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title="Permalink to [雪峰磁针石博客]python3快速入门教程11命令行自动化工具与pexpect">[雪峰磁针石博客]python3快速入门教程11命令行自动化工具与pexpect</a></h1>
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<abbr class="published" title="2018-09-02T13:50:00+08:00">
Published: 日 02 九月 2018
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<address class="vcard author">
By <a class="url fn" href="/author/andrew.html">andrew</a>
</address>
<p>In <a href="/category/python.html">python</a>.</p>
</footer><!-- /.post-info --> <h2 id="pexpect">命令行自动化与pexpect</h2>
<h3 id="_1">简介</h3>
<p>Pexpect 是一个用来启动交互式命令行子程序并对其进行自动控制的 Python 工具模块。 Pexpect 可以用来和像 ssh、ftp、passwd、telnet 等命令行程序进行自动交互。可广泛用于自动化运维和测试，实现同时控制多台设备和自动化。Linux中的知名装包软件就使用了Pexpect。 Pexpect在IBM，alibaba，google等公司有广泛使用，在https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pexpect 的日下载量一万左右。</p>
<p>纯python实现，依赖pty模块(不支持Windows)。</p>
<p>最新英文版文档参见：<a href="http://pexpect.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">http://pexpect.readthedocs.org/en/latest/</a></p>
<p>安装：</p>
<p>版本要求：Python 2.6、3.2 或以上</p>
<h3 id="_2">快速入门</h3>
<p>ssh登录是常用的操作，过程如下：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># ssh [email protected]</span>
<span class="n">test</span><span class="nd">@172.17.100.18</span><span class="s1">'s password: </span>
<span class="n">Last</span> <span class="n">login</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Tue</span> <span class="n">Mar</span> <span class="mi">15</span> <span class="mi">17</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">53</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mo">01</span> <span class="mi">2016</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="mf">172.17</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">100.19</span>
</pre></div>
<p>下面我们用pexpect来自动实现这个过程：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ch">#!/usr/bin/env python</span>
<span class="c1"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pexpect</span>
<span class="n">child</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pexpect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spawn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ssh [email protected]'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'password: '</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># 等待password:字符出现</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">before</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">after</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># 输出password:前后的字符</span>
<span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendline</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'123456'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># 发送密码</span>
<span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">']\$'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># 等待]$字符出现</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">before</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">after</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">interact</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># 把ssh的连接交给用户控制。</span>
</pre></div>
<p>上面最后一句在非交互式的情况下要关闭连接，用child.close()替换即可。</p>
<p>上 述操作除了interact外，都可以用python的ssh模块：paramiko代替。不过对于一些同时支持telenet、ftp、ssh等协议命 令行的通信设备，可以用pexpect通杀。telenet、ftp、ssh等从协议的层次联系，pexpect会更接近用户使用，更加适合自动化测试。</p>
<p>两个重要方法： expect()和send() (以及sendline() )。expect可以接受正则表达式作为参数。</p>
<p>before包含预期字符串之前的信息， after包含匹配模式及其以后的内容。</p>
<h3 id="_3"><strong>批量操作多台服务器</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p>功能：实现同时对多台linux服务器通过ssh执行同一命令。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>技术基础: python pexpect，不支持windows。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>参数：</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>固定参数pwd：远程服务器密码，用户名目前写死是root，可自行修改。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>可选参数-c CMDS：要执行的命令，比如："ls -l","cd /home/test && test.py&如果不选择，会从当前目前的cmd.txt读取。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>可选参数-s SERVERS：目标服务器，比如192.168.0.1,最后一位数可以用-表示一个区间，分号用于分割不同的ip。如果不选择，会从当前目前的ip.txt读取。</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>库文件：common.py</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ch">#!/usr/bin/python</span>
<span class="c1"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span>
<span class="c1"># Author: Rongzhong Xu</span>
<span class="c1"># CreateDate: 2014-05-06</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pexpect</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Ssh</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
<span class="nd">@classmethod</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">cls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ip</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">username</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"root"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"123456"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">prompt</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">']#'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">silent</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="c1"># Ssh to remote server</span>
<span class="n">ssh_newkey</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Are you sure you want to continue connecting'</span>
<span class="n">child</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pexpect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spawn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ssh '</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">username</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s1">'@'</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">ip</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">maxread</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5000</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="c1"># Enter password</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expect</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">prompt</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'assword:*'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ssh_newkey</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pexpect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TIMEOUT</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'key.*? failed'</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">silent</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">before</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">after</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c1"># find prompt</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c1"># Enter password</span>
<span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">password</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="se">\r</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c1"># SSH does not have the public key. Just accept it.</span>
<span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendline</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'yes</span><span class="se">\r</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c1"># Timeout</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ERROR TIMEOUT! SSH could not login. '</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c1"># new key</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">before</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">after</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expanduser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'~'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s1">'/.ssh/known_hosts'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">Ssh</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">child</span>
<span class="nd">@classmethod</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">command</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">cls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cmd</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">prompt</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">']#'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">silent</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">Ssh</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">buffer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">''</span>
<span class="n">Ssh</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cmd</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="se">\r</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Ssh.client.setwinsize(400,400)</span>
<span class="n">Ssh</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">prompt</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">silent</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Ssh</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">before</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Ssh</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">after</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Ssh</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">before</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Ssh</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">after</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">close</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">cls</span><span class="p">,):</span>
<span class="n">Ssh</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
<p>主脚本batch.py ：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ch">#!/usr/bin/python</span>
<span class="c1"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span>
<span class="c1"># Author: Rongzhong Xu</span>
<span class="c1"># CreateDate: 2014-05-06</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">argparse</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">common</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">argparse</span>
<span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">argparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ArgumentParser</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'pwd'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"store"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">help</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="sa">u</span><span class="s1">'password'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'-c'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dest</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'cmds'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"store"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">help</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="sa">u</span><span class="s1">'command'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'-s'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dest</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'servers'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"store"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">help</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="sa">u</span><span class="s1">'hosts'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'--version'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'version'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">version</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="si">%(prog)s</span><span class="s1"> 1.1 Rongzhong xu 2014 05 08'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">options</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">servers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">servers</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">raw_server</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">servers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">';'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># ips' decollator is semicolon</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">server</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">raw_server</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="s1">'-'</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">server</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c1"># - means continuous ips</span>
<span class="n">server_list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'.'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">base</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'.'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">server_list</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="n">indices</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">server_list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'-'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">indices</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">servers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'{0}.{1}'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">base</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">servers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">server</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ip.txt'</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">servers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cmds</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cmds</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">cmds</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">options</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cmds</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'cmd.txt'</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">servers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">host</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">servers</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"*"</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">Connect to host: {0}"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">host</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">common</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Ssh</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">host</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'root'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">options</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pwd</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cmds</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">command</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
<p>执行演示：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># ./batch.py -husage: batch.py [-h] [-c CMDS] [-s SERVERS] [--version] pwdpositional arguments: pwd password</span>
<span class="n">optional</span> <span class="n">arguments</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">-</span><span class="n">h</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">help</span> <span class="n">show</span> <span class="n">this</span> <span class="n">help</span> <span class="n">message</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="nb">exit</span>
<span class="o">-</span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="n">CMDS</span> <span class="n">command</span>
<span class="o">-</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="n">SERVERS</span> <span class="n">hosts</span>
<span class="o">--</span><span class="n">version</span> <span class="n">show</span> <span class="n">program</span><span class="s1">'s version number and exit</span>
<span class="c1"># ./batch.py password -s "192.168.0.71-76;123.1.149.26" -c "cat /etc/redhat-release"</span>
<span class="o">********************************************************************************</span>
<span class="n">Connect</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">host</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">192.168</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">0.71</span>
<span class="n">Last</span> <span class="n">login</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Thu</span> <span class="n">May</span> <span class="mi">8</span> <span class="mi">17</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mo">04</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mo">02</span> <span class="mi">2014</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="mf">183.14</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">8.49</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="nd">@localhost</span> <span class="o">~</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="c1"># cat /etc/redhat-release</span>
<span class="n">CentOS</span> <span class="n">release</span> <span class="mf">5.8</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Final</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="nd">@localhost</span> <span class="o">~</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="o">********************************************************************************</span>
<span class="n">Connect</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">host</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">192.168</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">0.72</span>
<span class="n">Last</span> <span class="n">login</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Thu</span> <span class="n">May</span> <span class="mi">8</span> <span class="mi">17</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mo">03</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mo">05</span> <span class="mi">2014</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="mf">192.168</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">0.232</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="nd">@localhost</span> <span class="o">~</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="c1"># cat /etc/redhat-release</span>
<span class="n">CentOS</span> <span class="n">release</span> <span class="mf">5.8</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Final</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="nd">@localhost</span> <span class="o">~</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="o">********************************************************************************</span>
<span class="n">Connect</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">host</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">192.168</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">0.73</span>
<span class="n">Last</span> <span class="n">login</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Thu</span> <span class="n">May</span> <span class="mi">8</span> <span class="mi">17</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mo">02</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">29</span> <span class="mi">2014</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="mf">192.168</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">0.232</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="nd">@localhost</span> <span class="o">~</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="c1"># cat /etc/redhat-release</span>
<span class="n">CentOS</span> <span class="n">release</span> <span class="mf">5.8</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Final</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="nd">@localhost</span> <span class="o">~</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="o">********************************************************************************</span>
<span class="n">Connect</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">host</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">192.168</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">0.74</span>
<span class="n">Last</span> <span class="n">login</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Thu</span> <span class="n">May</span> <span class="mi">8</span> <span class="mi">17</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mo">02</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">32</span> <span class="mi">2014</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="mf">192.168</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">0.232</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="nd">@localhost</span> <span class="o">~</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="c1"># cat /etc/redhat-release</span>
<span class="n">CentOS</span> <span class="n">release</span> <span class="mf">5.8</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Final</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="nd">@localhost</span> <span class="o">~</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="o">********************************************************************************</span>
<span class="n">Connect</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">host</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">192.168</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">0.75</span>
<span class="n">root</span><span class="nd">@192.168.0.75</span><span class="s1">'s p assword: </span>
<span class="n">Last</span> <span class="n">login</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Thu</span> <span class="n">May</span> <span class="mi">8</span> <span class="mi">17</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mo">02</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">56</span> <span class="mi">2014</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="mf">192.168</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">0.232</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="nd">@localhost</span> <span class="o">~</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="c1"># cat /etc/redhat-releaseCentOS release 6.4 (Final)[root@localhost ~ ]#********************************************************************************</span>
<span class="n">Connect</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">host</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">192.168</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">0.76</span>
<span class="n">Last</span> <span class="n">login</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Thu</span> <span class="n">May</span> <span class="mi">8</span> <span class="mi">17</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mo">03</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mo">00</span> <span class="mi">2014</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="mf">192.168</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">0.232</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="nd">@localhost</span> <span class="o">~</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="c1"># cat /etc/redhat-releaseCentOS release 5.8 (Final)[root@localhost ~ ]#********************************************************************************</span>
<span class="n">Connect</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">host</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">123.1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">149.26</span>
<span class="n">Last</span> <span class="n">login</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Thu</span> <span class="n">May</span> <span class="mi">8</span> <span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">46</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">56</span> <span class="mi">2014</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="mf">183.56</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">157.199</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="nd">@LINUX</span> <span class="o">~</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="c1"># cat /etc/redhat-releaseRed Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 6.5 (Santiago)[root@LINUX ~ ]#[root@AutoTest batch]#</span>
</pre></div>
<h3 id="_4"><strong>其他命令自动化工具</strong></h3>
<p><a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Fabric/">https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Fabric/</a> python远程执行与部署库，运维的最爱。</p>
<p><a href="https://fedorahosted.org/func/">https://fedorahosted.org/func/</a></p>
<p><a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyserial/">https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyserial/</a></p>
<p><a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/paramiko/1.16.0">https://pypi.python.org/pypi/paramiko/1.16.0</a></p>
<p><a href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/subprocess.html">https://docs.python.org/2/library/subprocess.html</a></p>
<p><a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/sh">https://pypi.python.org/pypi/sh</a></p>
<h3 id="api">API概览</h3>
<h4 id="eoftimeout">EOF与TIMEOUT</h4>
<p>EOF(End Of File)与TIMEOUT可以在expect方法中使用，它们不是正则表达式，而是常量。</p>
<p>源于异常，而不是BaseException例外。从BaseException直接继承的例外情况赶上他们几乎总是错误的做法保留。 </p>
<p>如果子进程已经退出，读取子进程的输出会引发EOF异常。此时子进程的输出全部在before中。 </p>
<p>expect()接受的参数是正则表达式或正则表达式列表，可匹配多个可选的响应。比如ssh登录的各种情况处理：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Ssh</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
<span class="nd">@classmethod</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">cls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ip</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">username</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"root"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"123456"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">prompt</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">']#'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">silent</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="c1"># Ssh to remote server</span>
<span class="n">ssh_newkey</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Are you sure you want to continue connecting'</span>
<span class="n">child</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pexpect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spawn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ssh '</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">username</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s1">'@'</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">ip</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">maxread</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5000</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="c1"># Enter password</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expect</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">prompt</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'assword:*'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ssh_newkey</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pexpect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TIMEOUT</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'key.*? failed'</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">silent</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">before</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">after</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c1"># find prompt</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c1"># Enter password</span>
<span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">password</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="se">\r</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c1"># SSH does not have the public key. Just accept it.</span>
<span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendline</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'yes</span><span class="se">\r</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c1"># Timeout</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ERROR TIMEOUT! SSH could not login. '</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c1"># new key</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">before</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">after</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expanduser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'~'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s1">'/.ssh/known_hosts'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">Ssh</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">child</span>
<span class="nd">@classmethod</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">command</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">cls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cmd</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">prompt</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">']#'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">silent</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">Ssh</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">buffer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">''</span>
<span class="n">Ssh</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cmd</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="se">\r</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Ssh.client.setwinsize(400,400)</span>
<span class="n">Ssh</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">prompt</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">silent</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Ssh</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">before</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">Ssh</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">after</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Ssh</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">before</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Ssh</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">after</span>
<span class="nd">@classmethod</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">close</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">cls</span><span class="p">,):</span>
<span class="n">Ssh</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
<p>expect()的超时默认为30秒，超时时生成TIMEOUT异常。可以修改：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Wait no more than 2 minutes (120 seconds) for password prompt.</span>
<span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'password:'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">timeout</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">120</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<h4 id="_5">行尾处理</h4>
<p>Pexpect匹配的正则表达式与标准的有些差异，默认是非贪婪匹配。Pexpect一次读取一个字符读，这样行尾标识$失去了意义。行尾用"\r\n"(CR/LF)表示。Pexpect中的"\n"实际对应"\r\n"。匹配行尾的操作如下：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\r\n</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<p>尽量用：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expect</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'.+'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<p>而不是：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expect</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'.*'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<h3 id="api_1">API文档</h3>
<p>pexpect.screen和pexpect.ANSI在版本4已经不推荐使用，建议用pyte替代。</p>
<h4 id="class-spawn">class spawn</h4>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">command</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[],</span> <span class="n">timeout</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">maxread</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2000</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">searchwindowsize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">logfile</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cwd</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">env</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">ignore_sighup</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">):</span>
</pre></div>
<p>调用示例：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">child</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pexpect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spawn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/usr/bin/ftp'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">child</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pexpect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spawn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/usr/bin/ssh [email protected]'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">child</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pexpect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spawn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ls -latr /tmp'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">child</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pexpect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spawn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/usr/bin/ftp'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[])</span>
<span class="n">child</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pexpect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spawn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/usr/bin/ssh'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'[email protected]'</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="n">child</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pexpect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spawn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ls'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'-latr'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'/tmp'</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>
<p>pexpect不能解释shell元字符，比如 (>, |, or *)，需要启动shell来解决该问题：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">child</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pexpect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spawn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/bin/bash -c "ls -l | grep LOG > logs.txt"'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pexpect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<p>日志输出：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">child</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pexpect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spawn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'some_command'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">fout</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'mylog.txt'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'wb'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">logfile</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fout</span>
</pre></div>
<p>输出到stdout</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># In Python 2:</span>
<span class="n">child</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pexpect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spawn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'some_command'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">logfile</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdout</span><span class="c1"># </span>
<span class="n">In</span> <span class="n">Python</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spawnu</span> <span class="n">should</span> <span class="n">be</span> <span class="n">used</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">give</span> <span class="nb">str</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">stdout</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">child</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pexpect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spawnu</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'some_command'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">logfile</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdout</span>
</pre></div>
<h2 id="_6">参考资料</h2>
<ul>
<li>python测试等IT技术支持qq群： 144081101(后期会录制视频存在该群群文件) 591302926 567351477 钉钉免费群：21745728</li>
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<li><a href="https://china-testing.github.io/python3_crash_ch11.html">本文最新版本地址</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/china-testing/python-api-tesing">本文涉及的python测试开发库</a> 谢谢点赞！</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/china-testing/python-api-tesing/blob/master/books.md">本文相关海量书籍下载</a></li>
<li><a href="https://china-testing.github.io/testing_training.html">接口自动化性能测试线上培训大纲</a></li>
</ul>
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<h2>links</h2>
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<li><a href="https://china-testing.github.io/testing_training.html">自动化性能接口测试线上及深圳培训与项目实战 qq群：144081101 591302926</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-2604609-1112306.html">pandas数据分析scrapy爬虫 521070358 Py人工智能pandas-opencv 6089740</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-2604609-1112306.html">中医解梦看相八字算命qq群 391441566 csdn书籍下载-python爬虫 437355848</a></li>
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