[py] Support Python 3.14 and drop Python 3.9 (SeleniumHQ#16342)

Author: cgoldberg

.github/workflows/bazel.yml

@@ -51,6 +51,11 @@ on:
         required: false
         type: string
         default: ''
+      python-version:
+        description: Custom Python version to use
+        required: false
+        type: string
+        default: ''
       ruby-version:
         description: Custom Ruby version to use
         required: false
@@ -101,6 +106,9 @@ jobs:
         if: inputs.os != 'windows'
         run: |
           sudo rm -rf "$CHROMEWEBDRIVER" "$EDGEWEBDRIVER" "$GECKOWEBDRIVER"
+      - name: Set Python version
+        if: inputs.python-version != ''
+        run: echo '${{ inputs.python-version }}' > py/.python-version
       - name: Set Ruby version
         if: inputs.ruby-version != ''
         run: echo '${{ inputs.ruby-version }}' > rb/.ruby-version

.github/workflows/ci-python.yml

@@ -16,40 +16,38 @@ jobs:
 
   docs:
     name: Documentation
-    needs: build
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout source tree
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Set up Python 3.9
+      - name: Set up Python 3.10
         uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
-          python-version: 3.9
+          python-version: '3.10'
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: |
           python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-          pip install tox==4.30.2
+          pip install tox
       - name: Generate docs
         run: |
           tox -c py/tox.ini
         env:
           TOXENV: docs
 
-  mypy:
-    name: Mypy
-    needs: build
+  typing:
+    name: Type Checker
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout source tree
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Set up Python 3.9
+      - name: Set up Python 3.10
         uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
-          python-version: 3.9
+          python-version: '3.10'
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: |
           python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-          pip install tox==4.30.2
+          pip install tox
       - name: Run type checking
         run: |
           tox -c py/tox.ini || true
@@ -64,12 +62,19 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
-          - os: ubuntu
-          - os: macos
+          - python-version: '3.10'
+            os: ubuntu
+          - python-version: '3.10'
+            os: macos
+          - python-version: '3.14'
+            os: ubuntu
+          - python-version: '3.14'
+            os: macos
     with:
-      name: Unit Tests (${{ matrix.os }})
+      name: Unit Tests (${{ matrix.python-version }}, ${{ matrix.os }})
       os: ${{ matrix.os }}
-      cache-key: python-unit-test-${{ matrix.os }}
+      python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+      cache-key: python-unit-test-${{ matrix.python-version }}
       run: |
         bazel test //py:unit
 

.github/workflows/update-documentation.yml

@@ -66,11 +66,11 @@ jobs:
         with:
           java-version: 17
           distribution: 'temurin'
-      - name: Set up Python 3.9
+      - name: Set up Python 3.10
         if: ${{ inputs.language == 'py' || inputs.language == 'all' }}
         uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
-          python-version: 3.9
+          python-version: '3.10'
       - name: Install dependencies
         if: ${{ inputs.language == 'py' || inputs.language == 'all' }}
         run: |

MODULE.bazel

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ bazel_dep(name = "rules_multitool", version = "1.3.0")
 bazel_dep(name = "rules_nodejs", version = "6.3.2")
 bazel_dep(name = "rules_oci", version = "1.8.0")
 bazel_dep(name = "rules_pkg", version = "1.0.1")
-bazel_dep(name = "rules_python", version = "1.5.0")
+bazel_dep(name = "rules_python", version = "1.6.3")
 bazel_dep(name = "rules_proto", version = "7.0.2")
 bazel_dep(name = "rules_ruby", version = "0.19.0")
 
@@ -123,12 +123,12 @@ use_repo(oci, "chrome_standalone", "firefox_standalone", "java_image_base")
 python = use_extension("@rules_python//python/extensions:python.bzl", "python")
 python.toolchain(
     is_default = True,
-    python_version = "3.9",
+    python_version = "3.10",
 )
-python.toolchain(python_version = "3.10")
 python.toolchain(python_version = "3.11")
 python.toolchain(python_version = "3.12")
 python.toolchain(python_version = "3.13")
+python.toolchain(python_version = "3.14")
 use_repo(python, "pythons_hub")
 
 pip = use_extension("@rules_python//python/extensions:pip.bzl", "pip")
@@ -140,11 +140,11 @@ pip = use_extension("@rules_python//python/extensions:pip.bzl", "pip")
         requirements_lock = "//py:requirements_lock.txt",
     )
     for version in [
-        "3.9",
         "3.10",
         "3.11",
         "3.12",
         "3.13",
+        "3.14",
     ]
 ]
 

multitool.lock.json

@@ -4,41 +4,41 @@
     "binaries": [
       {
         "kind": "archive",
-        "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/releases/download/0.13.0/ruff-aarch64-unknown-linux-musl.tar.gz",
+        "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/releases/download/0.14.0/ruff-aarch64-unknown-linux-musl.tar.gz",
         "file": "ruff-aarch64-unknown-linux-musl/ruff",
-        "sha256": "bdee6f1376470b74b1dc5ed48eca52ec9c3e4512bd7f3204e0df100f0bed4741",
+        "sha256": "34a25398f03e7d32a4ec406c5c841c6e183fa0a96fbdd40b7e7eec1f177b360e",
         "os": "linux",
         "cpu": "arm64"
       },
       {
         "kind": "archive",
-        "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/releases/download/0.13.0/ruff-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl.tar.gz",
+        "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/releases/download/0.14.0/ruff-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl.tar.gz",
         "file": "ruff-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/ruff",
-        "sha256": "b56ac90cc6987401bafdcf1b931ef044074c5b9451286afa4606a983f64f4fdd",
+        "sha256": "ed6d1b8407a1d228dc332fb19057e86e04a6cd3c2beacdb324ad6ff2a3f9071b",
         "os": "linux",
         "cpu": "x86_64"
       },
       {
         "kind": "archive",
-        "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/releases/download/0.13.0/ruff-aarch64-apple-darwin.tar.gz",
+        "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/releases/download/0.14.0/ruff-aarch64-apple-darwin.tar.gz",
         "file": "ruff-aarch64-apple-darwin/ruff",
-        "sha256": "0d706798534537b6655b79fd95c2955c0a0013d4c54d36679d3306825a6bd6aa",
+        "sha256": "0b7c193d5c45eda02226720eb75239fabeca995d5a0eb3830fd2973caa3030ec",
         "os": "macos",
         "cpu": "arm64"
       },
       {
         "kind": "archive",
-        "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/releases/download/0.13.0/ruff-x86_64-apple-darwin.tar.gz",
+        "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/releases/download/0.14.0/ruff-x86_64-apple-darwin.tar.gz",
         "file": "ruff-x86_64-apple-darwin/ruff",
-        "sha256": "ac47ad1ac90f3070c064d2f5fceef4fe609fec7c073fd29d0814ed126c492e6d",
+        "sha256": "880ae046b435eb306cd557a7481eed6da463b85f283ba1f2c1e2ad7c139ed6c5",
         "os": "macos",
         "cpu": "x86_64"
       },
       {
         "kind": "archive",
-        "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/releases/download/0.13.0/ruff-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc.zip",
+        "url": "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/releases/download/0.14.0/ruff-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc.zip",
         "file": "ruff-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc/ruff.exe",
-        "sha256": "3a8d8cb96333671f78a5d209ddb4f830287e3eb2796fe01dd043b02ec1c1c7f1",
+        "sha256": "f81f957c862f310ac0be70ae7cef2e99afb4cc09648e40c039432e11465c2c1c",
         "os": "windows",
         "cpu": "x86_64"
       }

py/BUILD.bazel

@@ -314,24 +314,24 @@ py_wheel(
         "Topic :: Software Development :: Testing",
         "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries",
         "Programming Language :: Python",
-        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
         "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
         "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
         "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
         "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.14",
     ],
     description_file = "README.rst",
     distribution = "selenium",
     homepage = "https://www.selenium.dev",
     license = "Apache-2.0",
-    python_requires = ">=3.9",
+    python_requires = ">=3.10",
     python_tag = "py3",
     requires = [
         "urllib3[socks]>=2.5.0,<3.0",
-        "trio>=0.30.0,<1.0",
+        "trio>=0.31.0,<1.0",
         "trio-websocket>=0.12.2,<1.0",
-        "certifi>=2025.6.15",
-        "typing_extensions>=4.14.0,<5.0",
+        "certifi>=2025.10.5",
+        "typing_extensions>=4.15.0,<5.0",
         "websocket-client>=1.8.0,<2.0",
     ],
     strip_path_prefixes = [

py/docs/requirements.txt

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 Jinja2==3.1.6
-Sphinx==7.4.7
+Sphinx==8.1.3
 sphinx-material==0.0.36

py/docs/source/index.rst

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Updated documentation published with each commit is available at: `readthedocs.i
 Supported Python Versions
 =========================
 
-* Python 3.9+
+* Python 3.10+
 
 Supported Browsers
 ==================

py/pyproject.toml

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ license = "Apache-2.0"
 license-files = ["LICENSE", "NOTICE"]
 description = "Official Python bindings for Selenium WebDriver."
 readme = "README.rst"
-requires-python = "~=3.9"
+requires-python = ">=3.10"
 classifiers = [
     "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
     "Intended Audience :: Developers",
@@ -19,18 +19,18 @@ classifiers = [
     "Topic :: Software Development :: Testing",
     "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries",
     "Programming Language :: Python",
-    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.14",
 ]
 dependencies = [
     "urllib3[socks]>=2.5.0,<3.0",
-    "trio>=0.30.0,<1.0",
+    "trio>=0.31.0,<1.0",
     "trio-websocket>=0.12.2,<1.0",
-    "certifi>=2025.6.15",
-    "typing_extensions>=4.14.0,<5.0",
+    "certifi>=2025.10.5",
+    "typing_extensions>=4.15.0,<5.0",
     "websocket-client>=1.8.0,<2.0",
 ]
 

py/requirements.txt

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 attrs==25.3.0
 cachetools==6.2.0
-certifi==2025.8.3
+certifi==2025.10.5
 cffi==2.0.0
 chardet==5.2.0
 charset-normalizer==3.4.3
 colorama==0.4.6
-cryptography==45.0.7
-debugpy==1.8.16
+cryptography==46.0.2
+debugpy==1.8.17
 distlib==0.4.0
 docutils==0.21.2
 filelock==3.19.1
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ jaraco.context==6.0.1
 jaraco.functools==4.3.0
 jeepney==0.9.0
 keyring==25.6.0
-markdown-it-py==3.0.0
+markdown-it-py==4.0.0
 mdurl==0.1.2
 more-itertools==10.8.0
 multidict==6.6.4
@@ -38,18 +38,18 @@ pyproject-api==1.9.1
 PySocks==1.7.1
 pytest==8.4.2
 pytest-instafail==0.5.0
-pytest-mock==3.15.0
+pytest-mock==3.15.1
 pytest-trio==0.8.0
 pywin32-ctypes==0.2.3
 readme_renderer==44.0
 requests==2.32.5
 requests-toolbelt==1.0.0
 rfc3986==2.0.0
 rich==14.1.0
-SecretStorage==3.3.3
+SecretStorage==3.4.0
 sniffio==1.3.1
 sortedcontainers==2.4.0
-tox==4.30.2
+tox==4.30.3
 trio==0.31.0
 trio-websocket==0.12.2
 twine==6.2.0