release-24.1: build/github: enable more logging for EngFlow invocations in CI

[rickystewart]

Backport 1/1 commits from #157769 on behalf of @rickystewart.

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See the EngFlow blog post.

Release note: none
Epic: none

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Release justification: Non-production code changes

[blathers-crl]

Thanks for opening a backport.

Before merging, please confirm that it falls into one of the following categories (select one):

• Non-production code changes. Includes test-only changes, build system changes, etc.
• Fixes for serious issues. Defined in the policy as correctness, stability, or security issues, data corruption/loss, significant performance regressions, breaking working and widely used functionality, or an inability to detect and debug production issues.
• Other approved changes. These changes must be gated behind a disabled-by-default feature flag unless there is a strong justification not to.

Add a brief release justification to the PR description explaining your selection.

Also, confirm that the change does not break backward compatibility and complies with all aspects of the backport policy.

All backports must be reviewed by the TL and EM for the owning area.

[cockroach-teamcity]

This change is 

[blathers-crl]

✅ PR #157779 is compliant with backport policy

Confidence: high
Backward compatible: true
Explanation: The PR is compliant with the CockroachDB backport policy for non-production code changes. The provided PR details include a release justification line explicitly stating that the changes affect 'Non-production code changes'. Additionally, the changed file path 'build/github/engflow-args.sh' falls under the development tools category for build and CI files listed in the non-production file patterns ('teamcity/', 'pkg/build/version.txt', 'REPOSITORIES.bzl'). Since the changes only impact non-production code, they are exempt from the standard backport policy requirements, including the need for critical bug justification or feature flag gating.

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