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@article{hothorn_simultaneous_2008,
title = {Simultaneous inference in general parametric models},
volume = {50},
number = {3},
journal = {Biometrical Journal},
author = {Hothorn, Torsten and Bretz, Frank and Westfall, Peter},
year = {2008},
pages = {346–363},
file = {Hothorn et al. - 2008 - Simultaneous inference in general parametric model.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/CSJQBI4G/Hothorn et al. - 2008 - Simultaneous inference in general parametric model.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{dechene_truth_2010,
title = {The Truth About the Truth: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Truth Effect},
volume = {14},
shorttitle = {The Truth About the Truth},
url = {http://psr.sagepub.com/content/14/2/238.abstract},
doi = {10.1177/1088868309352251},
abstract = {Repetition has been shown to increase subjective truth ratings of trivia statements. This truth effect can be measured in two ways: (a) as the increase in subjective truth from the first to the second encounter (within-items criterion) and (b) as the difference in truth ratings between repeated and other new statements (between-items criterion). Qualitative differences are assumed between the processes underlying both criteria. A meta-analysis of the truth effect was conducted that compared the two criteria. In all, 51 studies of the repetition-induced truth effect were included in the analysis. Results indicate that the between-items effect is larger than the within-items effect. Moderator analyses reveal that several moderators affect both effects differentially. This lends support to the notion that different psychological comparison processes may underlie the two effects. The results are discussed within the processing fluency account of the truth effect.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2011-05-25},
journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Review},
author = {Dechêne, Alice and Stahl, Christoph and Hansen, Jochim and Wänke, Michaela},
month = may,
year = {2010},
pages = {238 --257},
file = {Pers Soc Psychol Rev-2010-Dechêne-238-57.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/PCM2W354/Pers Soc Psychol Rev-2010-Dechêne-238-57.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@inproceedings{munnich_longevities_2005,
address = {Mahwah, {NJ}},
title = {The longevities of policy-shifts and memories due to single feedback numbers},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twenty-seventh Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society},
publisher = {Erlbaum},
author = {Munnich, E. L. and Ranney, M. A. and Bachman, M. L. N.},
editor = {Bara, B. G and Barsalou, L. and Bucciarelli, M.},
year = {2005},
keywords = {learning},
pages = {1553–1558},
file = {munnich2005the longevities.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/C8DIXBT4/munnich2005the longevities.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{roediger_test-enhanced_2006,
title = {Test-enhanced learning: Taking memory tests improves long-term retention},
volume = {17},
number = {3},
journal = {Psychological Science},
author = {Roediger, H. L. and Karpicke, J. D},
year = {2006},
keywords = {learning},
pages = {249--255},
file = {Roediger and Karpicke - 2006 - Test-enhanced learning.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/7GCDJUSR/Roediger and Karpicke - 2006 - Test-enhanced learning.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@inproceedings{ranney_designing_2008,
title = {Designing and assessing numeracy training for journalists: Toward improving quantitative reasoning among media consumers},
abstract = {Journalists inform multitudes of people. However, they sometimes over-focus on
the narrative, failing to integrate critical quantitative information effectively. The Numerically
Driven Inferencing ({NDI)} paradigm’s research (e.g., Ranney et al., 2001; Munnich, Ranney,
\& Appel, 2004) suggested that a curricular module highlighting evidential/scientific thinking
might enhance reporters’ quantitative and analytic skills. The resulting controlled experiment
involved 55 first-year journalism graduate students, our {“Numbers}, News, and Evidence”
module, 4.5 classroom hours, 20 homework hours, and several (e.g., Pre-, Mid- and Final-
test) assessments. Post-module findings indicate success: Relative to control data, the
experimental group improved on the main numeracy measures: 1) estimation accuracy and 2)
math competence involving simple problem solving, data analyses, and exponential growth.
Students and faculty both concluded that future students should also receive numeracy
modules. The module apparently influenced students’ attitudes about numerical information,
too. The collective results may benefit journalists, their instructors, and media consumers.},
booktitle = {International Perspectives in the Learning Sciences: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference for the Learning Sciences, Vol. 2},
publisher = {International Society of the Learning Sciences, Inc.},
author = {Ranney, M. A. and Rinne, L. F. and Yarnall, L. and Munnich, E. L. and Miratrix, L. and Schank, P.},
editor = {Kirschner, P. A. and Prins, F. and Jonker, V. and Kanselaar, G.},
year = {2008},
pages = {2246--2253},
file = {RanneyEtAlICLS08Reprint.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/3AUKX49E/RanneyEtAlICLS08Reprint.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{cepeda_optimizing_2009,
title = {Optimizing Distributed Practice},
volume = {56},
number = {4},
journal = {Experimental Psychology},
author = {Cepeda, N. J and Coburn, N. and Rohrer, D. and Wixted, J. T and Mozer, M. C and Pashler, H.},
year = {2009},
pages = {236–246},
file = {cepeda_exppsych_050808.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/RI2P57AQ/cepeda_exppsych_050808.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@inproceedings{munnich_policy_2003,
address = {Mahwah, {NJ}},
title = {Policy shift through Numerically-Driven Inferencing: An {EPIC} experiment about when base rates matter},
shorttitle = {Policy shift through Numerically-Driven Inferencing},
abstract = {Drawing on research areas such as estimation, innumeracy,
attitude, scientific conceptual change, social cognition, and
judgment and decision making, we offer results from a para-
digm we call Numerically-Driven Inferencing (Ranney,
Cheng, Nelson, \& Garcia de Osuna, 2001). {NDI} includes ob-
serving the effects of presenting critical, germane, and credi-
ble base rates that are relevant to social policies; such data, we
found, can catalyze changes in belief systems. Here, 130
college students first estimated quantities relevant to impor-
tant policy issues (e.g., abortion rates), then stated preferences
for these values. They next received the true values as feed-
back, and were again asked for their preferences. This {EPIC}
(Estimate, Prefer, Incorporate-feedback, \& Change-policy)
method helps quantify relationships among one's understand-
ings of base rates and policies. As some have noted, we too
found that people are often poor at estimating base rates.
Going beyond past research, we further found that many are
quite surprised by the true base rates, and readily revise their
numerical preferences after receiving them. Preference
changes seem surprise-mediated and are often actual policy
shifts (which go beyond the mere re-scaling of preferences in
proportion to the feedback). The shifts suggest that conceptual
changes among a network of propositions gave rise to belief
revisions. We also found that abortion rates queried in differ-
ent ways yielded notably different policies and policy
changes. {EPIC} may be used to improve numeracy, so we also
discuss an {NDI} curriculum that engages younger people; it
may allow us to further consider how numerical cognition and
preference co-develop.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society},
publisher = {Erlbaum},
author = {Munnich, E. L. and Ranney, M. A. and Nelson, J. and Garcia de Osuna, J. and Brazil, N.},
editor = {Alterman, R. and Kirsh, D.},
year = {2003},
pages = {834–839},
file = {Munnich et al. - 2003 - Policy shift through Numerically-Driven Inferencin.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/JHQ6V97G/Munnich et al. - 2003 - Policy shift through Numerically-Driven Inferencin.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@inproceedings{garcia_de_osuna_qualitative_2004,
address = {Mahwah, {NJ}},
title = {Qualitative and quantitative effects of surprise: (Mis)estimates, rationales, and feedback-induced preference changes while considering abortion},
shorttitle = {Qualitative and Quantitative Effects of Surprise},
abstract = {The Numerically Driven Inferencing ({NDI)} paradigm, and
one of its methods, {EPIC} (Estimate, Prefer, Incorporate, and
Change), are used to study both one’s estimates and the
effects of numeric feedback on one’s personal policies
(herein, about abortion). Both quantitatively and qualitatively,
92 undergraduates offered estimates and preferences for the
legal {U.S.} abortion rate, explaining and justifying them. After
receiving the (usually, quite surprising) true rate as feedback,
they provided another (typically changed) preference-and-
rationale. Results show that people vastly underestimated the
abortion rate, and largely advocated decreases in it––both pre-
and post-feedback. Feedback caused most of those who
initially wanted no change in the abortion rate both to
abandon the status quo and change preference-justifications;
after feedback, two thirds of these students preferred a rate
decrease, while the rest preferred an increase. Although many
researchers hold that belief revision and conceptual change
are quite difficult to elicit, these and other results show
dramatic effects of simple base rate feedback on policy
evaluation. Our findings highlight the importance of having
and using data when reasoning about society-engaging topics
such as abortion rates. This experiment represents a new way
to study numerically-based reasoning that includes the
subjective natures of our personal beliefs and social lives.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society},
publisher = {Erlbaum},
author = {Garcia de Osuna, J. and Ranney, M. A. and Nelson, J.},
editor = {Forbus, K. and Gentner, D. and Regier, T.},
year = {2004},
pages = {422--427},
file = {Garcia de Osuna et al. - 2004 - Qualitative and Quantitative Effects of Surprise(.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/IRT9JTHR/Garcia de Osuna et al. - 2004 - Qualitative and Quantitative Effects of Surprise(.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{clark_assembling_2003,
title = {Assembling and encoding word representations: {fMRI} subsequent memory effects implicate a role for phonological control.},
volume = {41},
issn = {0028-3932},
abstract = {Novel word learning is central to the flexibility inherent in the human language capacity. Word learning may partially depend on long-term memory formation during the assembly of phonological representations from orthographic inputs. In the present study, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging ({fMRI)} examined the contributions of phonological control-a component of the verbal working memory system-to phonological assembly and word learning. Subjects were scanned while making syllable decisions about visually presented familiar (English) and novel (pseudo-English and Foreign) words, a task that required retrieval and analysis of existing phonological codes or the assembly and analysis of novel representations. Results revealed that left inferior prefrontal cortex ({LIPC)} and bilateral parietal cortices were differentially engaged during the processing of novel words, suggesting that this circuit is recruited during phonological assembly. A subsequent memory analysis that examined the relation between {fMRI} signal and the subject's ability to later remember the words (a measure of effective memory formation) revealed that the magnitude of activation in {LIPC}, bilateral superior parietal, and left inferior parietal cortices was positively correlated with later memory. Moreover, although the magnitude of the subsequent memory effect in parietal cortex was not significantly affected by word type, this effect was greater in posterior {LIPC} for novel (pseudo-English) than for familiar (English) words. In the course of subserving the assembly of novel word representations, the phonological (articulatory) control component of the phonological system appears to play a central role in the encoding of novel words into long-term memory.},
number = {3},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
author = {Clark, D. and Wagner, A. D.},
year = {2003},
keywords = {davclark, learning},
pages = {304–317},
file = {Clark and Wagner - 2003 - Assembling and encoding word representations fMRI.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/5BHI36C8/Clark and Wagner - 2003 - Assembling and encoding word representations fMRI.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{chi_commonsense_2005,
title = {Commonsense conceptions of emergent processes: Why some misconceptions are robust},
volume = {14},
shorttitle = {Commonsense conceptions of emergent processes},
number = {2},
journal = {The Journal of the Learning Sciences},
author = {Chi, M. T. H.},
year = {2005},
pages = {161–199},
file = {Chi - 2005 - Commonsense conceptions of emergent processes Why.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/3FNACMI2/Chi - 2005 - Commonsense conceptions of emergent processes Why.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{robertson_creation_2009,
title = {From Creation to Consolidation: A Novel Framework for Memory Processing},
volume = {7},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.1000019},
number = {1},
journal = {{PLoS} Biology},
author = {Robertson, Edwin M},
month = jan,
year = {2009},
keywords = {big-theory, consolidation, learning, motor, sequence, sleep},
pages = {e1000019},
file = {robertson2009from.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/P9EVQX47/robertson2009from.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{kahneman_perspective_2003,
title = {A perspective on judgment and choice: Mapping bounded rationality.},
volume = {58},
shorttitle = {A perspective on judgment and choice},
number = {9},
journal = {American psychologist},
author = {Kahneman, D.},
year = {2003},
pages = {697},
file = {Kahneman_03.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/J7UXEX3N/Kahneman_03.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@book{thagard_hot_2006,
title = {Hot thought: Mechanisms and applications of emotional cognition},
isbn = {{026220164X}},
shorttitle = {Hot Thought},
publisher = {The {MIT} Press},
author = {Thagard, Paul},
year = {2006}
},
@article{nadel_memory_1997,
title = {Memory consolidation, retrograde amnesia and the hippocampal complex},
volume = {7},
number = {2},
journal = {Current Opinion in Neurobiology},
author = {Nadel, L. and Moscovitch, M.},
year = {1997},
pages = {217–227}
},
@article{kang_wick_2009,
title = {The wick in the candle of learning: Epistemic curiosity activates reward circuitry and enhances memory},
volume = {20},
shorttitle = {The Wick in the Candle of Learning},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02402.x},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02402.x},
abstract = {{ABSTRACT2014Curiosity} has been described as a desire for learning and knowledge, but its underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We scanned subjects with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they read trivia questions. The level of curiosity when reading questions was correlated with activity in caudate regions previously suggested to be involved in anticipated reward. This finding led to a behavioral study, which showed that subjects spent more scarce resources (either limited tokens or waiting time) to find out answers when they were more curious. The functional imaging also showed that curiosity increased activity in memory areas when subjects guessed incorrectly, which suggests that curiosity may enhance memory for surprising new information. This prediction about memory enhancement was confirmed in a behavioral study: Higher curiosity in an initial session was correlated with better recall of surprising answers 1 to 2 weeks later.},
number = {8},
urldate = {2009-10-08},
journal = {Psychological Science},
author = {Kang, Min Jeong and Hsu, Ming and Krajbich, Ian M. and Loewenstein, George and {McClure}, Samuel M. and Wang, Joseph Tao-yi and Camerer, Colin F.},
year = {2009},
pages = {963--973},
file = {Kang et al. - 2009 - The Wick in the Candle of Learning Epistemic Curi.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/PH2BXSMW/Kang et al. - 2009 - The Wick in the Candle of Learning Epistemic Curi.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{siegler_unconscious_2000,
title = {Unconscious insights},
volume = {9},
journal = {Current Directions in Psychological Science},
author = {Siegler, Robert S.},
year = {2000},
pages = {79--83},
file = {Siegler - 2000 - Unconscious insights.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/VSFA6JGD/Siegler - 2000 - Unconscious insights.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{tse_schemas_2007,
title = {Schemas and memory consolidation},
volume = {316},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/316/5821/76},
doi = {10.1126/science.1135935},
abstract = {Memory encoding occurs rapidly, but the consolidation of memory in the neocortex has long been held to be a more gradual process. We now report, however, that systems consolidation can occur extremely quickly if an associative "schema" into which new information is incorporated has previously been created. In experiments using a hippocampal-dependent paired-associate task for rats, the memory of flavor-place associations became persistent over time as a putative neocortical schema gradually developed. New traces, trained for only one trial, then became assimilated and rapidly hippocampal-independent. Schemas also played a causal role in the creation of lasting associative memory representations during one-trial learning. The concept of neocortical schemas may unite psychological accounts of knowledge structures with neurobiological theories of systems memory consolidation.},
number = {5821},
urldate = {2009-11-01},
journal = {Science},
author = {Tse, Dorothy and Langston, Rosamund F. and Kakeyama, Masaki and Bethus, Ingrid and Spooner, Patrick A. and Wood, Emma R. and Witter, Menno P. and Morris, Richard G. M.},
month = apr,
year = {2007},
pages = {76--82},
file = {Tse et al. - 2007 - Schemas and Memory Consolidation.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/VGREBWEQ/Tse et al. - 2007 - Schemas and Memory Consolidation.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{disessa_what_1998,
title = {What changes in conceptual change?},
volume = {20},
number = {10},
journal = {International Journal of Science Education},
author = {{diSessa}, A. A. and Sherin, B. L.},
year = {1998},
pages = {1155–1191},
file = {diSessa and Sherin - 1998 - What changes in conceptual change.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/AFPUIVS2/diSessa and Sherin - 1998 - What changes in conceptual change.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{knowlton_relationship_1998,
title = {The relationship between remembering and knowing: A cognitive neuroscience perspective.},
volume = {98},
issn = {0001-6918},
shorttitle = {The relationship between remembering and knowing},
number = {2-3},
journal = {Acta psychologica},
author = {Knowlton, Barbara J.},
year = {1998},
pages = {253--265},
file = {knowlton1998the relationship.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/RUT3JTGS/knowlton1998the relationship.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@book{r_development_core_team_r:_2009,
address = {Vienna, Austria},
title = {R: A language and environment for statistical computing},
url = {http://www.R-project.org},
author = {{R Development Core Team}},
year = {2009},
note = {{ISBN} 3-900051-07-0}
},
@incollection{petty_elaboration_1999,
title = {The Elaboration Likelihood Model: Current Status and Controversies},
booktitle = {Dual Process Theories in Social Psychology},
publisher = {Guilford Press},
author = {Petty, Richard and Wegener, Duane},
editor = {Chaiken, Shelly and Trope, Yaacov},
year = {1999},
file = {ELM.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/NJMADWHG/ELM.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{mazzoni_implicit_2006,
title = {An Implicit Plan Overrides an Explicit Strategy during Visuomotor Adaptation},
volume = {26},
doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5317-05.2006},
abstract = {The relationship between implicit and explicit processes during motor learning, and for visuomotor adaptation in particular, is poorly understood. We set up a conflict between implicit and explicit processes by instructing subjects to counter a visuomotor rotation using a cognitive strategy in a pointing task. Specifically, they were told the exact nature of the directional perturbation, a rotation that directed them 45degrees counterclockwise from the desired target, and they were instructed to counter it by aiming for the neighboring clockwise target, 45degrees away. Subjects were initially successful in completely negating the rotation with this strategy. Surprisingly, however, they were unable to sustain explicit control and made increasingly large errors to the desired target. The cognitive strategy failed because subjects simultaneously adapted unconsciously to the rotation to the neighboring target. Notably, the rate of implicit adaptation to the neighboring target was not significantly different from rotation adaptation in the absence of an opposing explicit strategy. These results indicate that explicit strategies cannot substitute for implicit adaptation to a visuomotor rotation and are in fact overridden by the motor planning system. This suggests that the motor system requires that planned and executed trajectories remain congruous in visual space, and enforces this correspondence even at the expense of an opposing explicit task goal. {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5317-05.2006}},
number = {14},
journal = {J. Neurosci.},
author = {Mazzoni, Pietro and Krakauer, John W},
month = apr,
year = {2006},
keywords = {consciousness, motor, movement},
pages = {3642–3645},
file = {Mazzoni and Krakauer - 2006 - An Implicit Plan Overrides an Explicit Strategy du.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/N9UUVG36/Mazzoni and Krakauer - 2006 - An Implicit Plan Overrides an Explicit Strategy du.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@misc{ranney_numerically_2001,
address = {Orlando, {FL}},
type = {paper},
title = {Numerically Driven Inferencing: A new paradigm for examining judgments, decisions, and policies involving base rates},
shorttitle = {Numerically driven inferencing},
author = {Ranney, M. A. and Cheng, F. and Garcia de Osuna, J. and Nelson, J.},
year = {2001}
},
@incollection{prochaska_toward_1986,
title = {Toward a Comprehensive Model of Change},
isbn = {9780306458521},
booktitle = {Treating Addictive Behaviors},
publisher = {Plenum Publishing},
author = {Prochaska, James and {DiClemente}, Carlo},
editor = {Miller, William R. and Heather, Nick},
year = {1986},
file = {TTM_intro.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/TMXV6I23/TTM_intro.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@techreport{leiserowitz_climate_2010,
address = {Yale University and George Mason University. New Haven, {CT}},
title = {Climate change in the American mind: Americans’ global warming beliefs and attitudes in January 2010},
shorttitle = {Climate change in the American Mind},
url = {http://environment.yale.edu/uploads/AmericansGlobalWarmingBeliefs2010.pdf},
institution = {Yale Project on Climate Change},
author = {Leiserowitz, A. and Maibach, E. and Roser-Renouf, C.},
year = {2010},
file = {Leiserowitz et al. - 2010 - Climate change in the American Mind Americans’ gl.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/K4K2IJTV/Leiserowitz et al. - 2010 - Climate change in the American Mind Americans’ gl.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@incollection{velmans_preconscious_2007,
title = {Preconscious processing},
isbn = {1405160004},
booktitle = {The blackwell companion to consciousness},
publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
author = {Merikle, Phil},
editor = {Velmans, Max and Schneider, Susan},
month = jan,
year = {2007}
},
@incollection{ranney_accepting_2011,
address = {New York},
title = {Accepting evolution or creation in people, critters, plants, and classrooms: The maelstrom of American cognition about biological change},
shorttitle = {Accepting evolution or creation in people, critters, plants, and classrooms},
booktitle = {Epistemology, and science education: Understanding the evolution vs. intelligent design controversy},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Ranney, M. A. and Thanukos, A.},
editor = {Taylor, R. S. and Ferrari, M.},
year = {2011},
pages = {143--172},
file = {RanneyThanukosEvolChapNew.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/WSDPZJ8F/RanneyThanukosEvolChapNew.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@inproceedings{rinne_estimation_2006,
address = {Mahwah, {NJ}},
title = {Estimation as a catalyst for numeracy: Micro-interventions that increase the use of numerical information in decision-making},
shorttitle = {Estimation as a catalyst for numeracy},
abstract = {The utilization of available numerical information represents an important aspect of
numeracy. Accordingly, we seek to develop decision-making scaffolds that increase the
incorporation of numerical information into preferences. Two experiments contrast five techniques
for presenting students with numerical information and prompting them to make decisions related
to that information. The techniques are based on a method called {EPIC} (Estimate, Prefer,
Incorporate feedback, and Change preference) from the Numerically-Driven Inferencing ({NDI)}
paradigm. Results regarding post-feedback preferences indicate that having students estimate a
quantity’s value beforehand increases the impact on preferences when the quantity’s true value is
presented. However, having students state initial preferences does not yield an analogous effect.
An attractive explanation for the estimation effect is that estimating diminishes hindsight bias,
making information that diverges from expectations more surprising. Variants of the {EPIC} method
may serve as “micro-interventions” that increase the impact of numerical data on preferences.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the seventh international conference on Learning sciences},
publisher = {Erlbaum},
author = {Rinne, L. F. and Ranney, M. A. and Lurie, N. H.},
editor = {Barab, S. and Hay, K. and Hickey, D.},
year = {2006},
pages = {571--577},
file = {RinneRanneyLurieReprint.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/6D94IQRT/RinneRanneyLurieReprint.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{boroditsky_does_2001,
title = {Does Language Shape Thought?: Mandarin and English Speakers' Conceptions of Time},
volume = {43},
shorttitle = {Does Language Shape Thought?},
number = {1},
journal = {Cognitive psychology},
author = {Boroditsky, L.},
year = {2001},
pages = {1–22}
},
@article{casasanto_embodiment_2009,
title = {Embodiment of abstract concepts: Good and bad in right-and left-handers.},
volume = {138},
shorttitle = {Embodiment of abstract concepts},
number = {3},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: General},
author = {Casasanto, D.},
year = {2009},
pages = {351},
file = {Casasanto_2009_jepg.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/3A5AA67M/Casasanto_2009_jepg.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{lord_biased_1979,
title = {Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence},
volume = {37},
shorttitle = {Biased assimilation and attitude polarization},
number = {11},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
author = {Lord, C. G and Ross, L. and Lepper, M. R},
year = {1979},
pages = {2098–2109},
file = {Lord et al. - 1979 - Biased assimilation and attitude polarization The.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/RJ8M2C3I/Lord et al. - 1979 - Biased assimilation and attitude polarization The.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{preston_science_2009,
title = {Science and God: An automatic opposition between ultimate explanations},
volume = {45},
issn = {0022-1031},
shorttitle = {Science and God},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WJB-4T8HHM4-1/2/480127c4b4f44e995bbec60a30a00566},
doi = {10.1016/j.jesp.2008.07.013},
abstract = {Science and religion have come into conflict repeatedly throughout history, and one simple reason for this is the two offer competing explanations for many of the same phenomena. We present evidence that the conflict between these two concepts can occur automatically, such that increasing the perceived value of one decreases the automatic evaluation of the other. In Experiment 1, scientific theories described as poor explanations decreased automatic evaluations of science, but simultaneously increased automatic evaluations of God. In Experiment 2, using God as an explanation increased automatic evaluations of God, but decreased automatic evaluations of science. Religion and science both have the potential to be ultimate explanations, and these findings suggest that this competition for explanatory space can create an automatic opposition in evaluations.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2011-05-18},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
author = {Preston, Jesse and Epley, Nicholas},
month = jan,
year = {2009},
pages = {238--241},
file = {Preston and Epley - 2009 - Science and God An automatic opposition between u.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/AVQDGE3K/Preston and Epley - 2009 - Science and God An automatic opposition between u.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@inproceedings{munnich_numerically-driven_2004,
address = {Mahwah, {NJ}},
title = {Numerically-Driven Inferencing in instruction: The relatively broad transfer of estimation skills},
shorttitle = {Numerically-Driven Inferencing in instruction},
abstract = {Drawing on research areas such as estimation, innumeracy,
attitude, scientific conceptual change, social cognition, and
judgment and decision making, we offer results from a para-
digm we call Numerically-Driven Inferencing (Ranney,
Cheng, Nelson, \& Garcia de Osuna, 2001). {NDI} includes ob-
serving the effects of presenting critical, germane, and credi-
ble base rates that are relevant to social policies; such data, we
found, can catalyze changes in belief systems. Here, 130
college students first estimated quantities relevant to impor-
tant policy issues (e.g., abortion rates), then stated preferences
for these values. They next received the true values as feed-
back, and were again asked for their preferences. This {EPIC}
(Estimate, Prefer, Incorporate-feedback, \& Change-policy)
method helps quantify relationships among one's understand-
ings of base rates and policies. As some have noted, we too
found that people are often poor at estimating base rates.
Going beyond past research, we further found that many are
quite surprised by the true base rates, and readily revise their
numerical preferences after receiving them. Preference
changes seem surprise-mediated and are often actual policy
shifts (which go beyond the mere re-scaling of preferences in
proportion to the feedback). The shifts suggest that conceptual
changes among a network of propositions gave rise to belief
revisions. We also found that abortion rates queried in differ-
ent ways yielded notably different policies and policy
changes. {EPIC} may be used to improve numeracy, so we also
discuss an {NDI} curriculum that engages younger people; it
may allow us to further consider how numerical cognition and
preference co-develop.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society},
publisher = {Erlbaum},
author = {Munnich, E. L. and Ranney, M. A. and Appel, D. M.},
editor = {Forbus, K. and Gentner, D. and Regier, T.},
year = {2004},
pages = {987–992},
file = {MunnichRanneyApReprint.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/DM8FV7H7/MunnichRanneyApReprint.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{straw_vision_2008,
title = {Vision egg: An open-source library for realtime visual stimulus generation.},
volume = {2},
issn = {1662-5196},
doi = {10.3389/neuro.11.004.2008},
abstract = {Modern computer hardware makes it possible to produce visual stimuli in ways not previously possible. Arbitrary scenes, from traditional sinusoidal gratings to naturalistic {3D} scenes can now be specified on a frame-by-frame basis in realtime. A programming library called the Vision Egg that aims to make it easy to take advantage of these innovations. The Vision Egg is a free, open-source library making use of {OpenGL} and written in the high-level language Python with extensions in C. Careful attention has been paid to the issues of luminance and temporal calibration, and several interfacing techniques to input devices such as mice, movement tracking systems, and digital triggers are discussed. Together, these make the Vision Egg suitable for many psychophysical, electrophysiological, and behavioral experiments. This software is available for free download at visionegg.org.},
journal = {Frontiers in neuroinformatics},
author = {Straw, A. D},
year = {2008},
keywords = {methods}
},
@article{davachi_multiple_2003,
title = {Multiple routes to memory: Distinct medial temporal lobe processes build item and source memories},
volume = {100},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0337195100},
abstract = {A central function of memory is to permit an organism to distinguish between stimuli that have been previously encountered and those that are novel. Although the medial temporal lobe (which includes the hippocampus and surrounding perirhinal, parahippocampal, and entorhinal cortices) is known to be crucial for recognition memory, controversy remains regarding how the specific subregions within the medial temporal lobe contribute to recognition. We used event-related functional {MRI} to examine the relation between activation in distinct medial temporal lobe subregions during memory formation and the ability (i) to later recognize an item as previously encountered (item recognition) and (ii) to later recollect specific contextual details about the prior encounter (source recollection). Encoding activation in hippocampus and in posterior parahippocampal cortex predicted later source recollection, but was uncorrelated with item recognition. In contrast, encoding activation in perirhinal cortex predicted later item recognition, but not subsequent source recollection. These outcomes suggest that the subregions within the medial temporal lobe subserve distinct, but complementary, learning mechanisms.},
number = {4},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
author = {Davachi, Lila and Mitchell, Jason P and Wagner, Anthony D},
year = {2003},
keywords = {fmri, learning},
pages = {2157–2162},
file = {Davachi et al. - 2003 - Multiple routes to memory Distinct medial tempora.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/PHTFPVCR/Davachi et al. - 2003 - Multiple routes to memory Distinct medial tempora.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@inproceedings{munnich_surprise_2007,
address = {Mahwah, {NJ}},
title = {Surprise, surprise: The role of surprising numerical feedback in belief change},
shorttitle = {Surprise, Surprise},
abstract = {What percentage of {U.S.} residents is incarcerated? If you now
learned the amount and it surprised you, would it be more
memorable than if it were not surprising? Our past research
documented conceptual changes related to policy issues when
one receives a single, critical number. In the present study,
Experiment 1 uses a Numerically-Driven Inferencing ({NDI)}
paradigm method in which participants estimated policy-
relevant quantities, learned the true quantities, and rated their
surprise regarding that feedback. When asked to recall the
quantities either eight or 84 days post-feedback, participants
improved the most over their original estimates on items that
surprised them the most. In Experiment 2, we found that a
measure of prospective surprise (“shock”; Ranney, Cheng,
Nelson, \& Garcia de Osuna, 2001)—derived from an interval
in which participants believed the number fell, and
participants’ confidence that the number fell in that interval—
reliably predicted retrospective surprise ratings like those in
Experiment 1. We conclude that surprise is a rather stable
construct about which people have considerable
metacognition. Future work in this area may suggest how
leaders, voters, and consumers can best employ their
emotional responses to numbers and enhance cognitive
strategies that help shape effective policies.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the twenty-ninth annual conference of the cognitive science society},
publisher = {Erlbaum},
author = {Munnich, E. L. and Ranney, M. A. and Song, M.},
editor = {{McNamara}, D. S. and Trafton, G.},
year = {2007},
pages = {503–508},
file = {Munnich et al. - 2007 - Surprise, Surprise The Role of Surprising Numeric.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/TT4SZVTS/Munnich et al. - 2007 - Surprise, Surprise The Role of Surprising Numeric.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@incollection{montano_theory_2008,
title = {Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Integrated Behavioral Model},
booktitle = {Health Behavior and Health Education},
publisher = {Jossey Bass},
author = {Montaño, Daniel E. and Kasprzyk, Danuta},
editor = {Glanz, Karen and Rimer, Barbara K. and Viswanath, K.},
year = {2008},
file = {TRA_TPB.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/DM5T5PZS/TRA_TPB.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{roggeveen_perceived_2002,
title = {Perceived Source Variability Versus Familiarity: Testing Competing Explanations for the Truth Effect.},
volume = {12},
shorttitle = {Perceived Source Variability Versus Familiarity},
doi = {10.1207/153276602760078622},
abstract = {This article tests 2 competing explanations for the truth effect, the finding that repeated statements are believed more than new statements. Previous research has put forth 2 explanations for this effect—subjective familiarity and perceived source variability. The subjective familiarity explanation holds that repeated statements feel more familiar and are therefore believed more than new statements. This explanation has received strong support in the literature. The source variability explanation holds that people attribute repeated statements to different sources; this belief, that multiple sources endorse the statement, increases belief in repeated statements relative to new statements attributed to a single source. However, previous studies testing this explanation have confounded source variability with source credibility. This research aims to tease apart the effects of subjective familiarity and source variability while holding source credibility constant across conditions. Results of the first 2 experiments manipulating number of sources and measuring recognition implicate subjective familiarity rather than perceived source variability as the mechanism underlying the truth effect. However, the third study demonstrates that source variability does enhance belief in repeated statements that are initially perceived as low in plausibility. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [{ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]}},
number = {2},
journal = {Journal of Consumer Psychology (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates)},
author = {Roggeveen, Anne L. and Johar, Gita Venkataramani},
month = mar,
year = {2002},
pages = {81--91},
file = {Truth_Effect_JCP_Paper02.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/AJ9J3963/Truth_Effect_JCP_Paper02.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{roesch_modelling_1999,
title = {Modelling the Direct and Indirect Effects of Positive Emotional and Cognitive Traits and States on Social Judgements},
volume = {13},
issn = {0269-9931},
doi = {10.1080/026999399379230},
number = {4},
journal = {Cognition \& Emotion},
author = {Roesch, Scott C.},
year = {1999},
pages = {387},
file = {Modelling the Direct and Indirect Effects of Positive Emotional and Cognitive Traits and States on Social Judgements:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/8CQT5DNX/Roesch - 1999 - Modelling the Direct and Indirect Effects of Posit.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{cook_taking_2004,
title = {The Taking of a Position: A Reinterpretation of the Elaboration Likelihood Model},
volume = {34},
issn = {1468-5914},
shorttitle = {The Taking of a Position},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-5914.2004.00252.x/abstract},
doi = {10.1111/j.1468-5914.2004.00252.x},
abstract = {This article explains how data associated with attitude change and persuasion in mainstream psychology and social psychology can be reinterpreted as evidence of the agentive ability of taking a position. A critical review is made of the elaboration likelihood model and a position model is adapted from positioning theory. The postulates of the elaboration likelihood model are then subjected to critical scrutiny by means of comparison with our position model. In this way regularities associated with attitude change and persuasion are interpreted as evidence of a deliberative process, involving negotiation and the use of supporting and opposing arguments. We present this as evidence of the commonly held agentive ability to position oneself and anticipate the positions of others.},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2011-05-25},
journal = {Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour},
author = {Cook, Andrew J. and Moore, Kevin and Steel, Gary D.},
month = dec,
year = {2004},
keywords = {{ELM}},
pages = {315--331},
file = {COOK et al. - 2004 - The Taking of a Position A Reinterpretation of th.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/E27P2X73/COOK et al. - 2004 - The Taking of a Position A Reinterpretation of th.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{berger_second_2011,
title = {Second Thoughts, Second Feelings: Attenuating the Impact of Threatening Narratives Through Rational Reappraisal},
volume = {38},
shorttitle = {Second Thoughts, Second Feelings},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/content/38/1/3.abstract},
doi = {10.1177/0093650210377986},
abstract = {Two experiments tested hypotheses, derived from dual-process theory frameworks, concerning the attenuating effects of analytic system activation on emotion and cognitive judgments made after exposure to threatening narratives. In Experiment 1, after reading an emotionally intense news story, those whose rational system was activated by evaluating the story’s probative value reported less intense emotions than those whose rational system was not so activated. Reporting emotional responses to the story before or after making probative value judgments had no effect on the probative value judgments. In Experiment 2, rationally activated individuals reported less intense emotions than those who were activated experientially by listing emotions experienced by the story’s victim. Rational system activation also significantly reduced estimates of the problem’s seriousness and victimization risk relative to both those who were experientially activated and those who were not explicitly activated. The asymmetrical impact of the rational and experiential systems on affective and cognitive judgments is discussed in terms of the dynamic interaction between the two processing systems.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2011-05-25},
journal = {Communication Research},
author = {Berger, Charles R. and Key Jung Lee},
month = feb,
year = {2011},
pages = {3 --26},
file = {Communication Research-2011-Berger-3-26.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/5GVHTQPZ/Communication Research-2011-Berger-3-26.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{fridkin_dimensions_2008,
title = {The Dimensions of Negative Messages},
volume = {36},
url = {http://apr.sagepub.com/content/36/5/694.abstract},
doi = {10.1177/1532673X08316448},
abstract = {Candidates and campaign strategists believe that negative campaigning works—negative messages depress citizen's evaluations of targeted candidates. However, scholars have been unable to validate consistently the claims of practitioners. To better understand how negative campaigning influences the electorate, it is necessary to consider the relevance and civility of negative messages. In particular, do citizens make distinctions concerning the relevance and civility of campaign messages? If so, do citizens' views about the relevance and civility of negative messages influence how they evaluate candidates? We rely on an experimental research design embedded in a public opinion survey to examine people's reactions to negative commercials. Based on a national survey of nearly 700 respondents, we find citizens differentiate between negative advertisements in meaningful and consistent ways. Furthermore, the civility and relevance of the negative commercials significantly influences people's evaluations of the targeted candidates in several ways, including trait, affect, and issue evaluations.},
number = {5},
urldate = {2011-05-25},
journal = {American Politics Research},
author = {Fridkin, Kim L. and Kenney, Patrick J.},
year = {2008},
pages = {694 --723},
file = {American Politics Research-2008-Fridkin-694-723.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/J5PJQHCP/American Politics Research-2008-Fridkin-694-723.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{shtulman_confidence_????,
title = {Confidence without Competence in the Evaluation of Scientific Claims},
volume = {95},
number = {6.3},
journal = {Evolution},
author = {Shtulman, A.},
pages = {4–7},
file = {Shtulman - Confidence without Competence in the Evaluation of.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/MT2KDNTG/Shtulman - Confidence without Competence in the Evaluation of.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{weber_what_2010,
title = {What shapes perceptions of climate change?},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/wcc.41},
doi = {10.1002/wcc.41},
urldate = {2011-09-12},
journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change},
author = {Weber, Elke U.},
year = {2010},
pages = {332--342},
file = {Weber - 2010 - What shapes perceptions of climate change.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/SMC89B49/Weber - 2010 - What shapes perceptions of climate change.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@misc{wolfram_alpha_llc_wolfram|alpha_2011,
title = {Wolfram{\textbar}Alpha},
url = {http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=us+faith},
urldate = {2011-09-22},
author = {{Wolfram Alpha {LLC}}},
year = {2011}
},
@article{farrelly_evidence_2005,
title = {Evidence of a Dose--Response Relationship Between "truth" Antismoking Ads and Youth Smoking Prevalence},
volume = {95},
url = {http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/95/3/425},
doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2004.049692},
abstract = {Objectives. In early 2000, the American Legacy Foundation launched the national "truth" campaign, the first national antismoking campaign to discourage tobacco use among youths. We studied the impact of the campaign on national smoking rates among {US} youths (students in grades 8, 10, and 12). Methods. We used data from the Monitoring the Future survey in a pre/post quasi-experimental design to relate trends in youth smoking prevalence to varied doses of the "truth" campaign in a national sample of approximately 50000 students in grades 8, 10, and 12, surveyed each spring from 1997 through 2002. Results. Findings indicate that the campaign accounted for a significant portion of the recent decline in youth smoking prevalence. We found that smoking prevalence among all students declined from 25.3\% to 18.0\% between 1999 and 2002 and that the campaign accounted for approximately 22\% of this decline. Conclusions. This study showed that the campaign was associated with substantial declines in youth smoking and has accelerated recent declines in youth smoking prevalence.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2011-10-03},
journal = {Am J Public Health},
author = {Farrelly, Matthew C. and Davis, Kevin C. and Haviland, M. Lyndon and Messeri, Peter and Healton, Cheryl G.},
month = mar,
year = {2005},
pages = {425--431},
file = {Farrelly et al. - 2005 - Evidence of a Dose--Response Relationship Between .pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/8KZTNGUW/Farrelly et al. - 2005 - Evidence of a Dose--Response Relationship Between .pdf:application/pdf}
},
@phdthesis{nelson_criminal_2007,
type = {Doctoral dissertation},
title = {Criminal Justice Beliefs: Cognition, Emotion and Polarization in Punishment and Rehabilitation Decisions},
school = {University of California, Berkeley},
author = {Nelson, J.},
year = {2007},
file = {Nelson_Dissertation_ECJB_may14th.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/79DCM3J2/Nelson_Dissertation_ECJB_may14th.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@book{nersessian_creating_2008,
title = {Creating scientific concepts},
publisher = {The {MIT} Press},
author = {Nersessian, {N.J.}},
year = {2008},
file = {Google Scholar Linked Page:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/GRXIITDS/books.html:text/html}
},
@incollection{ranney_why_2012,
address = {Oxford},
title = {Why don’t Americans accept evolution as much as people in peer nations do? A theory (Reinforced Theistic Manifest Destiny) and some pertinent evidence.},
booktitle = {Evolution challenges: Integrating research and practice in teaching and learning about evolution},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
author = {Ranney, M. A.},
editor = {Rosengren, K. and Evans, M. and Sinatra, G. and Brem, S.},
year = {2012},
pages = {233--269},
file = {RanneyChapterRTMD.forSarahBrem2011.doc:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/3A7NFFWW/RanneyChapterRTMD.forSarahBrem2011.doc:application/msword}
},
@book{sloman_causal_2009,
edition = {1},
title = {Causal Models: How People Think About the World and Its Alternatives},
isbn = {0195394291},
shorttitle = {Causal Models},
publisher = {Oxford University Press, {USA}},
author = {Sloman, Steven},
month = apr,
year = {2009}
},
@article{williams_explanation_????,
title = {Explanation Constrains Learning, and Prior Knowledge Constrains Explanation},
author = {Williams, J. J. and Lombrozo, T.},
file = {EPK-09-20-2011-v6.docx:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/QFQ4HNXB/EPK-09-20-2011-v6.docx:application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text}
},
@inproceedings{metz_scaffolding_2010,
title = {Scaffolding children's understanding of the fit between organisms and their environment in the context of the practices of science},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th International Conference of the Learning Sciences-Volume 1},
author = {Metz, {K.E.}},
year = {2010},
keywords = {evolution},
pages = {396–403},
file = {Metz - 2010 - Scaffolding children's understanding of the fit be.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/G788T2RR/Metz - 2010 - Scaffolding children's understanding of the fit be.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@book{harte_cool_2008,
title = {Cool the Earth, Save the Economy: Solving the Climate Crisis Is {EASY}},
url = {http://www.cooltheearth.us/},
author = {Harte, John and Harte, Mary Ellen},
year = {2008},
file = {Harte and Harte - 2008 - Cool the Earth, Save the Economy Solving the Clim.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/ZFX86VWG/Harte and Harte - 2008 - Cool the Earth, Save the Economy Solving the Clim.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{kahan_tragedy_2011,
title = {The Tragedy of the Risk-Perception Commons: Culture Conflict, Rationality Conflict, and Climate Change},
shorttitle = {The Tragedy of the Risk-Perception Commons},
url = {http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1871503},
abstract = {The conventional explanation for controversy over climate change emphasizes impediments to public understanding: Limited popular knowledge of science, the inability of ordinary citizens to assess technical information, and the resulting widespread use of unreliable cognitive heuristics to assess risk. A large survey of {U.S.} adults (N = 1540) found little support for this account. On the whole, the most scientifically literate and numerate subjects were slightly less likely, not more, to see climate change as a serious threat than the least scientifically literate and numerate ones. More importantly, greater scientific literacy and numeracy were associated with greater cultural polarization: Respondents predisposed by their values to dismiss climate change evidence became more dismissive, and those predisposed by their values to credit such evidence more concerned, as science literacy and numeracy increased. We suggest that this evidence reflects a conflict between two levels of rationality: The individual level, which is characterized by citizens’ effective use of their knowledge and reasoning capacities to form risk perceptions that express their cultural commitments; and the collective level, which is characterized by citizens’ failure to converge on the best available scientific evidence on how to promote their common welfare. Dispelling this, “tragedy of the risk-perception commons,” we argue, should be understood as the central aim of the science of science communication.},
urldate = {2012-01-10},
journal = {{SSRN} {eLibrary}},
author = {Kahan, Dan M. and Wittlin, Maggie and Peters, Ellen and Slovic, Paul and Ouellette, Lisa Larrimore and Braman, Donald and Mandel, Gregory N.},
year = {2011},
file = {Kahan et al. - 2011 - The Tragedy of the Risk-Perception Commons Cultur.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/BJ6XQCBB/Kahan et al. - 2011 - The Tragedy of the Risk-Perception Commons Cultur.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@inproceedings{shtulman_learning_2008,
address = {Austin, {TX}},
title = {Learning, understanding, and acceptance: the case of evolution},
shorttitle = {Learning, understanding, and acceptance},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society},
publisher = {Cognitive Science Society},
author = {Shtulman, A. and Calabi, P.},
year = {2008},
pages = {235–240},
file = {Shtulman and Calabi - 2008 - Learning, understanding, and acceptance the case .pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/B84GQT7M/Shtulman and Calabi - 2008 - Learning, understanding, and acceptance the case .pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{clark_multiple_2010,
title = {Multiple systems for motor skill learning},
volume = {1},
issn = {1939-5086},
doi = {10.1002/wcs.56},
abstract = {Motor learning is a ubiquitous feature of human competence. This review focuses on two particular classes of model tasks for studying skill acquisition. The serial reaction time ({SRT)} task is used to probe how people learn sequences of actions, while adaptation in the context of visuomotor or force field perturbations serves to illustrate how preexisting movements are recalibrated in novel environments. These tasks highlight important issues regarding the representational changes that occur during the course of motor learning. One important theme is that distinct mechanisms vary in their information processing costs during learning and performance. Fast learning processes may require few trials to produce large changes in performance but impose demands on cognitive resources. Slower processes are limited in their ability to integrate complex information but minimally demanding in terms of attention or processing resources. The representations derived from fast systems may be accessible to conscious processing and provide a relatively greater measure of flexibility, while the representations derived from slower systems are more inflexible and automatic in their behavior. In exploring these issues, we focus on how multiple neural systems may interact and compete during the acquisition and consolidation of new behaviors.},
number = {4},
journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science},
author = {Clark, D. and Ivry, Richard B.},
year = {2010},
pages = {461--467},
file = {Clark and Ivry - 2010 - Multiple systems for motor skill learning.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/SHZ3VTSJ/Clark and Ivry - 2010 - Multiple systems for motor skill learning.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{au_folkbiology_2008,
title = {Folkbiology meets microbiology: A study of conceptual and behavioral change},
volume = {57},
issn = {0010-0285},
shorttitle = {Folkbiology meets microbiology},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010028508000224},
doi = {10.1016/j.cogpsych.2008.03.002},
abstract = {Health education can offer a valuable window onto conceptual and behavioral change. In Study 1, we mapped out 3rd-grade Chinese children’s beliefs about causes of colds and flu and ways they can be prevented. We also explored older adults’ beliefs as a possible source of the children’s ideas. In Study 2, we gave 3rd- and 4th-grade Chinese children either a conventional cold/flu education program or an experimental {“Think} Biology” program that focused on a biological causal mechanism for cold/flu transmission. The {“Think} Biology” program led children to reason about cold/flu causation and prevention more scientifically than the conventional program, and their reasoning abilities dovetailed with their mastery of the causal mechanism. Study 3, a modified replication of Study 2, found useful behavioral change as well as conceptual change among children who received the {“Think} Biology” program and documented coherence among knowledge enrichment, conceptual change, and behavioral change.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2012-03-31},
journal = {Cognitive Psychology},
author = {Au, Terry Kit-fong and Chan, Carol {K.K.} and Chan, Tsz-kit and Cheung, Mike {W.L.} and Ho, Johnson {Y.S.} and Ip, Grace {W.M.}},
month = aug,
year = {2008},
pages = {1--19},
file = {Au et al. - 2008 - Folkbiology meets microbiology A study of concept.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/MJPRAQFF/Au et al. - 2008 - Folkbiology meets microbiology A study of concept.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@inproceedings{clark_known_2010,
address = {Chicago, {IL}},
title = {Known knowns and unknown knowns: Multiple memory routes to improved numerical estimation},
volume = {1, Full Papers},
abstract = {Conceptual change represents a crucial, challenging, learning component. This study
hypothesized and observed evidence for two parallel forms of learning within the Numerically-Driven
Inferencing ({NDI)} paradigm’s rather minimalist intervention of providing direct feedback regarding a
numerical estimate––feedback that yields remarkably robust cognitive alterations. The present
experiment probed the nature of learning apropos recall or estimation improvements observed after
participants (a) provided estimates, (b) received feedback, and (c) re-estimated after waiting for one
day. The results show that improved estimation/recall was predicted by two independent elements––
surprise at feedback and an explicit sense of episodic recall upon testing. This suggests at least two
learning processes: (1) an explicit (though perhaps approximate) recollection of a quantity’s magnitude
and (2) a non-episodic semantic restructuring that correlates with surprise. Thus, even for concise,
factual information, we educators might consider students’ “unknown knowns”––knowledge that
learners gain without any explicit understanding that they have done so.},
booktitle = {Learning in the Disciplines: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference of the Learning Sciences ({ICLS} 2010)},
publisher = {International Society of the Learning Sciences, Inc.},
author = {Clark, D. and Ranney, M. A.},
editor = {Gomez, K. and Lyons, L. and Randinsky, J.},
year = {2010},
pages = {460--467},
file = {Clark.Ranney.ICLS2010.ReprintWasA4.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/NGCA9U78/Clark.Ranney.ICLS2010.ReprintWasA4.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@book{thaler_nudge:_2008,
edition = {1},
title = {Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness},
isbn = {0300122233},
shorttitle = {Nudge},
publisher = {Yale University Press},
author = {Thaler, Richard H. and Sunstein, Prof. Cass R.},
month = apr,
year = {2008}
},
@article{ohlsson_resubsumption:_2009,
title = {Resubsumption: A Possible Mechanism for Conceptual Change and Belief Revision},
volume = {44},
issn = {0046-1520},
url = {http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&doi=10.1080/00461520802616267&magic=crossref||D404A21C5BB053405B1A640AFFD44AE3},
doi = {10.1080/00461520802616267},
number = {1},
journal = {Educational Psychologist},
author = {Ohlsson, Stellan},
month = jan,
year = {2009},
pages = {20--40},
file = {Resubsumption: A Possible Mechanism for Conceptual Change and Belief Revision:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/DR2TKBJU/OHLSSON - 2009 - Resubsumption A Possible Mechanism for Conceptual.pdf:application/pdf;ReSubsumption09EPMain.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/A5AATJT8/ReSubsumption09EPMain.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@book{carey_origin_2011,
title = {The Origin of Concepts},
isbn = {0199838801},
publisher = {Oxford University Press, {USA}},
author = {Carey, Susan},
year = {2011}
},
@article{tulving_priming_1982,
title = {Priming effects in word-fragment completion are independent of recognition memory},
volume = {8},
issn = {1939-1285(Electronic);0278-7393(Print)},
doi = {10.1037/0278-7393.8.4.336},
abstract = {24 17–33 yr olds saw a list of 96 words. They were tested both 1 hr and 7 days later for recognition of words encountered in the study list and their ability to complete graphemic word fragments. Performance on the fragment-completion task was primed (facilitated) by the appearance of the target words in the earlier list. The observed priming effects were independent of recognition memory in 2 ways: (1) although recognition accuracy was greatly diminished over the 7-day retention interval, priming effects were unchanged; and (2) priming effects were as large for the words identified as "new" in the immediately preceding recognition test as they were for the words identified as "old." Priming effects in word-fragment completion may be mediated by a cognitive system other than episodic and semantic memory. (23 ref) ({PsycINFO} Database Record (c) 2012 {APA}, all rights reserved)},
number = {4},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},
author = {Tulving, Endel and Schacter, Daniel L. and Stark, Heather A.},
year = {1982},
pages = {336--342}
},
@article{tulving_priming_1990,
title = {Priming and Human Memory Systems},
volume = {247},
issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/247/4940/301},
doi = {10.1126/science.2296719},
abstract = {Priming is a nonconscious form of human memory, which is concerned with perceptual identification of words and objects and which has only recently been recognized as separate from other forms of memory or memory systems. It is currently under intense experimental scrutiny. Evidence is converging for the proposition that priming is an expression of a perceptual representation system that operates at a pre-semantic level; it emerges early in development, and access to it lacks the kind of flexibility characteristic of other cognitive memory systems. Conceptual priming, however, seems to be based on the operations of semantic memory.},
language = {en},
number = {4940},
urldate = {2012-05-28},
journal = {Science},
author = {Tulving, E. and Schacter, D. L.},
month = jan,
year = {1990},
pages = {301--306},
file = {2873625.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/35R9MH3J/2873625.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{franzen_potential_2012,
title = {The potential peatland extent and carbon sink in Sweden, as related to the {Peatland/Ice} Age Hypothesis},
volume = {10},
url = {http://mires-and-peat.net/map10/map_10_08.pdf},
urldate = {2012-11-13},
journal = {Mires and Peat},
author = {Franzén, L. G. and Lindberg, F. and Viklander, V. and Walther, A.},
year = {2012},
file = {map_10_08.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/ASKSPUI9/map_10_08.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{critcher_incidental_2008,
title = {Incidental environmental anchors},
volume = {21},
copyright = {Copyright © 2007 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
issn = {1099-0771},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bdm.586/abstract},
doi = {10.1002/bdm.586},
abstract = {Three studies examined whether potential anchor values that are incidentally present in the environment can affect a person's numerical estimates. In Study 1, estimates of an athlete's performance were influenced by the number on his jersey. In Study 2, estimates of the proportion of sales in the domestic market were influenced by a product's model number. In Study 3, participants' estimates of how much they would spend at a restaurant were influenced by whether the restaurant was named {“Studio} 17” or {“Studio} 97.” These effects were not qualified by participants' expertise in the relevant domain (Study 1) or by their ability to subsequently recall the anchor value (Study 3). These findings document the existence of a new form of “basic anchoring” and suggest that not all basic anchoring effects are as fragile as the existing anchoring literature suggests. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2012-12-03},
journal = {Journal of Behavioral Decision Making},
author = {Critcher, Clayton R. and Gilovich, Thomas},
year = {2008},
pages = {241–251},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/978B78BD/Critcher and Gilovich - 2008 - Incidental environmental anchors.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@misc{_surveys_2012,
title = {Surveys of scientists' views on climate change},
copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-{ShareAlike} License},
url = {http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surveys_of_scientists%27_views_on_climate_change&oldid=520619153},
abstract = {Several surveys have been conducted of the opinions of scientists on anthropogenic climate change. They have generally concluded that the majority of scientists are convinced that human activity is causing global warming.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2013-01-09},
journal = {Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia},
month = dec,
year = {2012},
note = {Page Version {ID:} 520619153},
keywords = {{CC\_acceptance}}
},
@article{hoffman_growing_2011,
title = {The growing climate divide},
volume = {1},
journal = {Nature Climate Change},
author = {Hoffman, A. J.},
year = {2011},
keywords = {information\_deficit},
pages = {195–196},
file = {Hoffman - 2011 - The growing climate divide.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/8Z9MRVKV/Hoffman - 2011 - The growing climate divide.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@misc{_information_????,
title = {Information deficit model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia},
url = {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_deficit_model},
urldate = {2013-01-09},
keywords = {information\_deficit}
},
@article{bulkeley_common_2000,
title = {Common knowledge? Public understanding of climate change in Newcastle, Australia},
volume = {9},
shorttitle = {Common knowledge?},
url = {http://ireswb.cc.ku.edu/~crgc/NSFWorkshop/Readings/Common%20Knowledge.pdf},
number = {3},
urldate = {2013-01-09},
journal = {Public Understanding of Science},
author = {Bulkeley, H.},
year = {2000},
keywords = {information\_deficit},
pages = {313–334},
file = {Common Knowledge.pdf:/Users/dav/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles/xgznvkyw.default/zotero/storage/PNQK95NV/Common Knowledge.pdf:application/pdf}
},
@article{kellstedt_personal_2008,
title = {Personal Efficacy, the Information Environment, and Attitudes Toward Global Warming and Climate Change in the United States},