diff --git a/lib/Doctrine/ODM/MongoDB/Aggregation/Stage/VectorSearch.php b/lib/Doctrine/ODM/MongoDB/Aggregation/Stage/VectorSearch.php
index 72e8a8bea..97d1ba723 100644
--- a/lib/Doctrine/ODM/MongoDB/Aggregation/Stage/VectorSearch.php
+++ b/lib/Doctrine/ODM/MongoDB/Aggregation/Stage/VectorSearch.php
@@ -8,10 +8,15 @@
 use Doctrine\ODM\MongoDB\Aggregation\Stage;
 use Doctrine\ODM\MongoDB\Persisters\DocumentPersister;
 use Doctrine\ODM\MongoDB\Query\Expr;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
 use MongoDB\BSON\Binary;
 use MongoDB\BSON\Decimal128;
 use MongoDB\BSON\Int64;
 
+use function array_is_list;
+use function is_array;
+use function sprintf;
+
 /**
  * @phpstan-type Vector list<int|Int64>|list<float|Decimal128>|list<bool|0|1>|Binary
  * @phpstan-type VectorSearchStageExpression array{
@@ -28,12 +33,15 @@
  */
 class VectorSearch extends Stage
 {
-    private ?bool $exact        = null;
-    private ?Expr $filter       = null;
-    private ?string $index      = null;
-    private ?int $limit         = null;
-    private ?int $numCandidates = null;
-    private ?string $path       = null;
+    /** @see Binary::TYPE_VECTOR introduced in ext-mongodb 2.2 */
+    private const BINARY_TYPE_VECTOR = 9;
+
+    private ?bool $exact            = null;
+    private array|Expr|null $filter = null;
+    private ?string $index          = null;
+    private ?int $limit             = null;
+    private ?int $numCandidates     = null;
+    private ?string $path           = null;
     /** @phpstan-var Vector|null */
     private array|Binary|null $queryVector = null;
 
@@ -50,8 +58,10 @@ public function getExpression(): array
             $params['exact'] = $this->exact;
         }
 
-        if ($this->filter !== null) {
+        if ($this->filter instanceof Expr) {
             $params['filter'] = $this->filter->getQuery();
+        } elseif (is_array($this->filter)) {
+            $params['filter'] = $this->filter;
         }
 
         if ($this->index !== null) {
@@ -84,7 +94,8 @@ public function exact(bool $exact): static
         return $this;
     }
 
-    public function filter(Expr $filter): static
+    /** @phpstan-param array<string, mixed>|Expr $filter */
+    public function filter(array|Expr $filter): static
     {
         $this->filter = $filter;
 
@@ -122,6 +133,18 @@ public function path(string $path): static
     /** @phpstan-param Vector $queryVector */
     public function queryVector(array|Binary $queryVector): static
     {
+        if ($queryVector === []) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Query vector cannot be an empty array.');
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($queryVector) && ! array_is_list($queryVector)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Query vector must be a list of numbers, got an associative array.');
+        }
+
+        if ($queryVector instanceof Binary && $queryVector->getType() !== self::BINARY_TYPE_VECTOR) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(sprintf('Binary query vector must be of type 9 (Vector), got %d.', $queryVector->getType()));
+        }
+
         $this->queryVector = $queryVector;
 
         return $this;
diff --git a/phpstan-baseline.neon b/phpstan-baseline.neon
index e39430ff4..b123bec67 100644
--- a/phpstan-baseline.neon
+++ b/phpstan-baseline.neon
@@ -330,6 +330,12 @@ parameters:
 			count: 1
 			path: lib/Doctrine/ODM/MongoDB/Aggregation/Stage/UnionWith.php
 
+		-
+			message: '#^Property Doctrine\\ODM\\MongoDB\\Aggregation\\Stage\\VectorSearch\:\:\$filter type has no value type specified in iterable type array\.$#'
+			identifier: missingType.iterableValue
+			count: 1
+			path: lib/Doctrine/ODM/MongoDB/Aggregation/Stage/VectorSearch.php
+
 		-
 			message: '#^Return type \(Doctrine\\ODM\\MongoDB\\Mapping\\ClassMetadataFactoryInterface\) of method Doctrine\\ODM\\MongoDB\\DocumentManager\:\:getMetadataFactory\(\) should be compatible with return type \(Doctrine\\Persistence\\Mapping\\ClassMetadataFactory\<Doctrine\\Persistence\\Mapping\\ClassMetadata\<object\>\>\) of method Doctrine\\Persistence\\ObjectManager\:\:getMetadataFactory\(\)$#'
 			identifier: method.childReturnType
diff --git a/tests/Doctrine/ODM/MongoDB/Tests/Aggregation/Stage/VectorSearchTest.php b/tests/Doctrine/ODM/MongoDB/Tests/Aggregation/Stage/VectorSearchTest.php
index e17d75428..314296d57 100644
--- a/tests/Doctrine/ODM/MongoDB/Tests/Aggregation/Stage/VectorSearchTest.php
+++ b/tests/Doctrine/ODM/MongoDB/Tests/Aggregation/Stage/VectorSearchTest.php
@@ -10,8 +10,10 @@
 use Doctrine\ODM\MongoDB\Tests\BaseTestCase;
 use Documents\User;
 use Documents\VectorEmbedding;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
 use MongoDB\BSON\Binary;
 use MongoDB\BSON\VectorType;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\TestWith;
 
 use function enum_exists;
 
@@ -27,12 +29,19 @@ public function testEmptyStage(): void
 
     public function testExact(): void
     {
-        [$stage, $builder] = $this->createVectorSearchStage();
+        [$stage] = $this->createVectorSearchStage();
         $stage->exact(true);
         self::assertSame(['$vectorSearch' => ['exact' => true]], $stage->getExpression());
     }
 
-    public function testFilter(): void
+    public function testFilterArray(): void
+    {
+        [$stage] = $this->createVectorSearchStage();
+        $stage->filter(['status' => ['$ne' => 'inactive']]);
+        self::assertSame(['$vectorSearch' => ['filter' => ['status' => ['$ne' => 'inactive']]]], $stage->getExpression());
+    }
+
+    public function testFilterExpr(): void
     {
         [$stage, $builder] = $this->createVectorSearchStage();
         $stage->filter($builder->matchExpr()->field('status')->notEqual('inactive'));
@@ -97,6 +106,17 @@ public function testQueryVectorAcceptsBinary(): void
         self::assertSame(['$vectorSearch' => ['queryVector' => $binaryVector]], $stage->getExpression());
     }
 
+    #[TestWith([new Binary("\x03\x00\x01\x02\x03", Binary::TYPE_GENERIC), 'Binary query vector must be of type 9 (Vector), got 0.'])]
+    #[TestWith([[1 => 1, 2 => 3], 'Query vector must be a list of numbers, got an associative array.'])]
+    #[TestWith([[], 'Query vector cannot be an empty array.'])]
+    public function testQueryVectorInvalidType(mixed $queryVector, string $message): void
+    {
+        [$stage] = $this->createVectorSearchStage();
+        $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage($message);
+        $stage->queryVector($queryVector);
+    }
+
     public function testChainingAllOptions(): void
     {
         [$stage, $builder] = $this->createVectorSearchStage();