jupyter-client.el

;;; jupyter-client.el --- A Jupyter kernel client -*- lexical-binding: t -*-

;; Copyright (C) 2018-2024 Nathaniel Nicandro

;; Author: Nathaniel Nicandro <nathanielnicandro@gmail.com>
;; Created: 06 Jan 2018

;; This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
;; modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
;; published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at
;; your option) any later version.

;; This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
;; WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
;; General Public License for more details.

;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
;; along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the
;; Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
;; Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.

;;; Commentary:

;; The default implementation of a Jupyter kernel client.

;;; Code:

(defgroup jupyter-client nil
  "A Jupyter client."
  :group 'jupyter)

(eval-when-compile (require 'subr-x))
(require 'jupyter-base)
(require 'jupyter-mime)
(require 'jupyter-messages)
(require 'jupyter-kernel)
(require 'jupyter-kernelspec)

(defface jupyter-eval-overlay
  '((((class color) (min-colors 88) (background light))
     :foreground "navy"
     :weight bold)
    (((class color) (min-colors 88) (background dark))
     :foreground "dodger blue"
     :weight bold))
  "Face used for the input prompt."
  :group 'jupyter-client)

(defcustom jupyter-eval-use-overlays nil
  "Display evaluation results as overlays in the `current-buffer'.
If this variable is non-nil, evaluation results are displayed as
overlays at the end of the line if possible."
  :group 'jupyter-client
  :type 'boolean)

(defcustom jupyter-eval-overlay-prefix "=> "
  "Evaluation result overlays will be prefixed with this string."
  :group 'jupyter-client
  :type 'string)

(defcustom jupyter-eval-short-result-display-function
  (lambda (result) (message "%s" result))
  "Function for displaying short evaluation results.
Evaluation results are considered short when they are less than
`jupyter-eval-short-result-max-lines' long.

The default function is `message', but any function that takes a
single string argument can be used.  For example, to display the
result in a tooltip, the variable can be set to `popup-tip' from
the `popup' package."
  :group 'jupyter-client
  :type 'function)

(defcustom jupyter-eval-short-result-max-lines 10
  "Maximum number of lines for short evaluation results.
Short evaluation results are displayed using
`jupyter-eval-short-result-display-function'.  Longer results are
forwarded to a separate buffer."
  :group 'jupyter-client
  :type 'integer)

(defcustom jupyter-include-other-output nil
  "Whether or not to handle IOPub messages from other clients.
A Jupyter client can receive messages from other clients
connected to the same kernel on the IOPub channel.  You can choose
to ignore these messages by setting
`jupyter-include-other-output' to nil.  If
`jupyter-include-other-output' is non-nil, then any messages that
are not associated with a request from a client are sent to the
client's handler methods with a nil value for the request
argument.  To change the value of this variable for a particular
client use `jupyter-set'."
  :group 'jupyter
  :type 'boolean)

(defcustom jupyter-iopub-message-hook nil
  "Hook run when a message is received on the IOPub channel.
The hook is called with two arguments, the Jupyter client and the
message it received.

Do not add to this hook variable directly, use
`jupyter-add-hook'.  If any of the message hooks return a non-nil
value, the client handlers will be prevented from running for the
message."
  :group 'jupyter
  :type 'hook)
(put 'jupyter-iopub-message-hook 'permanent-local t)

(defcustom jupyter-shell-message-hook nil
  "Hook run when a message is received on the SHELL channel.
The hook is called with two arguments, the Jupyter client and the
message it received.

Do not add to this hook variable directly, use
`jupyter-add-hook'.  If any of the message hooks return a non-nil
value, the client handlers will be prevented from running for the
message."
  :group 'jupyter
  :type 'hook)
(put 'jupyter-shell-message-hook 'permanent-local t)

(defcustom jupyter-stdin-message-hook nil
  "Hook run when a message is received on the STDIN channel.
The hook is called with two arguments, the Jupyter client and the
message it received.

Do not add to this hook variable directly,
use `jupyter-add-hook'.  If any of the message hooks return a
non-nil value, the client handlers will be prevented from running
for the message."
  :group 'jupyter
  :type 'hook)
(put 'jupyter-stdin-message-hook 'permanent-local t)

(declare-function company-begin-backend "ext:company" (backend &optional callback))
(declare-function company-doc-buffer "ext:company" (&optional string))
(declare-function company-idle-begin "ext:company")

(declare-function yas-minor-mode "ext:yasnippet" (&optional arg))
(declare-function yas-expand-snippet "ext:yasnippet" (content &optional start end expand-env))

(declare-function jupyter-insert "jupyter-mime")

;; This is mainly used by the REPL code, but is also set by
;; the `org-mode' client whenever `point' is inside a code
;; block.
(defvar jupyter-current-client nil
  "The kernel client for the `current-buffer'.
This is also let bound whenever a message is handled by a
kernel.")

(put 'jupyter-current-client 'permanent-local t)
(make-variable-buffer-local 'jupyter-current-client)

(defvar jupyter-inhibit-handlers nil
  "Whether or not new requests inhibit client handlers.
If set to t, prevent new requests from running any of the client
handler methods.  If set to a list of `jupyter-message-types',
prevent handler methods from running only for those message
types.

For example to prevent a client from calling its \"execute_reply\"
handler:

    (let ((jupyter-inhibit-handlers \='(\"execute_reply\")))
      (jupyter-send client \"execute_request\" ...)))

In addition, if the first element of the list is the symbol
`not', then inhibit handlers not in the list.

Do not set this variable directly, let bind it around specific
requests like the above example.")

(defvar jupyter--clients nil)

;; Define channel classes for method dispatching based on the channel type

(defclass jupyter-kernel-client (jupyter-instance-tracker
                                 jupyter-finalized-object)
  ((tracking-symbol :initform 'jupyter--clients)
   (execution-state
    :type string
    :initform "idle"
    :documentation "The current state of the kernel.  Can be
either \"idle\", \"busy\", or \"starting\".")
   (execution-count
    :type integer
    :initform 1
    :documentation "The *next* execution count of the kernel.
I.e., the execution count that will be assigned to the
next :execute-request sent to the kernel.")
   (kernel-info
    :type json-plist
    :initform nil
    :documentation "The saved kernel info created when first
initializing this client.")
   (comms
    :type hash-table
    :initform (make-hash-table :test 'equal)
    :documentation "A hash table with comm ID's as keys.
Contains all of the open comms.  Each value is a cons cell (REQ .
DATA) which contains the generating `jupyter-request' that caused
the comm to open and the initial DATA passed to the comm for
initialization.")
   (io
    :type list
    :initarg :io
    :documentation "The I/O context kernel messages are communicated on.")
   (-buffer
    :type buffer
    :documentation "An internal buffer used to store client local
variables.")))

;;; `jupyter-current-client' language method specializer

(defvar jupyter--generic-lang-used (make-hash-table :test #'eq))

(cl-generic-define-generalizer jupyter--generic-lang-generalizer
  50 (lambda (name &rest _)
       `(when (and ,name (object-of-class-p ,name 'jupyter-kernel-client))
          (gethash (jupyter-kernel-language ,name) jupyter--generic-lang-used)))
  (lambda (tag &rest _)
    (and (eq (car-safe tag) 'jupyter-lang)
         (list tag))))

(cl-generic-define-context-rewriter jupyter-lang (lang)
  `(jupyter-current-client (jupyter-lang ,lang)))

(cl-defmethod cl-generic-generalizers ((specializer (head jupyter-lang)))
  "Support for (jupyter-lang LANG) specializers.
Matches if the kernel language of the `jupyter-kernel-client'
passed as the argument has a language of LANG."
  (puthash (cadr specializer) specializer jupyter--generic-lang-used)
  (list jupyter--generic-lang-generalizer))

;;; Macros

(defmacro jupyter-with-client (client &rest body)
  "Set CLIENT as the `jupyter-current-client', evaluate BODY."
  (declare (indent 1))
  `(let ((jupyter-current-client ,client))
     ,@body))

(defmacro define-jupyter-client-handler (type &optional args doc &rest body)
  "Define an implementation of jupyter-handle-TYPE, a Jupyter message handler.
ARGS is a three element argument specification, with the same
meaning as in `cl-defmethod', e.g.

    ((client jupyter-kernel-client) req msg)

When a message is handled by a client handler method, the first
element will be bound to a subclass of `jupyter-kernel-client',
the second to the `jupyter-request' that caused the message to be
handled, and MSG is the message property list.

DOC is an explanation of the handler and defaults to

    \"A :TYPE handler.\"

BODY is the list of expressions to evaluate when the returned
method is called."
  (declare (indent defun) (doc-string 2))
  (when doc
    (unless (stringp doc)
      (setq body (cons doc body)
            doc nil)))
  (when (null body) (setq body (list nil)))
  ;; ARGS is only a list like (client msg)
  (cl-assert (or (null args) (= (length args) 3)) t
             "ARGS should be an argument list like (client req msg) or nil.")
  `(cl-defmethod ,(intern (format "jupyter-handle-%s" type))
     ,(or args
          ;; Internal usage. Most default handlers are just stub
          ;; definitions that should not signal an error if called,
          ;; which is what would happen if no method was defined, so
          ;; reduce the amount of repetition.
          '((_client jupyter-kernel-client) _req _msg))
     ,(or doc (format "A :%s handler." type))
     ,@body))

;;; Initializing a `jupyter-kernel-client'

(cl-defmethod initialize-instance ((client jupyter-kernel-client) &optional _slots)
  (cl-call-next-method)
  (let ((buffer (generate-new-buffer " *jupyter-kernel-client*")))
    (oset client -buffer buffer)
    (jupyter-add-finalizer client
      (lambda ()
        (when (buffer-live-p buffer)
          (kill-buffer buffer))))))

(cl-defmethod jupyter-kernel-alive-p ((client jupyter-kernel-client))
  "Return non-nil if the kernel CLIENT is connected to is alive."
  (and (jupyter-connected-p client)
       (jupyter-kernel-action client #'jupyter-alive-p)))

(defun jupyter-find-client-for-session (session-id)
  "Return the kernel client whose session has SESSION-ID."
  (or (cl-find-if
       (lambda (x) (string= (jupyter-session-id (oref x session)) session-id))
       (jupyter-all-objects 'jupyter--clients))
      (error "No client found for session (%s)" session-id)))

;;; Client local variables

(defmacro jupyter-with-client-buffer (client &rest body)
  "Run a form inside CLIENT's internal state buffer.
This buffer has all of the variables of CLIENT that were set
using `jupyter-set' and `jupyter-add-hook'."
  (declare (indent 1))
  `(progn
     (cl-check-type ,client jupyter-kernel-client)
     (with-current-buffer (oref ,client -buffer)
       ,@body)))

(defun jupyter-set (client symbol newval)
  "Set CLIENT's local value for SYMBOL to NEWVAL."
  (jupyter-with-client-buffer client
    (set (make-local-variable symbol) newval)))

(defun jupyter-get (client symbol)
  "Get CLIENT's local value of SYMBOL.
Return nil if SYMBOL is not bound for CLIENT."
  (condition-case nil
      (buffer-local-value symbol (oref client -buffer))
    (void-variable nil)))

(gv-define-simple-setter jupyter-get jupyter-set)

;;; Hooks

(defun jupyter-add-hook (client hook function &optional depth)
  "Add to the CLIENT value of HOOK the function FUNCTION.
DEPTH has the same meaning as in `add-hook' and FUNCTION is added
to HOOK using `add-hook', but local only to CLIENT."
  (declare (indent 2))
  (jupyter-with-client-buffer client
    (add-hook hook function depth t)))

(defun jupyter-remove-hook (client hook function)
  "Remove from CLIENT's value of HOOK the function FUNCTION."
  (jupyter-with-client-buffer client
    (remove-hook hook function t)))

;;; Sending messages

(cl-defgeneric jupyter-generate-request (_client &rest slots)
  "Generate a `jupyter-request' object for MSG.
This method gives an opportunity for subclasses to initialize a
`jupyter-request' based on the current context.

The default implementation returns a new `jupyter-request' with
the default value for all slots.  Note, the `:id' and
`:inhibited-handlers' slots are overwritten by the caller of this
method."
  (apply #'make-jupyter-request slots))

(defun jupyter-verify-inhibited-handlers ()
  "Verify the value of `jupyter-inhibit-handlers'.
If it does not contain a valid value, raise an error."
  (or (eq jupyter-inhibit-handlers t)
      (cl-loop
       for msg-type in (if (eq (car jupyter-inhibit-handlers) 'not)
                           (cdr jupyter-inhibit-handlers)
                         jupyter-inhibit-handlers)
       unless (member msg-type jupyter-message-types)
       do (error "Not a valid message type (`%s')" msg-type))))

;;; Starting communication with a kernel

(cl-defmethod jupyter-alive-p ((client jupyter-kernel-client) &optional _channel)
  (when-let* ((kernel (jupyter-kernel client)))
    (and (jupyter-alive-p kernel)
         (jupyter-alive-p (jupyter-io kernel)))))

(cl-defmethod jupyter-hb-pause ((_client jupyter-kernel-client))
  ;; (when-let* ((kernel (jupyter-kernel client))
  ;;             (hb (jupyter-send (jupyter-io kernel) 'hb)))
  ;;   (jupyter-hb-pause hb))

  )

(cl-defmethod jupyter-hb-unpause ((_client jupyter-kernel-client))
  ;; (when-let* ((kernel (jupyter-kernel client))
  ;;             (hb (jupyter-send (jupyter-io kernel) 'hb)))
  ;;   (jupyter-hb-unpause hb))
  )

(cl-defmethod jupyter-hb-beating-p ((_client jupyter-kernel-client))
  "Is CLIENT still connected to its kernel?"
  t
  ;; (when-let* ((kernel (jupyter-kernel client)))
  ;;   (let ((hb (jupyter-send (jupyter-io kernel) 'hb)))
  ;;     (or (null hb) (jupyter-hb-beating-p hb))))
  )

;;; Mapping kernelspecs to connected clients

(cl-defgeneric jupyter-client (kernel &optional client-class)
  "Return a client connected to KERNEL.
The returned client will be an instance of CLIENT-CLASS.  The
default class is `jupyter-kernel-client'.")

(cl-defmethod jupyter-client ((kernel string) &optional client-class)
  "Return a client connected to KERNEL.
KERNEL is the name of the kernelspec as returned by the

    jupyter kernelspec list

shell command."
  (jupyter-client (jupyter-get-kernelspec kernel) client-class))

(cl-defmethod jupyter-connect ((client jupyter-kernel-client))
  "Connect to the I/O of a CLIENT's kernel.
If the I/O of the CLIENT to the kernel is disconnected, it means
messages will no longer be received on the client side although
messages from other client's could still be exchanged between the
kernel and those others."
  (jupyter-run-with-io (jupyter-kernel-action-subscriber client)
    (jupyter-publish (list 'connect))))

(cl-defmethod jupyter-disconnect ((client jupyter-kernel-client))
  "Disconnect from the I/O of a CLIENT's kernel."
  (jupyter-run-with-io (jupyter-kernel-action-subscriber client)
    (jupyter-publish (list 'disconnect))))

(cl-defmethod jupyter-client ((spec jupyter-kernelspec) &optional client-class)
  "Return a client connected to kernel created from SPEC.
SPEC is a kernelspec that will be used to initialize a new
kernel whose kernelspec if SPEC."
  (jupyter-client (jupyter-kernel :spec spec) client-class))

(cl-defmethod jupyter-connected-p ((client jupyter-kernel-client))
  "Return non-nil if CLIENT is connected to a kernel."
  (slot-boundp client 'io))

(cl-defmethod jupyter-client ((kernel jupyter-kernel) &optional client-class)
  (or client-class (setq client-class 'jupyter-kernel-client))
  (cl-assert (child-of-class-p client-class 'jupyter-kernel-client))
  (let ((client (make-instance client-class)))
    (oset client io (jupyter-io kernel))
    (unless (jupyter-kernel-info client)
      (error "Kernel did not respond to kernel_info_request"))
    ;; If the connection can resolve the kernel's heartbeat channel,
    ;; start monitoring it now.
    (jupyter-hb-unpause client)
    client))

(defun jupyter-kernel-io (client)
  "Return the I/O function of the kernel CLIENT is connected to."
  ;; TODO: Mention the messages that can be sent to the
  ;; `jupyter-publisher'. See `jupyter-websocket-io'.
  (or (car-safe (oref client io))
      (error "Invalid value of a client's IO slot.")))

(defun jupyter-kernel-action-subscriber (client)
  "Return a `jupyter-subscriber' used to modify CLIENT's kernel's state."
  (or (car (cdr-safe (oref client io)))
      (error "Invalid value of a client's IO slot.")))

(defun jupyter-kernel-action (client fn)
  "Evaluate FN on the kernel CLIENT is connected to.
FN takes a single argument which will be the kernel object."
  (declare (indent 1))
  (let ((kaction-sub (jupyter-kernel-action-subscriber client))
        (res nil))
    (jupyter-run-with-io kaction-sub
      (jupyter-publish
        (list 'action
              (lambda (kernel)
                (setq res (funcall fn kernel))))))
    res))

;;; Shutdown and interrupt a kernel

(cl-defmethod jupyter-shutdown-kernel ((client jupyter-kernel-client))
  "Shutdown the kernel CLIENT is connected to.
After CLIENT shuts down the kernel it is connected to, it is no
longer connected to a kernel."
  (let ((kaction-sub (jupyter-kernel-action-subscriber client)))
    (jupyter-run-with-io kaction-sub
      (jupyter-publish 'shutdown))))

(cl-defmethod jupyter-restart-kernel ((client jupyter-kernel-client))
  "Restart the kernel CLIENT is connected to."
  (let ((kaction-sub (jupyter-kernel-action-subscriber client)))
    (jupyter-run-with-io kaction-sub
      (jupyter-publish 'restart))))

(cl-defmethod jupyter-interrupt-kernel ((client jupyter-kernel-client))
  "Interrupt the kernel CLIENT is connected to."
  (let ((interrupt-mode (jupyter-kernel-action client
                          (lambda (kernel)
                            (plist-get
                             (jupyter-kernelspec-plist
                              (jupyter-kernel-spec kernel))
                             :interrupt_mode)))))
    (if (equal interrupt-mode "message")
        (jupyter-run-with-client client
          (jupyter-sent (jupyter-interrupt-request)))
      (let ((kaction-sub (jupyter-kernel-action-subscriber client)))
        (jupyter-run-with-io kaction-sub
          (jupyter-publish 'interrupt))))))


;;; Waiting for messages

(defvar jupyter--already-waiting-p nil)

(defun jupyter-wait-until (req msg-type cb &optional timeout progress-msg)
  "Wait until conditions for a request are satisfied.
REQ is a `jupyter-request', MSG-TYPE is the message type for
which to wait on and CB is a callback function.  If CB returns
non-nil within TIMEOUT seconds, return the message that caused CB
to return non-nil.  If CB never returns a non-nil value within
TIMEOUT, return nil.  Note that if no TIMEOUT is given,
`jupyter-default-timeout' is used.

If PROGRESS-MSG is non-nil, it should be a message string to
display for reporting progress to the user while waiting."
  (declare (indent 2))
  (let (msg)
    (jupyter-run-with-io (jupyter-request-message-publisher req)
      (jupyter-subscribe
        (jupyter-subscriber
          (lambda (req-msg)
            (when (equal (jupyter-message-type req-msg) msg-type)
              (setq msg (when (funcall cb req-msg) req-msg))
              (when msg
                (jupyter-unsubscribe)))))))
    (let* ((timeout-spec (when jupyter--already-waiting-p
                           (with-timeout-suspend)))
           (jupyter--already-waiting-p t))
      (unwind-protect
          (jupyter-with-timeout
              (progress-msg (or timeout jupyter-default-timeout))
            msg)
        (when timeout-spec
          (with-timeout-unsuspend timeout-spec))))))

(defun jupyter-wait-until-idle (req &optional timeout progress-msg)
  "Wait until a status: idle message is received for a request.
REQ is a `jupyter-request'.  If an idle message for REQ is
received within TIMEOUT seconds, return the message.  Otherwise
return nil if the message was not received within TIMEOUT.  Note
that if no TIMEOUT is given, it defaults to
`jupyter-default-timeout'.

If PROGRESS-MSG is non-nil, it is a message string to display for
reporting progress to the user while waiting."
  (or (jupyter-request-idle-p req)
      (jupyter-with-timeout
          (progress-msg (or timeout jupyter-default-timeout))
        (jupyter-request-idle-p req))))

(defun jupyter-idle-sync (req)
  "Return only when REQ has received a status: idle message."
  (while (null (jupyter-wait-until-idle req jupyter-long-timeout))))

(defun jupyter-add-idle-sync-hook (hook req &optional depth)
  "Add a function to HOOK that waits until REQ receives a status: idle message.
The function will not return until either a status: idle message
has been received by REQ or an error is signaled.  DEPTH has the
same meaning as in `add-hook'.

The function is added to the global value of HOOK.  When the
function is evaluated, it removes itself from HOOK *before*
waiting."
  (cl-check-type req jupyter-request)
  (cl-labels
      ((sync-hook
        ()
        (remove-hook hook #'sync-hook)
        (jupyter-idle-sync req)))
    (add-hook hook #'sync-hook depth)))

;;; Client handlers

(defsubst jupyter--request-allows-handler-p (req msg)
  "Return non-nil if REQ doesn't inhibit the handler for MSG."
  (let* ((ihandlers (and req (jupyter-request-inhibited-handlers req)))
         (type (and (listp ihandlers)
                    (member (jupyter-message-type msg) ihandlers))))
    (not (or (eq ihandlers t)
             (if (eq (car ihandlers) 'not) (not type) type)))))

(defsubst jupyter--channel-hook-allows-handler-p (client channel msg)
  (jupyter-with-client-buffer client
    (let ((hook (pcase channel
                  ("iopub" 'jupyter-iopub-message-hook)
                  ("shell" 'jupyter-shell-message-hook)
                  ("stdin" 'jupyter-stdin-message-hook)
                  (_ (error "Unhandled channel: %s" channel)))))
      (jupyter-debug "RUN-HOOK: %s" hook)
      (with-demoted-errors "Error in Jupyter message hook: %S"
        (not (run-hook-with-args-until-success
              hook client msg))))))

(defconst jupyter--client-handlers
  (cl-labels
      ((handler-alist
         (&rest msg-types)
         (cl-loop
          for mt in msg-types
          collect (cons mt (intern
                            (format "jupyter-handle-%s"
                                    (replace-regexp-in-string
                                     "_" "-" mt)))))))
    `(("iopub" . ,(handler-alist
                   "shutdown_reply" "stream" "comm_open" "comm_msg"
                   "comm_close" "execute_input" "execute_result"
                   "error" "status" "clear_output" "display_data"
                   "update_display_data"))
      ("shell" . ,(handler-alist
                   "execute_reply" "shutdown_reply" "interrupt_reply" "inspect_reply"
                   "complete_reply" "history_reply" "is_complete_reply"
                   "comm_info_reply" "kernel_info_reply"))
      ("control" . ,(handler-alist
                     "shutdown_reply" "interrupt_reply"))
      ("stdin" . ,(handler-alist
                   "input_reply" "input_request")))))

(defun jupyter--run-handler-maybe (client channel msg req)
  (when (and (jupyter--request-allows-handler-p req msg)
             (jupyter--channel-hook-allows-handler-p client channel msg))
    (let* ((msg-type (jupyter-message-type msg))
           (channel-handlers
            (or (alist-get channel jupyter--client-handlers nil nil #'string=)
                (error "Unhandled channel: %s" channel)))
           (handler (or (alist-get msg-type channel-handlers nil nil #'string=)
                        (error "Unhandled message type: %s" msg-type))))
      (funcall handler client req msg))))

(defsubst jupyter--update-execution-state (client msg req)
  (pcase (jupyter-message-type msg)
    ("status"
     (oset client execution-state
           (jupyter-message-get msg :execution_state)))
    ((or "execute_input"
         (and (guard req) "execute_reply"))
     (oset client execution-count
           (1+ (jupyter-message-get msg :execution_count))))))

(cl-defmethod jupyter-handle-message ((client jupyter-kernel-client) channel msg)
  "Process a message received on CLIENT's CHANNEL.
CHANNEL is the Jupyter channel that MSG was received on by
CLIENT.  MSG is a message property list and is the Jupyter
message being handled."
  (when msg
    (let ((print-length 10))
      (jupyter-debug "Got MSG: %s %S"
                     (jupyter-message-type msg)
                     (jupyter-message-content msg)))
    (let ((jupyter-current-client client)
          (req (plist-get msg :parent-request)))
      (jupyter--update-execution-state client msg req)
      (cond
       (req (jupyter--run-handler-maybe client channel msg req))
       ((or (jupyter-get client 'jupyter-include-other-output)
            ;; Always handle a startup message
            (jupyter-message-status-starting-p msg))
        (jupyter--run-handler-maybe client channel msg req))))))

;;; STDIN handlers

(define-jupyter-client-handler input-request ((client jupyter-kernel-client) _req msg)
  "Handle an input request from CLIENT's kernel.
PROMPT is the prompt the kernel would like to show the user.  If
PASSWORD is t, then `read-passwd' is used to get input from the
user.  Otherwise `read-from-minibuffer' is used."
  ;; TODO: with-message-content -> with-content
  (jupyter-with-message-content msg (prompt password)
    (let ((value (condition-case nil
                     ;; Disallow any `with-timeout's from timing out.
                     ;; See #35.
                     (let ((timeout-spec (with-timeout-suspend)))
                       (unwind-protect
                           (if (eq password t) (read-passwd prompt)
                             (read-from-minibuffer prompt))
                         (with-timeout-unsuspend timeout-spec)))
                   (quit ""))))
      (unwind-protect
          (jupyter-run-with-client client
            (jupyter-sent (jupyter-input-reply :value value)))
        (when (eq password t)
          (clear-string value)))
      value)))

;;;; Evaluation

(cl-defgeneric jupyter-load-file-code (_file)
  "Return a string suitable to send as code to a kernel for loading FILE.
Use the jupyter-lang method specializer to add a method for a
particular language."
  (error "Kernel language (%s) not supported yet"
         (jupyter-kernel-language jupyter-current-client)))

;;;;; Evaluation routines

(defvar-local jupyter-expression-history nil
  "A client local variable to store the expression history.
The expression history is the history of expressions read from
`jupyter-read-expression', typical for evaluation purposes, but
also for things like inspection.")

(defun jupyter--setup-minibuffer (client)
  "Setup minibuffer for expression completion using CLIENT."
  (setq jupyter-current-client client)
  (add-hook 'completion-at-point-functions
            #'jupyter-completion-at-point nil t)
  (add-hook 'minibuffer-exit-hook
            #'jupyter--teardown-minibuffer nil t))

(defun jupyter--teardown-minibuffer ()
  "Remove Jupyter related variables and hooks from the minibuffer."
  (setq jupyter-current-client nil)
  (remove-hook 'completion-at-point-functions 'jupyter-completion-at-point t)
  (remove-hook 'minibuffer-exit-hook 'jupyter--teardown-minibuffer t))

;; This is needed since `read-from-minibuffer' expects the history
;; variable to be a symbol whose value is `set' when adding a new
;; history element.  Since `jupyter-expression-history' is a buffer
;; (client) local variable, it would be set in the minibuffer which we
;; don't want.
(defvar jupyter--expression-history nil
  "A client's `jupyter-expression-history' when reading an expression.
This variable is used as the history symbol when reading an
expression from the minibuffer.  After an expression is read, the
`jupyter-expression-history' of the client is updated to the
value of this variable.")

(cl-defgeneric jupyter-read-expression (&optional prompt)
  "Read an expression using the `jupyter-current-client' for completion.
The expression is read from the minibuffer and the expression
history is obtained from the `jupyter-expression-history' client
local variable, see `jupyter-get'.

PROMPT is the prompt to use when reading the expression.  It
defaults to \"Expression (LANG): \" where LANG is the
`jupyter-kernel-language' of the client.

Methods that extend this generic function should
`cl-call-next-method' as a last step."
  (cl-check-type jupyter-current-client jupyter-kernel-client
                 "Need a client to read an expression")
  (let* ((client jupyter-current-client)
         (jupyter--expression-history
          (jupyter-get client 'jupyter-expression-history)))
    (minibuffer-with-setup-hook
        (apply-partially #'jupyter--setup-minibuffer client)
      (prog1 (read-from-minibuffer
              (or prompt
                  (format "Expression (%s): " (jupyter-kernel-language client)))
              nil read-expression-map
              nil 'jupyter--expression-history)
        (setf (jupyter-get client 'jupyter-expression-history)
              jupyter--expression-history)))))

(defun jupyter-eval (code &optional mime)
  "Send an execute request for CODE, wait for the execute result.
The `jupyter-current-client' is used to send the execute request.
All client handlers are inhibited for the request.  In addition,
the history of the request is not stored.  Return the MIME
representation of the result.  If MIME is nil, return the
text/plain representation."
  (interactive
   (list (jupyter-read-expression
          (format "Eval (%s): " (jupyter-kernel-language)))
         nil))
  (jupyter-run-with-client jupyter-current-client
    (jupyter-mlet*
        ((res (jupyter-result
               (jupyter-message-subscribed
                (jupyter-execute-request
                 :code code
                 :store-history nil
                 :handlers nil)
                `(("execute_reply"
                   ,(jupyter-message-lambda (status evalue)
                      (unless (equal status "ok")
                        (error "%s" (ansi-color-apply evalue))))))))))
      (jupyter-return (jupyter-message-data res (or mime :text/plain))))))

(defun jupyter-eval-result-callbacks (insert beg end)
  "Return a plist containing callbacks used to display evaluation results.
The plist contains default callbacks for the :execute-reply,
:execute-result, and :display-data messages that may be used for
the messages received in response to REQ.

BEG and END are positions in the current buffer marking the
region of code evaluated.

The callbacks are designed to either display evaluation results
using overlays in the current buffer over the region between BEG
and END or in pop-up buffers/frames.  See
`jupyter-eval-use-overlays'."
  (let ((buffer (current-buffer))
        (use-overlays-p (and beg end (jupyter-eval-display-with-overlay-p))))
    (when use-overlays-p
      ;; NOTE: It would make sense to set these markers to nil, e.g. at the end
      ;; of the execute-result or idle messages, but there is no guarantee on
      ;; message order so it may be the case that those message types are
      ;; received before the callbacks that use these markers have fired.
      ;;
      ;; TODO: Do something with finalizers?
      (setq beg (set-marker (make-marker) beg))
      (setq end (set-marker (make-marker) end)))
    (let ((display-overlay
           (if use-overlays-p
               (lambda (val)
                 (when (buffer-live-p buffer)
                   (prog1 t
                     (with-current-buffer buffer
                       (jupyter-eval-display-overlay beg end val)))))
             #'ignore))
          had-result)
      `(("execute_reply"
         ,(jupyter-message-lambda (status ename evalue)
            (cond
             ((equal status "ok")
              (unless had-result
                (unless (funcall display-overlay "✔")
                  (message "jupyter: eval done"))))
             (t
              (setq ename (ansi-color-apply ename))
              (setq evalue (ansi-color-apply evalue))
              (unless
                  ;; Happens in IJulia
                  (> (+ (length ename) (length evalue)) 250)
                (if (string-prefix-p ename evalue)
                    ;; Also happens in IJulia
                    (message evalue)
                  (message "%s: %s" ename evalue)))))))
        ("execute_result"
         ,(if insert
              (let ((pos (point-marker))
                    (region (unless (and (= beg (line-beginning-position))
                                         (= end (line-end-position)))
                              (cons beg end))))
                (jupyter-message-lambda ((res text/plain))
                  (when res
                    (setq res (ansi-color-apply res))
                    (with-current-buffer (marker-buffer pos)
                      (save-excursion
                        (cond
                         (region
                          (goto-char (car region))
                          (delete-region (car region) (cdr region)))
                         (t
                          (goto-char pos)
                          (end-of-line)
                          (insert "\n")))
                        (set-marker pos nil)
                        (insert res)
                        (when region (push-mark)))))))
            (lambda (msg)
              (setq had-result t)
              (jupyter-with-message-data msg
                  ((res text/plain)
                   ;; Prefer to display the markdown representation if available.  The
                   ;; IJulia kernel will return both plain text and markdown.
                   (md text/markdown))
                (let ((jupyter-pop-up-frame (jupyter-pop-up-frame-p "execute_result")))
                  (cond
                   ((or md (null res))
                    (jupyter-with-display-buffer "result" 'reset
                      (jupyter-with-message-content msg (data metadata)
                        (jupyter-insert data metadata))
                      (goto-char (point-min))
                      (jupyter-display-current-buffer-reuse-window)))
                   (res
                    (setq res (ansi-color-apply res))
                    (cond
                     ((funcall display-overlay res))
                     ((jupyter-line-count-greater-p
                       res jupyter-eval-short-result-max-lines)
                      (jupyter-with-display-buffer "result" 'reset
                        (insert res)
                        (goto-char (point-min))
                        (jupyter-display-current-buffer-reuse-window)))
                     (t
                      (funcall jupyter-eval-short-result-display-function
                               (format "%s" res)))))))))))
        ("display_data"
         ,(lambda (msg)
            (jupyter-with-message-content msg (data metadata)
              (setq had-result t)
              (jupyter-with-display-buffer "display"
                  (plist-get msg :parent-request)
                (jupyter-insert data metadata)
                ;; Don't pop-up the display when it's empty (e.g. jupyter-R
                ;; will open some HTML results in an external browser)
                (when (and (/= (point-min) (point-max)))
                  (jupyter-display-current-buffer-guess-where :display-data)))
              ;; TODO: Also inline images?
              (funcall display-overlay "✔"))))))))

(defun jupyter-eval-callbacks (&optional insert beg end)
  "Return evaluation callbacks.

The callbacks are designed to handle the various message types
that can be generated by an execute-request to, e.g. display the
results of evaluation in a popup buffer or indicate that an error
occurred during evaluation.

The message types that will have callbacks added are
:execute-reply, :execute-result, :display-data, :error, :stream.

BEG and END are positions that mark the region of the current
buffer corresponding to the evaluated code.

See `jupyter-eval-short-result-max-lines' and
`jupyter-eval-use-overlays'."
  (nconc
   (jupyter-eval-result-callbacks insert beg end)
   `(("error"
      ,(jupyter-message-lambda (traceback)
         ;; FIXME: Assumes the error in the
         ;; execute-reply is good enough
         (when (> (apply #'+ (mapcar #'length traceback)) 250)
           (jupyter-display-traceback traceback))))
     ("stream"
      (lambda (msg)
        (jupyter-with-message-content msg (name text)
          (jupyter-with-display-buffer (pcase name
                                         ("stderr" "error")
                                         (_ "output"))
              ;; TODO: Is there a better solution than just having the
              ;; request be a part of the message property list?
              (plist-get msg :parent-request)
            (jupyter-insert-ansi-coded-text text)
            (when-let* ((window (jupyter-display-current-buffer-guess-where :stream)))
              (set-window-point window (point-max))))))))))

(cl-defgeneric jupyter-eval-string (str &optional beg end)
  "Evaluate STR using the `jupyter-current-client'.
Return the `jupyter-request' object for the evaluation.

If BEG and END are non-nil they correspond to the region of the
current buffer that STR was extracted from.")

(cl-defmethod jupyter-eval-string (str &optional insert beg end)
  "Evaluate STR using the `jupyter-current-client'."
  (cl-check-type jupyter-current-client jupyter-kernel-client
                 "Not a valid client")
  (jupyter-run-with-client jupyter-current-client
    (jupyter-sent
     (jupyter-message-subscribed
      (jupyter-execute-request
       :code str
       :store-history nil
       :handlers '("input_request"))
      (jupyter-eval-callbacks insert beg end)))))

(defun jupyter-eval-string-command (str)
  "Evaluate STR using the `jupyter-current-client'.
If the result of evaluation is more than
`jupyter-eval-short-result-max-lines' long, a buffer displaying
the results is shown.  For less lines, the result is displayed
with `jupyter-eval-short-result-display-function'.

If `jupyter-eval-use-overlays' is non-nil, evaluation results
are displayed in the current buffer instead."
  (interactive (list
                (jupyter-read-expression
                 (format "Eval (%s): " (jupyter-kernel-language)))))
  (jupyter-eval-string str))

(defun jupyter-eval-region (insert beg end)
  "Evaluate a region with the `jupyter-current-client'.
If INSERT is non-nil, insert the result of evaluation in the
buffer.  BEG and END are the beginning and end of the region to
evaluate.

If the result of evaluation is more than
`jupyter-eval-short-result-max-lines' long, a buffer displaying
the results is shown.  For less lines, the result is displayed
with `jupyter-eval-short-result-display-function'.

If `jupyter-eval-use-overlays' is non-nil, evaluation results
are displayed in the current buffer instead."
  (interactive "Pr")
  (jupyter-eval-string
   (buffer-substring-no-properties beg end)
   insert beg end))

(defun jupyter-eval-line-or-region (insert)
  "Evaluate the current line or region with the `jupyter-current-client'.
If the current region is active send it using
`jupyter-eval-region', otherwise send the current line.

With a prefix argument, evaluate and INSERT the text/plain
representation of the results in the current buffer."
  (interactive "P")
  (let* ((region (when (use-region-p) (car (region-bounds)))))
    (jupyter-eval-region insert
     (or (car region) (line-beginning-position))
     (or (cdr region) (line-end-position)))))

(defun jupyter-load-file (file)
  "Send the contents of FILE using `jupyter-current-client'."
  (interactive
   (list (read-file-name "File name: " nil nil nil
                         (file-name-nondirectory
                          (or (buffer-file-name) "")))))
  (message "Evaluating %s..." file)
  (setq file (expand-file-name file))
  (if (file-exists-p file)
      (jupyter-eval-string (jupyter-load-file-code file))
    (error "Not a file (%s)" file)))

(defun jupyter-eval-buffer (buffer)
  "Send the contents of BUFFER using `jupyter-current-client'."
  (interactive (list (current-buffer)))
  (jupyter-eval-string (with-current-buffer buffer (buffer-string))))

(defun jupyter-eval-defun ()
  "Evaluate the function at `point'."
  (interactive)
  (when-let* ((bounds (bounds-of-thing-at-point 'defun)))
    (cl-destructuring-bind (beg . end) bounds
      (jupyter-eval-region nil beg end))))

;;;;;; Evaluation overlays

(defvar jupyter-eval-overlay-keymap
  (let ((map (make-sparse-keymap)))
    (define-key map (kbd "S-RET") 'jupyter-eval-toggle-overlay)
    (define-key map (kbd "S-<return>") 'jupyter-eval-toggle-overlay)
    map))

(defun jupyter-eval-ov--delete (ov &rest _)
  (delete-overlay ov))

(defun jupyter-eval-ov--remove-all (beg end)
  (dolist (ov (overlays-in beg end))
    (when (overlay-get ov 'jupyter-eval)
      (jupyter-eval-ov--delete ov))))

(defun jupyter-eval-ov--propertize (text &optional newline)
  ;; Display properties can't be nested so use the one on TEXT if available
  (if (get-text-property 0 'display text) text
    (let ((display (concat
                    ;; Add a space before a newline so that `point' stays on
                    ;; the same line when moving to the beginning of the
                    ;; overlay.
                    (if newline " \n" " ")
                    (propertize
                     (concat jupyter-eval-overlay-prefix text)
                     'face 'jupyter-eval-overlay))))
      ;; Ensure `point' doesn't move past the beginning or end of the overlay
      ;; on motion commands.
      (put-text-property 0 1 'cursor t display)
      (put-text-property (1- (length display)) (length display) 'cursor t display)
      (propertize " " 'display display))))

(defun jupyter-eval-ov--fold-boundary (text)
  (string-match-p "\n" text))

(defun jupyter-eval-ov--fold-string (text)
  (when (eq buffer-invisibility-spec t)
    (setq buffer-invisibility-spec '(t)))
  (unless (assoc 'jupyter-eval buffer-invisibility-spec)
    (push (cons 'jupyter-eval t) buffer-invisibility-spec))
  (when-let* ((pos (jupyter-eval-ov--fold-boundary text)))
    (put-text-property pos (length text) 'invisible 'jupyter-eval text)
    text))

(defun jupyter-eval-ov--expand-string (text)
  (prog1 text
    (put-text-property 0 (length text) 'invisible nil text)))

(defun jupyter-eval-ov--make (beg end text)
  (setq text (replace-regexp-in-string "\n+$" "" text))
  (setq text (replace-regexp-in-string "^\n+" "" text))
  (let ((ov (make-overlay beg end nil t)))
    (prog1 ov
      (overlay-put ov 'evaporate t)
      (overlay-put ov 'modification-hooks '(jupyter-eval-ov--delete))
      (overlay-put ov 'insert-in-front-hooks '(jupyter-eval-ov--delete))
      (overlay-put ov 'insert-behind-hooks '(jupyter-eval-ov--delete))
      (overlay-put ov 'keymap jupyter-eval-overlay-keymap)
      (let ((folded (jupyter-eval-ov--fold-string text)))
        (overlay-put ov 'jupyter-eval
                     (list (if folded 'folded 'expanded) text))
        (overlay-put ov 'after-string (jupyter-eval-ov--propertize text))))))

(defun jupyter-eval-ov--expand (ov)
  (when-let* ((eval-props (overlay-get ov 'jupyter-eval)))
    (cl-destructuring-bind (fold text) eval-props
      (when (eq fold 'folded)
        (setf (car (overlay-get ov 'jupyter-eval)) 'expanded)
        (when (jupyter-eval-ov--fold-boundary text)
          (setf (overlay-get ov 'after-string)
                (jupyter-eval-ov--propertize
                 ;; Newline added so that background extends across entire line
                 ;; of the last line in TEXT.
                 (concat (jupyter-eval-ov--expand-string text) "\n")
                 t)))))))

(defun jupyter-eval-ov--fold (ov)
  (when-let* ((eval-props (overlay-get ov 'jupyter-eval)))
    (cl-destructuring-bind (fold text) eval-props
      (when (eq fold 'expanded)
        (setf (car (overlay-get ov 'jupyter-eval)) 'folded)
        (jupyter-eval-ov--fold-string text)
        (setf (overlay-get ov 'after-string)
              (jupyter-eval-ov--propertize text))))))

(defun jupyter-eval-toggle-overlay ()
  "Expand or contract the display of evaluation results around `point'."
  (interactive)
  (let (nearest)
    (dolist (ov (overlays-at (point)))
      (when (and (or (null nearest)
                     (and (> (overlay-start ov) (overlay-start nearest))
                          (< (overlay-end ov) (overlay-end nearest))))
                 (overlay-get ov 'jupyter-eval))
        (setq nearest ov)))
    (when-let* ((props (and nearest (overlay-get nearest 'jupyter-eval))))
      (cl-destructuring-bind (fold _) props
        (if (eq fold 'folded)
            (jupyter-eval-ov--expand nearest)
          (jupyter-eval-ov--fold nearest))))))

(defun jupyter-eval-remove-overlays ()
  "Remove all evaluation result overlays in the buffer."
  (interactive)
  (jupyter-eval-ov--remove-all (point-min) (point-max)))

(defun jupyter-eval-display-overlay (beg end str)
  "Overlay (BEG . END) using STR as an evaluation result.
STR is displayed after the region."
  (save-excursion
    (goto-char end)
    (setq end (if (get-text-property 0 'display str)
                  (min (point-max) (1+ (line-end-position)))
                (skip-syntax-backward "->")
                (point)))
    (jupyter-eval-ov--remove-all (1- end) end)
    (jupyter-eval-ov--make beg end str)))

(defun jupyter-eval-display-with-overlay-p ()
  "Return non-nil if evaluation results should be displayed with overlays."
  (and jupyter-eval-use-overlays
       jupyter-current-client
       (derived-mode-p (jupyter-kernel-language-mode jupyter-current-client))))

;;;;; Handlers

(define-jupyter-client-handler execute-reply)

(cl-defmethod jupyter-handle-payload ((source symbol) _payload)
  "Execute the action in a Jupyter PAYLOAD.
SOURCE is the type of payload and PAYLOAD will be a property list
containing the necessary information to perform the actions of
SOURCE."
  (error "Unhandled payload (%s)" source))

(cl-defmethod jupyter-handle-payload ((payloads vector))
  "Loop over PAYLOADS, calling `jupyter-handle-payload' for each one."
  (cl-loop
   for pl across payloads
   do (jupyter-handle-payload (intern (plist-get pl :source)) pl)))

(cl-defmethod jupyter-handle-payload ((_source (eql page)) pl)
  (let ((text (plist-get (plist-get pl :data) :text/plain))
        (line (or (plist-get pl :start) 0)))
    (jupyter-with-display-buffer "pager" 'reset
      (jupyter-insert-ansi-coded-text text)
      (goto-char (point-min))
      (forward-line line)
      (jupyter-display-current-buffer-reuse-window))))

(cl-defmethod jupyter-handle-payload ((_source (eql edit)) pl)
  (with-current-buffer (find-file-other-window
                        (plist-get pl :filename))
    (goto-char (point-min))
    (forward-line (plist-get pl :line_number))
    (set-window-start (selected-window) (point))))

(cl-defmethod jupyter-handle-payload ((_source (eql edit_magic)) pl)
  (jupyter-handle-payload 'edit pl))

;;;; Inspection

;; TODO: How to add hover documentation support
(defun jupyter-inspect-at-point (&optional buffer detail interactive)
  "Inspect the code at point.
Call `jupyter-inspect' for the `jupyter-code-context' at point.
When called interactively with a non-nil prefix argument, read an
expression to inspect from the minibuffer instead.

BUFFER and DETAIL have the same meaning as in `jupyter-inspect'.
INTERACTIVE is an internal argument set when this function is
called interactively."
  (interactive (list nil 0 t))
  (pcase
      (if (and interactive current-prefix-arg)
          (let ((code (jupyter-read-expression
                       (format "Inspect (%s): " (jupyter-kernel-language)))))
            (list code (length code)))
          (jupyter-code-context 'inspect))
    (`(,code ,pos)
     (jupyter-inspect code pos buffer detail))))

(cl-defgeneric jupyter-inspect (code &optional pos buffer detail)
  "Inspect CODE.
Send an inspect_request with the `jupyter-current-client' and
display the results in a BUFFER.

CODE is the code to inspect and POS is your position in the CODE.
If POS is nil, it defaults to the length of CODE.

If BUFFER is nil, display the results in a help buffer.
Otherwise insert the results in BUFFER but do not display it.

DETAIL is the detail level to use for the request and defaults to
0."
  (setq pos (or pos (length code)))
  (unless (and jupyter-current-client
               (object-of-class-p jupyter-current-client 'jupyter-kernel-client))
    (error "Need a valid `jupyter-current-client'"))
  (condition-case nil
      (let ((client jupyter-current-client))
        (jupyter-run-with-client client
          (jupyter-mlet* ((msg (jupyter-reply
                                (jupyter-inspect-request
                                 :code code
                                 :pos pos
                                 :detail detail))))
            (jupyter-with-message-content msg
                (status found)
              (if (and (equal status "ok") (eq found t))
                  (let ((inhibit-read-only t))
                    (if (buffer-live-p buffer)
                        (with-current-buffer buffer
                          ;; Insert MSG here so that `jupyter-insert'
                          ;; has access to the message type.  This is
                          ;; needed since the python kernel and others
                          ;; may use this information.
                          (jupyter-insert msg)
                          (current-buffer))
                      (with-help-window (help-buffer)
                        (with-current-buffer standard-output
                          (setq other-window-scroll-buffer (current-buffer))
                          (setq jupyter-current-client client)
                          (help-setup-xref
                           (list
                            ;; Don't capture a strong reference to the
                            ;; client object since we don't know when
                            ;; this reference will be cleaned up.
                            (let ((ref (jupyter-weak-ref client)))
                              (lambda ()
                                (let ((jupyter-current-client
                                       (jupyter-weak-ref-resolve ref)))
                                  (if jupyter-current-client
                                      (jupyter-inspect code pos nil detail)
                                    ;; TODO: Skip over this xref, need
                                    ;; to figure out if going forward or
                                    ;; backward first.
                                    (error "Client has been removed"))))))
                           nil)
                          (jupyter-insert msg)))))
                (message "Nothing found for %s"
                         (with-temp-buffer
                           (insert code)
                           (goto-char pos)
                           (symbol-at-point)))))
            (jupyter-return msg))))
    (jupyter-timeout-before-idle
     (message "Inspect timed out"))))

(define-jupyter-client-handler inspect-reply)

;;;; Completion

(define-jupyter-client-handler complete-reply)

;;;;; Code context

(cl-defgeneric jupyter-code-context (type)
  "Return a list, (CODE POS), for the context around `point'.
CODE is the required context for TYPE (either `inspect' or
`completion') and POS is the relative position of `point' within
CODE.  Depending on the current context such as the current
`major-mode', CODE and POS will be used for a complete_request
originating from `jupyter-completion-at-point' and an
inspect_request from `jupyter-inspect-at-point'.

The default methods return the `jupyter-line-or-region-context'.")

(defun jupyter-line-context ()
  "Return the code context for the current line."
  (jupyter-region-context (line-beginning-position) (line-end-position)))

(defun jupyter-region-context (beg end)
  "Return the code context between BEG and END.
BEG and END are the bounds of the region of text for which to
extract the context.  It is an error if `point' is not within
these bounds.  See `jupyter-code-context' for the form of the
returned list."
  (unless (<= beg (point) end)
    (error "Point not within bounds (%d %d)" beg end))
  (let ((code (buffer-substring-no-properties beg end))
        (pos (1+ (- (point) beg))))
    (list code (min pos (length code)))))

(defun jupyter-line-or-region-context ()
  "Return the code context of the region or line.
If the region is active, return it.  Otherwise return the line."
  (if (region-active-p)
      (jupyter-region-context (region-beginning) (region-end))
    (jupyter-line-context)))

(cl-defmethod jupyter-code-context ((_type (eql inspect)))
  (jupyter-line-or-region-context))

(cl-defmethod jupyter-code-context ((_type (eql completion)))
  (let ((ppss (syntax-ppss)))
    (if (zerop (nth 0 ppss))
        (jupyter-region-context (line-beginning-position) (point))
      (jupyter-region-context
       ;; Return a context including the deepest nested parenthesis and the
       ;; closest contiguous non-whitespace sequence of characters at the top
       ;; level.
       (save-excursion
         (when (nth 1 ppss)
           (goto-char (nth 1 ppss)))
         (skip-syntax-backward "->")
         (skip-syntax-backward "^->")
         (point))
       (point)))))

;;;;; Helpers for completion interface

(defun jupyter-completion-symbol-beginning (&optional pos)
  "Return the beginning position of a completion symbol.
The beginning position of the symbol around `point' is returned.
If no symbol exists around point, then `point' is returned.

If POS is non-nil, goto POS first."
  (save-excursion
    (and pos (goto-char pos))
    ;; FIXME: This is language specific
    (if (and (eq (char-syntax (char-before)) ?.)
             (not (eq (char-before) ?.)))
        ;; Complete operators, but not the field/attribute
        ;; accessor .
        (skip-syntax-backward ".")
      (skip-syntax-backward "w_"))
    (point)))

;; Adapted from `company-grab-symbol-cons'
(defun jupyter-completion-grab-symbol-cons (re &optional max-len)
  "Return the current completion prefix before point.
Return either a STRING or a (STRING . t) pair.  If RE matches the
beginning of the current symbol before point, return the latter.
Otherwise return the symbol before point.  If no completion can be
done at point, return nil.

MAX-LEN is the maximum number of characters to search behind the
begiining of the symbol at point to look for a match of RE."
  (let ((symbol (if (or (looking-at "\\>\\|\\_>")
                        ;; Complete operators
                        (and (char-before)
                             (eq (char-syntax (char-before)) ?.)))
                    (buffer-substring-no-properties
                     (jupyter-completion-symbol-beginning) (point))
                  (unless (and (char-after)
                               (memq (char-syntax (char-after)) '(?w ?_)))
                    ""))))
    (when symbol
      (save-excursion
        (forward-char (- (length symbol)))
        (if (looking-back re (if max-len
                                 (- (point) max-len)
                               (line-beginning-position)))
            (cons symbol t)
          symbol)))))

(defun jupyter-completion-number-p ()
  "Return non-nil if the text before `point' may be a floating point number."
  (and (char-before)
       (or (<= ?0 (char-before) ?9)
           (eq (char-before) ?.))
       (save-excursion
         (skip-syntax-backward "w.")
         (looking-at-p "[0-9]+\\.?[0-9]*"))))

;;;;; Extracting arguments from argument strings
;; This is mainly used for the Julia kernel which will return the type
;; information of method arguments and the methods file locations.

(defconst jupyter-completion-argument-regexp
  (rx
   (group "(" (zero-or-more anything) ")")
   (one-or-more anything) " "
   (group (one-or-more anything)) ?: (group (one-or-more digit)))
  "Regular expression to match arguments and file locations.")

(defun jupyter-completion--arg-extract-1 (pos)
  "Helper function for `jupyter-completion--arg-extract'.
Extract the arguments starting at POS, narrowing to the first
SEXP before extraction."
  (save-restriction
    (goto-char pos)
    (narrow-to-region
     pos (save-excursion (forward-sexp) (point)))
    (jupyter-completion--arg-extract)))

(defun jupyter-completion--arg-extract ()
  "Extract arguments from an argument string.
Works for Julia and Python."
  (let (arg-info
        inner-args ppss depth inner
        (start (1+ (point-min)))
        (get-sexp
         (lambda ()
           (buffer-substring-no-properties
            (point) (progn (forward-sexp) (point)))))
        (get-string
         (lambda (start)
           (string-trim
            (buffer-substring-no-properties
             start (1- (point)))))))
    (while (re-search-forward ",\\|::\\|;" nil t)
      (setq ppss (syntax-ppss)
            depth (nth 0 ppss)
            inner (nth 1 ppss))
      (cl-case (char-before)
        (?:
         (if (eq (char-after) ?{)
             (push (jupyter-completion--arg-extract-1 (point)) inner-args)
           (push (list (list (funcall get-sexp))) inner-args)))
        ((or ?, ?\;)
         (if (/= depth 1)
             (push (jupyter-completion--arg-extract-1 inner) inner-args)
           ;; ((string . sep) . inner-args)
           (push (cons (cons (funcall get-string start) (char-before)) (pop inner-args))
                 arg-info)
           (skip-syntax-forward "-")
           (setq start (point))))))
    (goto-char (point-max))
    (push (cons (cons (funcall get-string start) nil) (pop inner-args)) arg-info)
    (nreverse arg-info)))

(defun jupyter-completion--make-arg-snippet (args)
  "Construct a snippet from ARGS."
  (cl-loop
   with i = 1
   for top-args in args
   ;; TODO: Handle nested arguments
   for ((arg . sep) . inner-args) = top-args
   collect (format (concat "${%d:%s}" (when sep "%c")) i arg sep)
   into constructs
   and do (setq i (1+ i))
   finally return
   (concat "(" (mapconcat #'identity constructs " ") ")")))

;;;;; Completion prefix

(cl-defgeneric jupyter-completion-prefix (&optional re max-len)
  "Return the prefix for the current completion context.
The default method calls `jupyter-completion-grab-symbol-cons'
with RE and MAX-LEN as arguments, RE defaulting to \"\\\\.\".  It
also handles argument lists surrounded by parentheses specially
by considering an open parentheses and the symbol before it as a
completion prefix since some kernels will complete argument lists
if given such a prefix.

Note that the prefix returned is not the content sent to the
kernel, but the prefix used by `jupyter-completion-at-point'.  See
`jupyter-code-context' for what is actually sent to the kernel."
  (or re (setq re "\\."))
  (cond
   ;; FIXME: Needed for cases where all completions are retrieved
   ;; from Base.| and the prefix turns empty again after
   ;; Base.REPLCompletions)|
   ;;
   ;; Actually the problem stems from stting the prefix length to 0
   ;; in company in the case Base.| and we have not selected a
   ;; completion and just pass over it.
   ((and (looking-at-p "\\_>")
         (eq (char-syntax (char-before)) ?\)))
    nil)
   (t
    (unless (jupyter-completion-number-p)
      (jupyter-completion-grab-symbol-cons re max-len)))))

(defun jupyter-completion-construct-candidates (matches metadata)
  "Construct candidates for completion.
MATCHES are the completion matches returned by the kernel,
METADATA is any extra data associated with MATCHES that was
supplied by the kernel."
  (let (buf)
    (with-temp-buffer
      (cl-loop
       for i from 0 below (length matches)
       for match = (aref matches i)
       do
       (put-text-property 0 1 'docsig match match)
       (cond
        ((string-match jupyter-completion-argument-regexp match)
         (let* ((str match)
                (args-str (match-string 1 str))
                (end (match-end 1))
                (path (match-string 2 str))
                (line (string-to-number (match-string 3 str)))
                (snippet (progn
                           (erase-buffer)
                           (insert args-str)
                           (goto-char (point-min))
                           (jupyter-completion--make-arg-snippet
                            (jupyter-completion--arg-extract)))))
           (setq match (aset matches i (substring match 0 end)))
           (put-text-property 0 1 'snippet snippet match)
           (put-text-property 0 1 'location (cons path line) match)))
        ;; TODO: This is specific to the results that
        ;; the python kernel returns, make a support
        ;; function?
        ((string-match-p "\\." match)
         (aset matches i (car (last (split-string match "\\."))))))))
    ;; When a type is supplied add it as an annotation
    (when-let* ((types (plist-get metadata :_jupyter_types_experimental))
                (lengths (mapcar #'length matches)))
      (let ((max-len (apply #'max lengths)))
        (cl-loop
         for i from 0 below
         ;; For safety, ensure the lengths are the same which is
         ;; usually the case, but sometimes a kernel may not return
         ;; lists of the same length.  Seen for example in IJulia.
         (min (length matches) (length types))
         ;; These are typically in the same order.
         for match = (aref matches i)
         for meta = (aref types i)
         do (let* ((prefix (make-string (1+ (- max-len (length match))) ?\s))
                   (annot (concat prefix (plist-get meta :type)))
                   (sig (plist-get meta :signature)))
              (put-text-property
               0 1 'docsig
               (concat (get-text-property 0 'docsig match) sig) match)
              (put-text-property 0 1 'annot annot match)))))
    ;; FIXME To get rid of this conversion use `json-array-type', be
    ;; sure to change places where it is assumed that there are
    ;; vectors.
    (append matches nil)))

;;;;; Completion at point interface

(defvar jupyter-completion-cache nil
  "The cache for completion candidates.
A list that can take the following forms

    (PREFIX . CANDIDATES)
    (fetched PREFIX MESSAGE)

The first form states that the list of CANDIDATES is for the
prefix, PREFIX.

The second form signifies that the CANDIDATES for PREFIX must be
extracted from MESSAGE and converted to the first form.")

(defun jupyter-completion-prefetch-p (prefix)
  "Return non-nil if a prefetch for PREFIX should be performed.
Looks at `jupyter-completion-cache' to determine if its
candidates can be used for PREFIX."
  (or
   ;; Invalidate the cache when completing argument lists
   (and (not (string-empty-p prefix))
        (eq (aref prefix (1- (length prefix))) ?\())
   (pcase jupyter-completion-cache
     ((or `(fetched ,cached-prefix ,_)
          `(,cached-prefix . ,_))
      ;; If the prefix is the same as the cached prefix, no prefetch
      ;; needed.
      (not (equal prefix cached-prefix)))
     (_ t))))

(defun jupyter-completion-prefetch (fun)
  "Get completions for the current completion context.
Run FUN when the completions are available."
  (pcase (jupyter-code-context 'completion)
    (`(,code ,pos)
     (jupyter-run-with-client jupyter-current-client
       (jupyter-sent
        (jupyter-message-subscribed
         (jupyter-complete-request
          :code code
          :pos pos
          :handlers nil)
         `(("complete_reply" ,fun))))))))

(defvar company-minimum-prefix-length)
(defvar company-timer)

(defun jupyter-completion--company-idle-begin ()
  "Trigger an idle completion."
  (when company-timer
    (cancel-timer company-timer))
  (setq company-timer
        ;; NOTE: When we reach here `company-idle-delay' is `now' since
        ;; we are already inside a company completion so we can't use
        ;; it, just use a sensible time value instead.
        (run-with-timer
         0.1 nil
         (lambda (buf win tick pos)
           (let ((company-minimum-prefix-length 0))
             (company-idle-begin buf win tick pos)))
         (current-buffer) (selected-window)
         (buffer-chars-modified-tick) (point))))

(defun jupyter-completion-at-point ()
  "Function to add to `completion-at-point-functions'."
  (let ((prefix (jupyter-completion-prefix)))
    (when (and
           prefix jupyter-current-client
           ;; Don't try to send completion requests when the kernel is busy
           ;; since it doesn't appear that kernels respond to these requests
           ;; when the kernel is busy, at least the Julia kernel doesn't.
           ;;
           ;; FIXME: Maybe this is kernel dependent
           (not (jupyter-kernel-busy-p jupyter-current-client)))
      (when (consp prefix)
        (setq prefix (car prefix))
        (when (and (bound-and-true-p company-mode)
                   (< (length prefix) company-minimum-prefix-length))
          (jupyter-completion--company-idle-begin)))
      (when (jupyter-completion-prefetch-p prefix)
        (setq jupyter-completion-cache nil)
        (jupyter-completion-prefetch
         (lambda (msg) (setq jupyter-completion-cache
                        (list 'fetched prefix msg)))))
      (list
       (- (point) (length prefix)) (point)
       (completion-table-dynamic
        (lambda (_)
          (when (null jupyter-completion-cache)
            (sit-for 0.1))
          (when (eq (car jupyter-completion-cache) 'fetched)
            (jupyter-with-message-content (nth 2 jupyter-completion-cache)
                (status matches metadata)
              (setq jupyter-completion-cache
                    (cons (nth 1 jupyter-completion-cache)
                          (when (equal status "ok")
                            (jupyter-completion-construct-candidates
                             matches metadata))))))
          (cdr jupyter-completion-cache)))
       :exit-function
       #'jupyter-completion--post-completion
       :company-location
       (lambda (arg) (get-text-property 0 'location arg))
       :annotation-function
       (lambda (arg) (get-text-property 0 'annot arg))
       :company-docsig
       (lambda (arg) (get-text-property 0 'docsig arg))
       :company-doc-buffer
       #'jupyter-completion--company-doc-buffer))))

(defun jupyter-completion--company-doc-buffer (arg)
  "Send an inspect request for ARG to the kernel.
Use the `company-doc-buffer' to insert the results."
  (let ((buf (company-doc-buffer)))
    (jupyter-inspect arg 1 buf)
    (with-current-buffer buf
      (when (> (point-max) (point-min))
        (let ((inhibit-read-only t))
          (remove-text-properties
           (point-min) (point-max) '(read-only))
          (font-lock-mode 1)
          (goto-char (point-min))
          (current-buffer))))))

(defun jupyter-completion--post-completion (arg status)
  "If ARG is a completion with a snippet, expand the snippet.
Do this only if STATUS is sole or finished."
  (when (memq status '(sole finished))
    (jupyter-completion-post-completion arg)))

(defvar yas-minor-mode)

(cl-defgeneric jupyter-completion-post-completion (candidate)
  "Called when CANDIDATE was selected as the completion candidate.
The default implementation expands the snippet in CANDIDATE's
snippet text property, if any, and if `yasnippet' is available."
  (when (and (get-text-property 0 'snippet candidate)
             (require 'yasnippet nil t))
    (unless yas-minor-mode
      (yas-minor-mode 1))
    ;; Due to packages like smartparens
    (when (eq (char-after) ?\))
      (delete-char 1))
    (yas-expand-snippet
     (get-text-property 0 'snippet candidate)
     (save-excursion
       (forward-sexp -1)
       (point))
     (point))))

;;;; History

(define-jupyter-client-handler history-reply)

;;;; Is Complete

(define-jupyter-client-handler is-complete-reply)

;;;; Comms

(define-jupyter-client-handler comm-info-reply)

;;;; Kernel info

(defvar jupyter-kernel-language-mode-properties nil
  "An association list mapping language names to major mode properties.
The lists contain the cached information returned by the
function `jupyter-kernel-language-mode-properties'.")

(defun jupyter-kernel-info (client)
  "Return the kernel info plist of CLIENT.
Return CLIENT's kernel-info slot if non-nil.  Otherwise send a
kernel_info_request to CLIENT's kernel, set CLIENT's
kernel-info slot to the plist retrieved from the kernel, and
return it.

If the kernel CLIENT is connected to does not respond to a
kernel_info_request, raise an error.

Note, the value of the `:name' key in the `:language_info'
property list is a symbol as opposed to a string for the purposes
of method dispatching.  Also all instances of \" \" in the
language name are changed to \"-\" and all uppercase characters
lowered."
  (cl-check-type client jupyter-kernel-client)
  ;; TODO: This needs to be reset when a client is disconnected.  This
  ;; should be part of the connection process.
  (or (oref client kernel-info)
      (progn
        (message "Requesting kernel info...")
        ;; Don't generate this request in an unknown buffer.  This is
        ;; mainly so that the Org client's `jupyter-generate-request'
        ;; doesn't confuse it for an execute_request in the Org
        ;; buffer.
        (jupyter-with-client-buffer client
          (jupyter-run-with-client client
            (jupyter-mlet* ((msg (jupyter-reply
                                  (jupyter-kernel-info-request
                                   :handlers nil)
                                  (* 3 jupyter-long-timeout))))
              (message "Requesting kernel info...done")
              (oset client kernel-info (jupyter-message-content msg))
              (let* ((info (plist-get (oref client kernel-info) :language_info))
                     (lang (plist-get info :name))
                     (name (jupyter-canonicalize-language-string lang)))
                (plist-put info :name (intern name)))
              (jupyter-return (oref client kernel-info))))))))

(defun jupyter-kernel-language-mode-properties (client)
  "Get the `major-mode' info of CLIENT's kernel language.
Return a list

     (MODE SYNTAX-TABLE)

Where MODE is the `major-mode' to use for syntax highlighting
purposes and SYNTAX-TABLE is the syntax table of MODE."
  (cl-check-type client jupyter-kernel-client)
  (cl-destructuring-bind (&key name file_extension &allow-other-keys)
      (plist-get (jupyter-kernel-info client) :language_info)
    (cdr (or (assoc name jupyter-kernel-language-mode-properties)
             (with-temp-buffer
               (let ((buffer-file-name
                      (concat "jupyter-repl-lang" file_extension)))
                 (delay-mode-hooks (set-auto-mode)))
               (let ((item (cons name (list major-mode (syntax-table)))))
                 (prog1 item
                   (push item jupyter-kernel-language-mode-properties))))))))

(defun jupyter-kernel-language (&optional client)
  "Return the language (as a symbol) of the kernel CLIENT is connected to.
CLIENT defaults to `jupyter-current-client'."
  (or client (setq client jupyter-current-client))
  (cl-check-type client jupyter-kernel-client)
  (plist-get (plist-get (jupyter-kernel-info client) :language_info) :name))

(defun jupyter-kernel-language-mode (client)
  "Return the `major-mode' used for CLIENT's kernel language."
  (cl-check-type client jupyter-kernel-client)
  (nth 0 (jupyter-kernel-language-mode-properties client)))

(defun jupyter-kernel-language-syntax-table (client)
  "Return the `syntax-table' used for CLIENT's kernel language."
  (cl-check-type client jupyter-kernel-client)
  (nth 1 (jupyter-kernel-language-mode-properties client)))

(defun jupyter-load-language-support (client)
  "Load language support definitions for CLIENT.
CLIENT is a kernel client."
  (cl-check-type client jupyter-kernel-client)
  (let* ((lang (jupyter-kernel-language client))
         (support (intern (format "jupyter-%s" lang))))
    (require support nil t)))

(define-jupyter-client-handler kernel-info-reply)

;;;; Shutdown

(define-jupyter-client-handler shutdown-reply)

;;;; Interrupt

(define-jupyter-client-handler interrupt-reply)

;;; IOPUB handlers

(define-jupyter-client-handler comm-open ((client jupyter-kernel-client) req msg)
  (jupyter-with-message-content msg (id data)
    (puthash id (cons (jupyter-request-id req) data)
             (oref client comms))))

(define-jupyter-client-handler comm-close ((client jupyter-kernel-client) _req msg)
  (jupyter-with-message-content msg (id)
    (remhash id (oref client comms))))

(define-jupyter-client-handler comm-msg)
(define-jupyter-client-handler stream)
(define-jupyter-client-handler execute-input)
(define-jupyter-client-handler execute-result)

(defun jupyter-display-traceback (traceback)
  "Display TRACEBACK in a dedicated buffer."
  (when (or (vectorp traceback) (listp traceback))
    (setq traceback (concat (mapconcat #'identity traceback "\n") "\n")))
  (jupyter-with-display-buffer "traceback" 'reset
    (jupyter-insert-ansi-coded-text traceback)
    (goto-char (point-min))
    (jupyter-display-current-buffer-guess-where :error)))

(define-jupyter-client-handler error)

(defun jupyter-execution-state (client)
  "Return the execution state of CLIENT's kernel."
  (cl-check-type client jupyter-kernel-client)
  (oref client execution-state))

(defun jupyter-kernel-busy-p (client)
  "Return non-nil if the kernel CLIENT is connected to is busy."
  (cl-check-type client jupyter-kernel-client)
  (equal (jupyter-execution-state client) "busy"))

(define-jupyter-client-handler status)
(define-jupyter-client-handler clear-output)
(define-jupyter-client-handler display-data)
(define-jupyter-client-handler update-display-data)

(provide 'jupyter-client)

;;; jupyter-client.el ends here