = z is ${[...r][0].z}.`);Which outputs:
The result of z in 2 + 4 = z is 6.
let { subtract } = Relational;
let r = subtract.compose(new Relation(null, [{ x: 8, z: 3 }]));
console.log(`The result of y in 8 - y = 3 is ${[...r][0].y}.`);Which outputs:
The result of y in 8 - y = 3 is 5.
let { multiply } = Relational;
let r = multiply.compose(new Relation(null, [{ y: 3, z: 6 }]));
console.log(`The result of x in x * 3 = 6 is ${[...r][0].x}.`);Which outputs:
The result of x in x * 3 = 6 is 2.
let { divide } = Relational;
let r = divide.compose(new Relation(null, [{ x: 9, y: 3 }]));
console.log(`The result of z in 9 / 3 = z is ${[...r][0].z}.`);Which outputs:
The result of z in 9 / 3 = z is 3.
let { gt, gte, lt, lte } = Relational;
let r1 = gt.and(new Relation(null, [{ x: 4, y: 0 }]));
console.log(`It is ${r1.toBoolean()} that 4 > 0.`);
let r2 = gte.and(new Relation(null, [{ x: 3, y: 3 }]));
console.log(`It is ${r2.toBoolean()} that 3 >= 3.`);
let r3 = lt.and(new Relation(null, [{ x: 4, y: 3 }]));
console.log(`It is ${r3.toBoolean()} that 4 < 3.`);
let r4 = lte.and(new Relation(null, [{ x: 6, y: 8 }]));
console.log(`It is ${r4.toBoolean()} that 6 <= 8.`);Which outputs:
It is true that 4 > 0.
It is true that 3 >= 3.
It is false that 4 < 3.
It is true that 6 <= 8.
let { positive, negative } = Relational;
let r1 = positive.and(new Relation(null, [{ x: 4 }]));
console.log(`It is ${r1.toBoolean()} that 4 is positive.`);
let r2 = positive.and(new Relation(null, [{ x: -8 }]));
console.log(`It is ${r2.toBoolean()} that -8 is positive.`);
let r3 = negative.and(new Relation(null, [{ x: -3 }]));
console.log(`It is ${r3.toBoolean()} that -3 is negative.`);
let r4 = negative.and(new Relation(null, [{ x: 5 }]));
console.log(`It is ${r4.toBoolean()} that 5 is negative.`);Which outputs:
It is true that 4 is positive.
It is false that -8 is positive.
It is true that -3 is negative.
It is false that 5 is negative.
MIT, please view the LICENSE file.