diff --git a/pkg/sql/internal.go b/pkg/sql/internal.go
index b9a0aa087148..a52786c7c818 100644
--- a/pkg/sql/internal.go
+++ b/pkg/sql/internal.go
@@ -1097,7 +1097,16 @@ func (ie *InternalExecutor) checkIfStmtIsAllowed(stmt tree.Statement, txn *kv.Tx
 
 // checkIfTxnIsConsistent returns true if the given txn is not nil and is not
 // the same txn that is used to construct the internal executor.
+// TODO(janexing): this will be deprecated soon as we will only use
+// ie.extraTxnState.txn, and the txn argument in query functions will be
+// deprecated.
 func (ie *InternalExecutor) checkIfTxnIsConsistent(txn *kv.Txn) error {
+	if txn == nil && ie.extraTxnState != nil {
+		return errors.New("the current internal executor was contructed with" +
+			"a txn. To use an internal executor without a txn, call " +
+			"sqlutil.InternalExecutorFactory.RunWithoutTxn()")
+	}
+
 	if txn != nil && ie.extraTxnState != nil && ie.extraTxnState.txn != txn {
 		return errors.New("txn is inconsistent with the one when " +
 			"constructing the internal executor")
diff --git a/pkg/upgrade/upgrades/update_invalid_column_ids_in_sequence_back_references.go b/pkg/upgrade/upgrades/update_invalid_column_ids_in_sequence_back_references.go
index be064fb961f0..f7f6dc3b1e01 100644
--- a/pkg/upgrade/upgrades/update_invalid_column_ids_in_sequence_back_references.go
+++ b/pkg/upgrade/upgrades/update_invalid_column_ids_in_sequence_back_references.go
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func updateInvalidColumnIDsInSequenceBackReferences(
 		) (err error) {
 			currSeqID = lastSeqID
 			for {
-				done, currSeqID, err = findNextTableToUpgrade(ctx, ie, currSeqID,
+				done, currSeqID, err = findNextTableToUpgrade(ctx, ie, txn, currSeqID,
 					func(table *descpb.TableDescriptor) bool {
 						return table.IsSequence()
 					})
diff --git a/pkg/upgrade/upgrades/upgrade_sequence_to_be_referenced_by_ID.go b/pkg/upgrade/upgrades/upgrade_sequence_to_be_referenced_by_ID.go
index 079c5cb52dff..8ba32061840a 100644
--- a/pkg/upgrade/upgrades/upgrade_sequence_to_be_referenced_by_ID.go
+++ b/pkg/upgrade/upgrades/upgrade_sequence_to_be_referenced_by_ID.go
@@ -34,26 +34,29 @@ import (
 func upgradeSequenceToBeReferencedByID(
 	ctx context.Context, _ clusterversion.ClusterVersion, d upgrade.TenantDeps, _ *jobs.Job,
 ) error {
-	var lastUpgradedID descpb.ID
-	// Upgrade each table/view, one at a time, until we exhaust all of them.
-	for {
-		done, idToUpgrade, err := findNextTableToUpgrade(ctx, d.InternalExecutor, lastUpgradedID,
-			func(table *descpb.TableDescriptor) bool {
-				return table.IsTable() || table.IsView()
-			})
-		if err != nil || done {
-			return err
-		}
+	return d.CollectionFactory.TxnWithExecutor(ctx, d.DB, d.SessionData, func(
+		ctx context.Context, txn *kv.Txn, descriptors *descs.Collection, ie sqlutil.InternalExecutor,
+	) (err error) {
+		var lastUpgradedID descpb.ID
+		// Upgrade each table/view, one at a time, until we exhaust all of them.
+		for {
+			done, idToUpgrade, err := findNextTableToUpgrade(ctx, d.InternalExecutor, txn, lastUpgradedID,
+				func(table *descpb.TableDescriptor) bool {
+					return table.IsTable() || table.IsView()
+				})
+			if err != nil || done {
+				return err
+			}
 
-		// Table/View `idToUpgrade` might contain reference to sequences by name. If so, we need to upgrade
-		// those references to be by ID.
-		err = maybeUpgradeSeqReferencesInTableOrView(ctx, idToUpgrade, d)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
+			// Table/View `idToUpgrade` might contain reference to sequences by name. If so, we need to upgrade
+			// those references to be by ID.
+			err = maybeUpgradeSeqReferencesInTableOrView(ctx, idToUpgrade, d)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			lastUpgradedID = idToUpgrade
 		}
-
-		lastUpgradedID = idToUpgrade
-	}
+	})
 }
 
 // Find the next table descriptor ID that is > `lastUpgradedID`
@@ -62,11 +65,12 @@ func upgradeSequenceToBeReferencedByID(
 func findNextTableToUpgrade(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	ie sqlutil.InternalExecutor,
+	txn *kv.Txn,
 	lastUpgradedID descpb.ID,
 	tableSelector func(table *descpb.TableDescriptor) bool,
 ) (done bool, idToUpgrade descpb.ID, err error) {
 	var rows sqlutil.InternalRows
-	rows, err = ie.QueryIterator(ctx, "upgrade-seq-find-desc", nil,
+	rows, err = ie.QueryIterator(ctx, "upgrade-seq-find-desc", txn,
 		`SELECT id, descriptor, crdb_internal_mvcc_timestamp FROM system.descriptor WHERE id > $1 ORDER BY ID ASC`, lastUpgradedID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, 0, err