diff --git a/packages/eslint-plugin/README.md b/packages/eslint-plugin/README.md
index 608991c2173..476155c4931 100644
--- a/packages/eslint-plugin/README.md
+++ b/packages/eslint-plugin/README.md
@@ -160,8 +160,13 @@ Ensure that appropriate aria-attributes are set for `EuiBetaBadge`, `EuiButtonIc
 Ensure `EuiTooltip` components are anchored to elements that can receive keyboard focus, making them accessible to all users. When using non-interactive elements (like `span`or `EuiText`) as tooltip anchors, they must include `tabIndex={0}` to be keyboard-focusable. For better accessibility, prefer using semantic interactive components (like `EuiButton` or `EuiLink`) which are focusable by default.
 
 ### `@elastic/eui/accessible-interactive-element`
+
 Ensure interactive EUI components (like e.g. `EuiLink`, `EuiButton`, `EuiRadio`) remain accessible by prohibiting `tabIndex={-1}`, which removes them from keyboard navigation.
 
+### `@elastic/eui/require-table-caption`
+
+Ensure `EuiInMemoryTable`, `EuiBasicTable` have a `tableCaption` property for accessibility.
+
 ## Testing
 
 ### Running unit tests
diff --git a/packages/eslint-plugin/changelogs/upcoming/9168.md b/packages/eslint-plugin/changelogs/upcoming/9168.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ea476b2c67f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/eslint-plugin/changelogs/upcoming/9168.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+- Added new `require-table-caption` rule.
diff --git a/packages/eslint-plugin/src/index.ts b/packages/eslint-plugin/src/index.ts
index 34ecddb5451..168704d760d 100644
--- a/packages/eslint-plugin/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/eslint-plugin/src/index.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import { NoUnnamedInteractiveElement } from './rules/a11y/no_unnamed_interactive
 import { TooltipFocusableAnchor } from './rules/a11y/tooltip_focusable_anchor';
 import { CallOutAnnounceOnMount } from './rules/a11y/callout_announce_on_mount';
 import { AccessibleInteractiveElements } from './rules/a11y/accessible_interactive_element';
+import { RequireTableCaption } from './rules/a11y/require_table_caption';
 
 const config = {
   rules: {
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ const config = {
     'no-unnamed-interactive-element': NoUnnamedInteractiveElement,
     'tooltip-focusable-anchor': TooltipFocusableAnchor,
     'accessible-interactive-element': AccessibleInteractiveElements,
+    'require-table-caption': RequireTableCaption,
   },
   configs: {
     recommended: {
@@ -52,6 +54,7 @@ const config = {
         '@elastic/eui/no-unnamed-interactive-element': 'warn',
         '@elastic/eui/tooltip-focusable-anchor': 'warn',
         '@elastic/eui/accessible-interactive-element': 'warn',
+        '@elastic/eui/require-table-caption': 'warn',
       },
     },
   },
diff --git a/packages/eslint-plugin/src/rules/a11y/require_table_caption.test.ts b/packages/eslint-plugin/src/rules/a11y/require_table_caption.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7c3236f71d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/eslint-plugin/src/rules/a11y/require_table_caption.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright Elasticsearch B.V. and/or licensed to Elasticsearch B.V. under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements. Licensed under the Elastic License
+ * 2.0 and the Server Side Public License, v 1; you may not use this file except
+ * in compliance with, at your election, the Elastic License 2.0 or the Server
+ * Side Public License, v 1.
+ */
+
+import dedent from 'dedent';
+import { RuleTester } from '@typescript-eslint/rule-tester';
+import { RequireTableCaption } from './require_table_caption';
+
+const languageOptions = {
+  parserOptions: {
+    ecmaFeatures: {
+      jsx: true,
+    },
+  },
+};
+
+const ruleTester = new RuleTester();
+
+ruleTester.run('require-table-caption', RequireTableCaption, {
+  valid: [
+    {
+      code: dedent`
+        const MyComponent = () => (
+          <EuiBasicTable tableCaption="TableCaption" />
+        )
+      `,
+      languageOptions,
+    },
+    {
+      code: dedent`
+        const MyComponent = () => (
+          <EuiInMemoryTable tableCaption={"TableCaption"} />
+        )
+      `,
+      languageOptions,
+    },
+    {
+      code: dedent`
+        const MyComponent = () => (
+         <table>Should not affect other components</table>
+        )
+      `,
+      languageOptions,
+    },
+  ],
+  invalid: [
+    {
+      code: dedent`
+        const MyComponent = () => (
+          <EuiBasicTable columns={[]} />
+        );
+      `,
+      languageOptions,
+      errors: [
+        {
+          messageId: 'missingTableCaption',
+          data: { component: 'EuiBasicTable' },
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      code: dedent`
+        const MyComponent = () => (
+          <EuiInMemoryTable columns={[]} />
+        )
+      `,
+      languageOptions,
+      errors: [
+        {
+          messageId: 'missingTableCaption',
+          data: { component: 'EuiInMemoryTable' },
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+  ],
+});
diff --git a/packages/eslint-plugin/src/rules/a11y/require_table_caption.ts b/packages/eslint-plugin/src/rules/a11y/require_table_caption.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..564153df75c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/eslint-plugin/src/rules/a11y/require_table_caption.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright Elasticsearch B.V. and/or licensed to Elasticsearch B.V. under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements. Licensed under the Elastic License
+ * 2.0 and the Server Side Public License, v 1; you may not use this file except
+ * in compliance with, at your election, the Elastic License 2.0 or the Server
+ * Side Public License, v 1.
+ */
+
+import { ESLintUtils, type TSESTree } from '@typescript-eslint/utils';
+
+const TABLE_COMPONENTS = ['EuiInMemoryTable', 'EuiBasicTable'];
+const TABLE_CAPTION_PROP = 'tableCaption';
+
+export const RequireTableCaption = ESLintUtils.RuleCreator.withoutDocs({
+  create(context) {
+    return {
+      JSXOpeningElement(node: TSESTree.JSXOpeningElement) {
+        if (node.name.type !== 'JSXIdentifier') {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        const component = node.name.name;
+
+        if (!TABLE_COMPONENTS.includes(component)) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        const hasTableCaption = node.attributes.some(
+          (attr) =>
+            attr.type === 'JSXAttribute' &&
+            attr.name.type === 'JSXIdentifier' &&
+            attr.name.name === TABLE_CAPTION_PROP
+        );
+
+        if (!hasTableCaption) {
+          context.report({
+            node,
+            messageId: 'missingTableCaption',
+            data: { component }
+          });
+        }
+      },
+    };
+  },
+  defaultOptions: [],
+  meta: {
+    type: 'problem',
+    docs: {
+      description: `Ensure ${TABLE_COMPONENTS.join(', ')} have a \`${TABLE_CAPTION_PROP}\` prop for accessibility.`,
+    },
+    schema: [],
+    messages: {
+      missingTableCaption: [
+        '{{component}} must include a `tableCaption` prop for accessibility.',
+        '',
+        'Example:',
+        '  <{{component}} tableCaption="Descriptive caption for the table" ... />',
+      ].join('\n'),
+    },
+  },
+});