In the previous guide, we introduced and gave a basic example of a prompt.
In this guide, we will provide more examples of how prompts are used and introduce key concepts that will be important for more the more advanced guides.
Often, the best way to learn concepts is by running through examples. Here are a few examples of how prompt engineering can be used to achieve all types of interesting and different tasks.
Topics:
- Text Summarization
- Information Extraction
- Question Answering
- Text Classification
- Conversation
- Code Generation
- Reasoning
One of the standard tasks in natural language generation is text summarization. Text summarization can include many different flavors and domains. In fact, one of the most promising applications of language models is the ability to summarize articles and concepts into quick and easy to read summaries. Let's try a basic summarization task using prompts.
Let's say I am interested to learn about antibiotics, I could try a prompt like this:
Explain antibiotics
A:
Output
Antibiotics are a type of medication used to treat bacterial infections. They work by either killing the bacteria or preventing them from reproducing, allowing the body’s immune system to fight off the infection. Antibiotics are usually taken orally in the form of pills, capsules, or liquid solutions, or sometimes administered intravenously. They are not effective against viral infections, and using them inappropriately can lead to antibiotic resistance.
The "A:" is an explicit prompt format that's used in question answering. I used it here to tell the model that there is an expected further. In this example, it's not clear how this is useful vs not using it but we will leave it that for later examples. Let's just assume that this is too much information and want to summarize it further. In fact, we can instruct the model to summarize into one sentence like so:
Antibiotics are a type of medication used to treat bacterial infections. They work by either killing the bacteria or preventing them from reproducing, allowing the body’s immune system to fight off the infection. Antibiotics are usually taken orally in the form of pills, capsules, or liquid solutions, or sometimes administered intravenously. They are not effective against viral infections, and using them inappropriately can lead to antibiotic resistance.
Explain the above in one sentence:
Output
Antibiotics are medications used to treat bacterial infections by either killing the bacteria or stopping them from reproducing, but they are not effective against viruses and overuse can lead to antibiotic resistance.
Without paying too much attention to the accuracy of the output above, which is something we will touch on in a later guide, the model tried to summarize the paragraph in one sentence. You can get clever with the instructions but we will leave that for a later chapter. Feel free to pause here an experiment to see if you get better results.
While language models are trained to perform natural language generation and related tasks, it's also very capable of performing classification and a range of other natural language processing (NLP) tasks.
Here is an example of a prompt that extracts information from a given paragraph.
Author-contribution statements and acknowledgements in research papers should state clearly and specifically whether, and to what extent, the authors used AI technologies such as ChatGPT in the preparation of their manuscript and analysis. They should also indicate which LLMs were used. This will alert editors and reviewers to scrutinize manuscripts more carefully for potential biases, inaccuracies and improper source crediting. Likewise, scientific journals should be transparent about their use of LLMs, for example when selecting submitted manuscripts.
Mention the large language model based product mentioned in the paragraph above:
Output
The large language model based product mentioned in the paragraph above is ChatGPT.
There are many ways we can improve the results above, but this is already very useful.
By now it should be obvious that you can ask the model to perform different tasks by simply instructing it what to do. That's a powerful capability that AI product builder are already using to build powerful products and experiences.
Paragraph source: ChatGPT: five priorities for research
One of the best ways to get the model to respond specific answers is to improve the format of the prompt. As covered before, a prompt could combine instructions, context, input, and output indicator to get improved results. While not components are required, it becomes a good practice as the more specific you are with instruction, the better results you will get. Below is an example of how this would look following a more structured prompt.
Answer the question based on the context below. Keep the answer short and concise. Respond "Unsure about answer" if not sure about the answer.
Context: Teplizumab traces its roots to a New Jersey drug company called Ortho Pharmaceutical. There, scientists generated an early version of the antibody, dubbed OKT3. Originally sourced from mice, the molecule was able to bind to the surface of T cells and limit their cell-killing potential. In 1986, it was approved to help prevent organ rejection after kidney transplants, making it the first therapeutic antibody allowed for human use.
Question: What was OKT3 originally sourced from?
Answer:
Output
Mice.
Context obtained from Nature.
So far, we have used simple instructions to perform a task. As a prompt engineer, you will need to get better at providing better instructions. But that's not all! You will also find that for harder use cases, just providing instructions won't be enough. This is where you need to think more about the context and the different elements you can use in a prompt. Other elements you can provide are input data or examples.
Let's try to demonstrate this by providing an example of text classification.
Classify the text into neutral, negative or positive.
Text: I think the food was okay.
Sentiment:
Output
Neutral
We gave the instruction to classify the text and the model responded with 'Neutral' which is correct. Nothing is wrong with this but let's say that what we really need is for the model to give the label in the exact format we want. So instead of Neutral we want it to return neutral. How do we achieve this. There are different ways to do this. We care about specificity here, so the more information we can provide the prompt the better results. We can try providing examples to specific the correct behavior. Let's try again:
Classify the text into neutral, negative or positive.
Text: I think the vacation is okay.
Sentiment: neutral
Text: I think the food was okay.
Sentiment:
Output
neutral
Perfect! This time the model returned neutral which is the specific label I was looking for. It seems that the example provided in the prompt helped the model to be specific in its output. To highlight why sometimes being specific is important, checkout this example and spot the problem:
Classify the text into nutral, negative or positive.
Text: I think the vacation is okay.
Sentiment:
Output
Neutral
What is the problem here?
Perhaps one of the more interesting things you can achieve with prompt engineering is telling the system how to behave, its intent, and identity. This is particularly useful when you are building conversational systems.
For instance, let's create a conversational system that's able to give more technical and scientific responses to questions. Note how we are explicitly telling it how to behave through the instruction.
The following is a conversation with an AI research assistant. The assistant tone is technical and scientific.
Human: Hello, who are you?
AI: Greeting! I am an AI research assistant. How can I help you today?
Human: Can you tell me about the creation of blackholes?
AI:
Output
Sure! Black holes are regions of spacetime where the gravitational force is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from it. They are created when a very massive star dies and its core collapses in on itself, forming a singularity of infinite density. The intense gravity of the singularity pulls in all the matter and radiation around it, creating the black hole.
Our AI research assistant sounds a bit too technical, right? Okay, let's change this behavior and instruct the system to give more accessible answers.
The following is a conversation with an AI research assistant. The assistant answers should be easy to understand even by primary school students.
Human: Hello, who are you?
AI: Greeting! I am an AI research assistant. How can I help you today?
Human: Can you tell me about the creation of black holes?
AI:
Output
Sure! Black holes are created when a very massive star runs out of fuel and collapses in on itself. The gravity of the star is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape its pull. This creates a point in space-time with an intense gravitational force called a black hole.
I think we made some progress. You can continue improving it. I am sure if you add more examples you might get even better results.
One application where LLMs are quite effective at is code generation. Copilot is a great example of this. There is a vast number of code generation tasks you can perform with clever prompts. Let's look at a few examples below.
First, let's try a simple program that greets the user.
/*
Ask the user for their name and say "Hello"
*/
Output
let name = prompt("What is your name?");
console.log(`Hello, ${name}!`);
You can see that we didn't even need to specify language to use.
Let's switch levels a bit. I want to show you how powerful LLMs can be with a little more effort on designing the prompts.
"""
Table departments, columns = [DepartmentId, DepartmentName]
Table students, columns = [DepartmentId, StudentId, StudentName]
Create a MySQL query for all students in the Computer Science Department
"""
Output
SELECT StudentId, StudentName
FROM students
WHERE DepartmentId IN (SELECT DepartmentId FROM departments WHERE DepartmentName = 'Computer Science');
This is very impressive. In this case we provided data about the database schema and asked it to generate a valid MySQL query.
Perhaps one of the most difficult tasks for an LLM today is one that requires some form of reasoning. Reasoning is one the areas that I am most excited about due the types of complex applications that can emerge from LLMs.
There have been some improvements on tasks involving mathematical capabilities. That said, it's important to note that current LLMs struggle to perform reasoning tasks so this require even more advanced prompt engineering techniques. We will cover these advanced techniques in the next guide. For now, we will cover a few basic examples to show arithmetic capabilities.
What is 9,000 * 9,000?
Output
81,000,000
Let's try something more difficult.
The odd numbers in this group add up to an even number: 15, 32, 5, 13, 82, 7, 1.
A:
Output
No, the odd numbers in this group add up to an odd number: 119.
That's incorrect! Let's try to improve this by improving the prompt.
The odd numbers in this group add up to an even number: 15, 32, 5, 13, 82, 7, 1.
Solve by breaking the problem into steps. First, identify the odd numbers, add them, and indicate whether the result is odd or even.
Output
Odd numbers: 15, 5, 13, 7, 1
Sum: 41
41 is an odd number.
Much better, right? By the way, I tried this a couple of times and the system sometime fails. If you provide a better instruction combined with examples, it might help get more accurate results.
In the upcoming guides, we will cover even more advanced prompt engineering concepts for improving performance on all these and more difficult tasks.