This proposal expands the capabilities of ref and scoped in the language. The goal being to leverage the existing types of rules in the model to allow ref struct usage in more locations and provide more lifetime expressiveness for APIs.
There are still a number of scenarios around ref which cannot be safely expressed in the language. These are generally when using multiple mutable ref struct parameters where many are passed by ref or when trying to use ref struct in ref fields.
To fully satisfy all of these scenarios would require us to introduce explicit lifetime parameters and relationships into the language. That is a huge investment that is not yet motivated by need. Instead this proposal takes our existing lifetime annotation, scoped, and sees how much further ref safety can be taken without introducing any other annotations or keywords.
This doesn't solve all scenarios but does remove several known friction points in the language. It also serves to show us exactly where the limits are without introducing explicit lifetime parameters.
The rules for ref struct safety are defined in the following documents:
This proposal will be building on top of those previous ones.
The more detailed rules will rely on the annotation syntax to describe the detailed rules. This is the most direct way to discuss how syntax behaves in the greater model. Readers interested in the very low level details should familiarize themselves with that syntax before digesting this proposal.
The language will allow for parameters to be declared as ref scoped. This will serve to constrain the safe-to-escape of the value such that it cannot be returned from the current method.
Span<int> M(Span<T> p1, ref scoped Span<int> p2)
{
// Error: cannot return scoped value
return p2;
// Error: the safe-to-escape of p1 is not convertible to p2.
p2 = p1;
// Okay: heap can always be assigned
p2 = default;
// Okay
p2[0] = 42;
}This capability will help cases where multiple ref struct values with different lifetimes are passed by ref. Having ref scoped allows developers to note which values do not escape and that allows for more call site flexibility.
ref struct Data { ... }
void Copy1(ref Data source, ref Data dest) { ... }
void Copy2(ref Data source, ref scoped Data dest) { ... }
void Use(ref Data data)
{
// STE: current method
var local = new Data(stackalloc int[42]);
// Error: compiler has to assume local copied to data
Copy1(ref data, ref local);
// Okay: compiler knows lifetime only flows data -> local
Copy2(ref data, ref local);
}This is accomplished by giving every ref scoped parameter a new escape scope named current parameter N where N is the numeric order of the parameter. For example the first parameter has a safe-to-escape of current parameter 1. An escape scope of current parameter N can be converted to current method but has no other defined relationship. That serves to restrict their usage to the current method.
It's important to note each parameter has a different current parameter N scope. That means they cannot be assigned to each other. This is necessary to prevent ref scoped parameters from returning each others data.
void Swap(ref scoped Span<int> p1, ref scoped Span<int> p2)
{
// Error: can't assign current parameter 2 to current parameter 1
p2 = p1;
// Error: can't assign current parameter 1 to current parameter 2
p1 = p2;
// Okay: as current parameter 1 and 2 can be converted to current method
scoped Span<int> local1 = p1;
scoped Span<int> local2 = p2;
// Okay: however the safe-to-escape here is current parameter N, not
// current method so this could cause a bit of confusion later on
Span<int> local3 = p1;
Span<int> local4 = p2;
// Okay: the safe-to-escape of the value is inferred in this case as it is
// done for ref locals today.
ref Span<int> refLocal1 = ref p1;
ref Span<int> refLocal2 = ref p2;
}A ref scoped parameter is also implicitly scoped ref. That means neither the value nor its ref can be returned from the method. Both ref and in parameters can have their values modified with scoped. An out parameter cannot have its value modified with scoped as such a declaration is non-sensical.
void M(
ref scoped Span<int> p1, // Okay
in scoped Span<int> p2, // Okay
out scoped Span<int> p2, // Error
)The method arguments must match rules will be updated to take ref scoped into account. Values passed to such parameters do not need to be considered when calculating the return scopes.
Detailed notes:
- A
ref scopedparameter is implicitlyscoped ref - An
out scopedparameter declaration is an error
The language will allow for ref struct to appear as ref scoped fields. This scoped will serve to ensure the values cannot be escaped outside the containing instance but can be read and manipulated within it.
ref struct Deserializer
{
ref scoped Utf8JsonReader reader;
ReadOnlySpan<byte> M1()
{
// okay: implicitly scoped to current method
var span = reader.ValueSpan;
// okay
reader.Skip();
// Error: can't escape the ref data the ref scoped field refers to
return reader.ValueSpan;
}
}This is accomplished by giving every ref scoped field two new escape scopes named current field N and current ref field N where N is the numeric order of the field. For example, the first field has a safe-to-escape of current field 1 and a ref-safe-to-escape of current ref field N. Both escape scopes can be converted to current method, and current field N can be converted to current ref field N, but no other defined relationships exist. That serves to restrict their usage to the current method where the containing value is used. This escape scope applies to both.
Below are a few examples of these rules in action
ref struct NestedRefStruct { }
ref struct RefStruct
{
public NestedRefStruct NestedField;
}
ref struct S
{
ref scoped RefStruct field;
RefStruct M1(RefStruct s)
{
// Okay
field = new();
// Error: calling-method is not convertible to current-field-1 as they have
// no relationship
field = s;
// Error: safe-to-escape is current-field-1 which isn't returnable
return field;
}
NestedRefStruct M2()
{
// Error: safe-to-escape is current-field-1 which isn't returnable
return field.NestedField;
}
ref RefStruct M3()
{
// Error: safe-to-escape is current-ref-field-1 which isn't returnable
return ref field;
}
}The method arguments must match rules do not need to be updated here as they already account for ref parameters being captured as ref field. Even though a ref to ref struct was not directly returnable before, it could be returned indirectly by a ref to a struct field of the value.
The language will also allow for ref fields to be declared as scoped ref. There are less use cases for this but ref scoped implies scoped ref hence the rules must be adjusted to account for this. As such the syntax will be exposed because while the use cases are small the infrastructure already exists. The ref-safe-to-escape of such fields follows the logic above for ref scoped fields.
Detailed notes:
- A
reffield where the type is aref structmust beref scoped - A
reffield may be markedscoped ref
The ability for any type to be a ref field allows us to fully sunset the notion of restricted types. The compiler has a concept of a set of restricted types which is largely undocumented. These types were given a special status because in C# 1.0 there was no general purpose way to express their behavior. Most notably the fact that the types can contain references to the execution stack. Instead the compiler had special knowledge of them and restricted their use to ways that would always be safe: disallowed returns, cannot use as array elements, cannot use in generics, etc ...
Once ref fields are available and extended to support ref struct these types can be fully rationalized within those rules. As such the compiler will no longer have the notion of restricted types when using a language version that supports ref fields of ref struct.
To support this our ref safety rules will be updated as follows:
__makeref(e)will be logically treated as a method with the signaturestatic TypedReference __makeref(ref T value)wereTis the type ofe.__refvalue(e, T)- When
Tis aref struct: will be treated as accessing a field declared asref scoped Tinsidee. - Will be treated as accessing a field declared as
ref Tinsidee
- When
__arglistas a parameter will be implicitlyscoped__arglist(...)as an expression will have a ref-safe-to-escape and safe-to-escape of current method.
Conforming runtimes will ensure that TypedReference, RuntimeArgumentHandle and ArgIterator are defined as ref struct. Further TypedReference must be viewed as having a ref field to a ref struct for any possible type (it can store any value). That combined with the above rules will ensure references to the stack do not escape beyond their lifetime.
Note: strictly speaking this is a compiler implementation detail vs. part of the language. But given the relationship with ref fields it is being included in the language proposal for simplicity.
At an annotation level every parameter marked ref scoped will have a new lifetime parameter defined. The name will be $paramN where N is the numerical order of the parameter. That lifetime will only have the relationship where $paramN : $local.
ref struct S { }
void M(ref scoped S s)
// maps to
void M<$param1>(ref<$local> S<$param1> s)
where $param1 : $localThis definition prevents the value from escaping from the method as the lifetime is not returnable. It also prevents local data from escaping from the current method through the parameter as the lifetime is wider than $local but not equivalent.
void M<$param1>(ref<$local> S<$param1> p)
where $param1 : $local
{
S<$local> s = new S<$local>(stackalloc int[42]);
// error: cannot convert S<$local> to S<$param1>
p = s;
}
At an annotation level every field marked scoped ref (explicitly or implicitly via ref scoped) will have a new lifetime parameter defined. The name will be $refFieldN where N is the numerical order of the field. That lifetime will have the relationship where $refFieldN : $local in all methods that use the type.
ref struct S
{
scoped ref int i;
}
S M(S p) { }
// maps to
ref struct S<out $this, $refField1>
{
ref<$refField1> int i;
}
S<$cm> M<$cm, $l1>(S<$cm, $l1> p)
where $l1 : $local
{
}Every field marked as ref scoped will have a new lifetime parameter defined. The name will be $fieldN where N is the numerical order of the field. That lifetime will have the relationship where $fieldN : $refFieldN defined on the type. It will also have the relationship where $fieldN : $local in all method that use the type.
ref struct S1 { }
ref struct S2
{
ref scoped S1 field;
}
S2 M(S2 p) { }
// maps to
ref struct S1<out $this> { }
ref struct S2<out $this, $refField1, $field1>
where $field1 : $refField1
{
ref<$refField1> S1<$field1> field;
}
S1<$cm, $l1, $l2> M<$cm, $l1>M(S<$cm, $l1, $l2> p)
where $l2 : $l1
where $l1 : $local
{
}These definitions prevent the values (ref or value) from escaping as their lifetimes are never returnable. It does allow for them to be manipulated and adjusted though. Non ref data, or data known to have $heap lifetime, can be assigned into such fields.
The proposal does not provide any way to mark this as ref scoped for a given method. At this time the author can see no significant benefits to this. If such scenarios do come along then an attribute such as [RefScoped] could be introduced similar to how [UnscopedRef] works.
Certain readers are likely to be disappointed that ref field to ref struct must be ref scoped. That limits the number of scenarios which can assign ref data into such fields.
This is unfortunately necessary given the constraints of the design. Having a plain ref effectively requires that explicit lifetime annotations exist in the language. There is no other way to safely express the relationship between the value and the container.