kernel_cmdline: Drop to_lossy, add more utf8 variants

I don't think anything should use to_lossy() by default.
It's great to have a correct kernel argument parser that
doesn't bomb on non-UTF8 but at the same time in our code
we can just I think ignore kernel arguments which aren't UTF-8.

Maybe we should warn if e.g. we find a `root=<nonutf8` or
so but eh.

Everything else in the bootc codebase works in terms of
strings so let's just make it really easy to only
get strings out.

Implementation notes:

- I struggled with lifetimes in this one and couldn't
  get it to work to reuse the Parameter (byte oriented)
  parser and just reimplemented it in the str path
- When I tossed this problem at both Claude and Gemini
  they both gave up; and Gemini ended up deleting
  all the code and declaring success

Unit tests (after I manually fixed up all the lifetime
stuff in the core code) are
Assisted-by: Gemini-CLI

Signed-off-by: Colin Walters <[email protected]>

Author: cgwalters

crates/lib/src/install.rs

@@ -1668,17 +1668,15 @@ fn find_root_args_to_inherit(cmdline: &Cmdline, root_info: &Filesystem) -> Resul
         .context("Parsing root= karg")?;
     // If we have a root= karg, then use that
     let (mount_spec, kargs) = if let Some(root) = root {
-        let rootflags = cmdline.find(crate::kernel_cmdline::ROOTFLAGS);
-        let inherit_kargs = cmdline.iter().filter(|arg| {
-            arg.key
-                .starts_with(crate::kernel_cmdline::INITRD_ARG_PREFIX)
-        });
+        let rootflags = cmdline.find_str(crate::kernel_cmdline::ROOTFLAGS);
+        let inherit_kargs =
+            cmdline.find_all_starting_with_str(crate::kernel_cmdline::INITRD_ARG_PREFIX);
         (
             root.to_owned(),
             rootflags
                 .into_iter()
                 .chain(inherit_kargs)
-                .map(|p| p.to_string())
+                .map(|p| p.as_ref().to_owned())
                 .collect(),
         )
     } else {

crates/lib/src/kernel_cmdline.rs

@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ use std::borrow::Cow;
 use anyhow::Result;
 
 /// This is used by dracut.
-pub(crate) const INITRD_ARG_PREFIX: &[u8] = b"rd.";
+pub(crate) const INITRD_ARG_PREFIX: &str = "rd.";
 /// The kernel argument for configuring the rootfs flags.
-pub(crate) const ROOTFLAGS: &[u8] = b"rootflags";
+pub(crate) const ROOTFLAGS: &str = "rootflags";
 
 /// A parsed kernel command line.
 ///
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ impl<'a> Cmdline<'a> {
     /// Properly handles quoted values containing whitespace and splits on
     /// unquoted whitespace characters. Parameters are parsed as either
     /// key-only switches or key=value pairs.
-    pub fn iter(&'a self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Parameter<'a>> {
+    pub fn iter(&'a self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Parameter<'a>> + 'a {
         let mut in_quotes = false;
 
         self.0
@@ -63,6 +63,29 @@ impl<'a> Cmdline<'a> {
         self.iter().find(|p| p.key == key)
     }
 
+    /// Locate a kernel argument with the given key name that must be UTF-8.
+    ///
+    /// Otherwise the same as [`Self::find`].
+    pub fn find_str(&'a self, key: &str) -> Option<ParameterStr<'a>> {
+        let key = ParameterKeyStr(key);
+        self.iter()
+            .filter_map(|p| p.to_str())
+            .find(move |p| p.key == key)
+    }
+
+    /// Find all kernel arguments starting with the given prefix which must be UTF-8.
+    /// Non-UTF8 values are ignored.
+    ///
+    /// This is a variant of [`Self::find`].
+    pub fn find_all_starting_with_str(
+        &'a self,
+        prefix: &'a str,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = ParameterStr<'a>> + 'a {
+        self.iter()
+            .filter_map(|p| p.to_str())
+            .filter(move |p| p.key.0.starts_with(prefix))
+    }
+
     /// Locate the value of the kernel argument with the given key name.
     ///
     /// Returns the first value matching the given key, or `None` if not found.
@@ -121,32 +144,52 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a [u8]> for ParameterKey<'a> {
     }
 }
 
+/// A single kernel command line parameter key that is known to be UTF-8.
+///
+/// Otherwise the same as [`ParameterKey`].
+#[derive(Debug, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct ParameterKeyStr<'a>(&'a str);
+
+impl<'a> From<&'a str> for ParameterKeyStr<'a> {
+    fn from(value: &'a str) -> Self {
+        Self(value)
+    }
+}
+
 /// A single kernel command line parameter.
 #[derive(Debug, Eq)]
 pub(crate) struct Parameter<'a> {
     /// The full original value
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub parameter: &'a [u8],
     /// The parameter key as raw bytes
     pub key: ParameterKey<'a>,
     /// The parameter value as raw bytes, if present
     pub value: Option<&'a [u8]>,
 }
 
+/// A single kernel command line parameter.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct ParameterStr<'a> {
+    /// The original value
+    pub parameter: &'a str,
+    /// The parameter key
+    pub key: ParameterKeyStr<'a>,
+    /// The parameter value, if present
+    pub value: Option<&'a str>,
+}
+
 impl<'a> Parameter<'a> {
-    /// Returns the key as a lossy UTF-8 string.
-    ///
-    /// Invalid UTF-8 sequences are replaced with the Unicode replacement character.
-    pub fn key_lossy(&self) -> String {
-        String::from_utf8_lossy(&self.key).to_string()
+    pub fn to_str(&self) -> Option<ParameterStr<'a>> {
+        let Ok(parameter) = std::str::from_utf8(self.parameter) else {
+            return None;
+        };
+        Some(ParameterStr::from(parameter))
     }
+}
 
-    /// Returns the value as a lossy UTF-8 string.
-    ///
-    /// Invalid UTF-8 sequences are replaced with the Unicode replacement character.
-    /// Returns an empty string if no value is present.
-    pub fn value_lossy(&self) -> String {
-        String::from_utf8_lossy(self.value.unwrap_or(&[])).to_string()
+impl<'a> AsRef<str> for ParameterStr<'a> {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
+        self.parameter
     }
 }
 
@@ -215,33 +258,37 @@ impl PartialEq for ParameterKey<'_> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'a> From<&'a str> for ParameterStr<'a> {
+    fn from(parameter: &'a str) -> Self {
+        let (key, value) = if let Some((key, value)) = parameter.split_once('=') {
+            let value = value
+                .strip_prefix('"')
+                .unwrap_or(value)
+                .strip_suffix('"')
+                .unwrap_or(value);
+            (key, Some(value))
+        } else {
+            (parameter, None)
+        };
+        let key = ParameterKeyStr(key);
+        ParameterStr {
+            parameter,
+            key,
+            value,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'a> PartialEq for Parameter<'a> {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
         // Note we don't compare parameter because we want hyphen-dash insensitivity for the key
         self.key == other.key && self.value == other.value
     }
 }
 
-impl std::fmt::Display for Parameter<'_> {
-    /// Formats the parameter for display.
-    ///
-    /// Key-only parameters are displayed as just the key.
-    /// Key-value parameters are displayed as `key=value`.
-    /// Values containing whitespace are automatically quoted.
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        let key = self.key_lossy();
-
-        if self.value.is_some() {
-            let value = self.value_lossy();
-
-            if value.chars().any(|c| c.is_ascii_whitespace()) {
-                write!(f, "{key}=\"{value}\"")
-            } else {
-                write!(f, "{key}={value}")
-            }
-        } else {
-            write!(f, "{key}")
-        }
+impl<'a> PartialEq for ParameterKeyStr<'a> {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        ParameterKey(self.0.as_bytes()) == ParameterKey(other.0.as_bytes())
     }
 }
 
@@ -287,9 +334,6 @@ mod tests {
         p.push(non_utf8_byte[0]);
         let p = Parameter::from(&p);
         assert_eq!(p.value, Some(non_utf8_byte.as_slice()));
-
-        // lossy replacement sanity check
-        assert_eq!(p.value_lossy(), char::REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER.to_string());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -472,4 +516,70 @@ mod tests {
         let kargs = Cmdline::from(&invalid_utf8);
         assert!(kargs.require_value_of_utf8("invalid").is_err());
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_find_str() {
+        let kargs = Cmdline::from(b"foo=bar baz=qux switch rd.break".as_slice());
+        let p = kargs.find_str("foo").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(p, ParameterStr::from("foo=bar"));
+        assert_eq!(p.as_ref(), "foo=bar");
+        let p = kargs.find_str("rd.break").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(p, ParameterStr::from("rd.break"));
+        assert!(kargs.find_str("missing").is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_find_all_str() {
+        let kargs =
+            Cmdline::from(b"foo=bar rd.foo=a rd.bar=b rd.baz rd.qux=c notrd.val=d".as_slice());
+        let mut rd_args: Vec<_> = kargs.find_all_starting_with_str("rd.").collect();
+        rd_args.sort_by(|a, b| a.key.0.cmp(b.key.0));
+        assert_eq!(rd_args.len(), 4);
+        assert_eq!(rd_args[0], ParameterStr::from("rd.bar=b"));
+        assert_eq!(rd_args[1], ParameterStr::from("rd.baz"));
+        assert_eq!(rd_args[2], ParameterStr::from("rd.foo=a"));
+        assert_eq!(rd_args[3], ParameterStr::from("rd.qux=c"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_param_to_str() {
+        let p = Parameter::from("foo=bar");
+        let p_str = p.to_str().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(p_str, ParameterStr::from("foo=bar"));
+        let non_utf8_byte = b"\xff";
+        let mut p_u8 = b"foo=".to_vec();
+        p_u8.push(non_utf8_byte[0]);
+        let p = Parameter::from(&p_u8);
+        assert!(p.to_str().is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_param_key_str_eq() {
+        let k1 = ParameterKeyStr("a-b");
+        let k2 = ParameterKeyStr("a_b");
+        assert_eq!(k1, k2);
+        let k1 = ParameterKeyStr("a-b");
+        let k2 = ParameterKeyStr("a-c");
+        assert_ne!(k1, k2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_kargs_non_utf8() {
+        let non_utf8_val = b"an_invalid_key=\xff";
+        let mut kargs_bytes = b"foo=bar ".to_vec();
+        kargs_bytes.extend_from_slice(non_utf8_val);
+        kargs_bytes.extend_from_slice(b" baz=qux");
+        let kargs = Cmdline::from(kargs_bytes.as_slice());
+
+        // We should be able to find the valid kargs
+        assert_eq!(kargs.find_str("foo").unwrap().value, Some("bar"));
+        assert_eq!(kargs.find_str("baz").unwrap().value, Some("qux"));
+
+        // But we should not find the invalid one via find_str
+        assert!(kargs.find("an_invalid_key").unwrap().to_str().is_none());
+
+        // And even using the raw find, trying to convert it to_str will fail.
+        let raw_param = kargs.find("an_invalid_key").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(raw_param.value.unwrap(), b"\xff");
+    }
 }