diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 37d75695b8..274176f3e0 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,4 +1,37 @@
 # Changelog
+## v1.5.9
+### FEATURE
+[\#2932](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2932) BEP-520: Short Block Interval Phase One: 1.5 seconds
+[\#2991](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2991) config: update BSC Testnet hardfork time: Lorentz
+
+### BUGFIX
+[\#2990](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2990) core/state: fix concurrent map read and write for stateUpdate.accounts
+
+### IMPROVEMENT
+[\#2933](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2933) metrics: add more peer, block/vote metrics
+[\#2938](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2938) cmd/geth: add example for geth bls account generate-proof
+[\#2949](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2949) metrics: add more block/vote stats;
+[\#2948](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2948) go.mod: update crypto to solve CVE-2025-22869
+[\#2960](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2960) pool: debug log instead of warn
+[\#2961](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2961) metric: add more block monitor metrics;
+[\#2992](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2992) core/systemcontracts: update url for lorentz hardfork
+[\#2993](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2993) cmd/jsutils: add tool GetMevStatus
+
+## v1.5.8
+### FEATURE
+* [\#2955](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2955) pbs: enable GreedyMergeTx by default
+
+### BUGFIX
+* [\#2967](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2967) fix: gas compare in bid simulator
+
+### IMPROVEMENT
+* [\#2951](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2951) bump golang.org/x/net from 0.34.0 to 0.36.0
+* [\#0000](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/0000) golang: upgrade toolchain to v1.23.0 (commit:3be156eec)
+* [\#2957](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2957) miner: stop GreedyMergeTx before worker picking bids
+* [\#2959](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2959) pbs: fix a inaccurate bid result log
+* [\#2971](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2971) mev: no interrupt if it is too later
+* [\#2974](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2974) miner: add metrics for bid simulation
+
 ## v1.5.7
 v1.5.7 conduct small upstream code merge to follow the latest pectra hard fork and apply some bug fix. There are two PR for the code merge:
 * [\#2897](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2897) upstream: merge tag 'geth-v1.15.1' into bsc-develop
diff --git a/cmd/geth/config.go b/cmd/geth/config.go
index eb9c0208f2..69a6f31102 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/config.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/config.go
@@ -227,6 +227,7 @@ func makeFullNode(ctx *cli.Context) (*node.Node, ethapi.Backend) {
 	}
 	if ctx.IsSet(utils.OverrideMinBlocksForBlobRequests.Name) {
 		params.MinBlocksForBlobRequests = ctx.Uint64(utils.OverrideMinBlocksForBlobRequests.Name)
+		params.MinTimeDurationForBlobRequests = uint64(float64(params.MinBlocksForBlobRequests) * 1.5 /*lorentzBlockInterval*/)
 	}
 	if ctx.IsSet(utils.OverrideDefaultExtraReserveForBlobRequests.Name) {
 		params.DefaultExtraReserveForBlobRequests = ctx.Uint64(utils.OverrideDefaultExtraReserveForBlobRequests.Name)
diff --git a/cmd/geth/testdata/bls-account-usage-demo.sh b/cmd/geth/testdata/bls-account-usage-demo.sh
index ef4966c46d..b2b354d630 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/testdata/bls-account-usage-demo.sh
+++ b/cmd/geth/testdata/bls-account-usage-demo.sh
@@ -23,10 +23,13 @@ ${workspace}/build/bin/geth bls account list  --blspassword ./bls-password.txt -
 
 echo "4. import a bls account by passing a keystore file------------------------------------------"
 keystoreFile=`ls bls1/bls/keystore`
-${workspace}/build/bin/geth bls account import  --importedaccountpassword ./bls-password1.txt --blspassword ./bls-password.txt --datadir ./bls ./bls1/bls/keystore/${keystoreFile} 
-${workspace}/build/bin/geth bls account list  --blspassword ./bls-password.txt --datadir ./bls
+${workspace}/build/bin/geth bls account import  --importedaccountpassword ./bls-password1.txt --blspassword ./bls-password.txt --datadir ./bls ./bls1/bls/keystore/${keystoreFile}
+publicKey=`${workspace}/build/bin/geth bls account list  --blspassword ./bls-password.txt --datadir ./bls |grep public | tail -1 | awk '{print $NF}'` 
+
+echo "5. generate ownership proof for the selected BLS account from the BLS wallet----------------"
+${workspace}/build/bin/geth bls account generate-proof --blspassword ./bls-password.txt --datadir ./bls --chain-id 56 0x04d63aBCd2b9b1baa327f2Dda0f873F197ccd186 ${publicKey}
 
-echo "5. clearup----------------------------------------------------------------------------------"
+echo "6. clearup----------------------------------------------------------------------------------"
 rm -rf bls
 rm -rf bls1
 rm -rf bls-password.txt
diff --git a/cmd/jsutils/getchainstatus.js b/cmd/jsutils/getchainstatus.js
index cad7cd0508..672041a3f8 100644
--- a/cmd/jsutils/getchainstatus.js
+++ b/cmd/jsutils/getchainstatus.js
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ function printUsage() {
     console.log("  GetBlobTxs: get BlobTxs of a block range");
     console.log("  GetFaucetStatus: get faucet status of BSC testnet");
     console.log("  GetKeyParameters: dump some key governance parameter");
+    console.log("  GetMevStatus: get mev blocks of a block range");
     console.log("\nOptions:");
     console.log("  --rpc       specify the url of RPC endpoint");
     console.log("  --startNum  the start block number");
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ function printUsage() {
     console.log("  node getchainstatus.js GetFaucetStatus --rpc https://bsc-testnet-dataseed.bnbchain.org --startNum 40000001  --endNum 40000010")
     console.log("  node getchainstatus.js GetKeyParameters --rpc https://bsc-testnet-dataseed.bnbchain.org") // default: latest block
     console.log("  node getchainstatus.js GetEip7623 --rpc https://bsc-testnet-dataseed.bnbchain.org --startNum 40000001  --endNum 40000010")
+    console.log("  node getchainstatus.js GetMevStatus --rpc https://bsc-testnet-dataseed.bnbchain.org --startNum 40000001  --endNum 40000010")
 }
 
 program.usage = printUsage;
@@ -162,7 +164,38 @@ const validatorMap = new Map([
     ["0xfA4d592F9B152f7a10B5DE9bE24C27a74BCE431A","MyTWFMM"]
 ]);
 
-
+const builderMap = new Map([
+    // BSC mainnet
+    //     blockrazor
+    ["0x5532CdB3c0c4278f9848fc4560b495b70bA67455", "blockrazor dublin"],
+    ["0xBA4233f6e478DB76698b0A5000972Af0196b7bE1", "blockrazor frankfurt"],
+    ["0x539E24781f616F0d912B60813aB75B7b80b75C53", "blockrazor nyc"],
+    ["0x49D91b1Ab0CC6A1591c2e5863E602d7159d36149", "blockrazor relay"],
+    ["0x50061047B9c7150f0Dc105f79588D1B07D2be250", "blockrazor tokyo"],
+    ["0x0557E8CB169F90F6eF421a54e29d7dd0629Ca597", "blockrazor virginia"],
+    ["0x488e37fcB2024A5B2F4342c7dE636f0825dE6448", "blockrazor x"],
+    //     puissant
+    ["0x48a5Ed9abC1a8FBe86ceC4900483f43a7f2dBB48", "puissant ap"],
+    ["0x487e5Dfe70119C1b320B8219B190a6fa95a5BB48", "puissant eu"],
+    ["0x48FeE1BB3823D72fdF80671ebaD5646Ae397BB48", "puissant us"],
+    ["0x48B4bBEbF0655557A461e91B8905b85864B8BB48", "puissant x"],
+    ["0x4827b423D03a349b7519Dda537e9A28d31ecBB48", "puissant y"],
+    ["0x48B2665E5E9a343409199D70F7495c8aB660BB48", "puissant:z"],
+    //     blockroute
+    ["0xD4376FdC9b49d90e6526dAa929f2766a33BFFD52", "blockroute dublin"],
+    ["0x2873fc7aD9122933BECB384f5856f0E87918388d", "blockroute frankfurt"],
+    ["0x432101856a330aafdeB049dD5fA03a756B3f1c66", "blockroute japan"],
+    ["0x2B217a4158933AAdE6D6494e3791D454B4D13AE7", "blockroute nyc"],
+    ["0x0da52E9673529b6E06F444FbBED2904A37f66415", "blockroute relay"],
+    ["0xE1ec1AeCE7953ecB4539749B9AA2eEF63354860a", "blockroute singapore"],
+    ["0x89434FC3a09e583F2cb4e47A8B8fe58De8BE6a15", "blockroute virginia"],
+    ["0x10353562E662E333C0c2007400284e0e21cF74fF", "blockroute x"],
+    //     txboost
+    ["0x6Dddf681C908705472D09B1D7036B2241B50e5c7", "puissant ap"],
+    ["0x76736159984AE865a9b9Cc0Df61484A49dA68191", "puissant eu"],
+    ["0x5054b21D8baea3d602dca8761B235ee10bc0231E", "puissant us"],
+    // Chapel
+ ]);
 
 // 1.cmd: "GetMaxTxCountInBlockRange", usage:
 // node getchainstatus.js GetMaxTxCountInBlockRange --rpc https://bsc-testnet-dataseed.bnbchain.org \
@@ -347,7 +380,7 @@ async function getPerformanceData()  {
         if (difficulty == 2) {
             inturnBlocks += 1
         }
-        let timestamp = eval(eval(header.timestamp).toString(10))
+        let timestamp = eval(eval(header.milliTimestamp).toString(10))
         if (parliaEnabled) {
             let justifiedNumber = await provider.send("parlia_getJustifiedNumber", [ethers.toQuantity(i)]);
             if (justifiedNumber + 1 == i) {
@@ -363,11 +396,11 @@ async function getPerformanceData()  {
 
     let startHeader = await provider.send("eth_getHeaderByNumber", [
         ethers.toQuantity(program.startNum)]);
-    let startTime = eval(eval(startHeader.timestamp).toString(10))
+    let startTime = eval(eval(startHeader.milliTimestamp).toString(10))
     let endHeader = await provider.send("eth_getHeaderByNumber", [
         ethers.toQuantity(program.endNum)]);
-    let endTime = eval(eval(endHeader.timestamp).toString(10))
-    let timeCost = endTime - startTime
+    let endTime = eval(eval(endHeader.milliTimestamp).toString(10))
+    let timeCost = (endTime - startTime)/1000
     let avgBlockTime = timeCost/blockCount
     let inturnBlocksRatio = inturnBlocks/blockCount
     let justifiedBlocksRatio = justifiedBlocks/blockCount
@@ -550,6 +583,71 @@ async function getEip7623()  {
     console.log(`Script executed in: ${duration} seconds`);
 }
 
+// 10.cmd: "getMevStatus", usage:
+// node getchainstatus.js GetMeVStatus \
+//      --rpc https://bsc-testnet-dataseed.bnbchain.org \
+//      --startNum 40000001  --endNum 40000005
+async function getMevStatus() {
+    let localCount = 0
+    let blockrazorCount = 0
+    let puissantCount = 0
+    let blockrouteCount = 0
+    let txboostCount = 0
+    var startBlock = parseInt(program.startNum)
+    var endBlock = parseInt(program.endNum)
+    if (isNaN(endBlock) || isNaN(startBlock) || startBlock == 0) {
+       console.error("invalid input, --startNum", program.startNum, "--end", program.endNum)
+       return
+    }
+    // if --endNum is not specified, set it to the latest block number.
+    if (endBlock == 0) {
+       endBlock = await provider.getBlockNumber();
+    }
+    if (startBlock > endBlock) {
+       console.error("invalid input, startBlock:", startBlock, " endBlock:", endBlock);
+       return
+    }
+ 
+    for (let i = startBlock; i <= endBlock; i++) {
+       let blockData = await provider.getBlock(i);
+       let miner = validatorMap.get(blockData.miner)
+       const payBidTxReverseIdxMax = 3
+       let mevBlock = false
+       for (let idx = 0; idx <= payBidTxReverseIdxMax && blockData.transactions.length - 1 - idx >= 0; idx++) {
+          var txIndex = blockData.transactions.length - 1 - idx
+          let txHash = blockData.transactions[txIndex]
+          let txData = await provider.getTransaction(txHash);
+          if (builderMap.has(txData.to)) {
+             let builder = builderMap.get(txData.to)
+             if (builder.search("blockrazor") != -1) {
+                blockrazorCount++
+             } else if (builder.search("puissant") != -1) {
+                puissantCount++
+             } else if (builder.search("blockroute") != -1) {
+                blockrouteCount++
+             } else if (builder.search("txboost") != -1) {
+                txboostCount++
+             }
+             mevBlock = true
+             console.log("blockNum:", i, "  miner:", miner, "   builder:("+builderMap.get(txData.to)+")", txData.to);
+             break
+          }
+       }
+       if (!mevBlock) {
+          localCount++
+          console.log("blockNum:", i, " miner:", miner, "   builder:local");
+       }
+    }
+    console.log("Get Mev Status between [", program.startNum, ",", program.endNum, "]");
+    let total = program.endNum - program.startNum + 1
+    console.log("total =", total)
+    console.log("local =", localCount, "    ratio =", (localCount / total).toFixed(2))
+    console.log("blockrazor =", blockrazorCount, "  ratio =", (blockrazorCount / total).toFixed(2))
+    console.log("puissant =", puissantCount, "  ratio =", (puissantCount / total).toFixed(2))
+    console.log("blockroute =", blockrouteCount, "    ratio =", (blockrouteCount / total).toFixed(2))
+    console.log("txboost =", txboostCount, "   ratio =", (txboostCount / total).toFixed(2))
+ };
+
 const main = async () => {
     if (process.argv.length <= 2) {
         console.error('invalid process.argv.length', process.argv.length);
@@ -579,6 +677,8 @@ const main = async () => {
         await getKeyParameters()
     } else if (cmd === "GetEip7623"){
         await getEip7623()
+    } else if (cmd === "GetMevStatus"){
+        await getMevStatus()
     } else {
         console.log("unsupported cmd", cmd);
         printUsage()
diff --git a/common/bidutil/bidutil.go b/common/bidutil/bidutil.go
index d2735808c6..22b3891d1f 100644
--- a/common/bidutil/bidutil.go
+++ b/common/bidutil/bidutil.go
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ func BidBetterBefore(parentHeader *types.Header, blockPeriod uint64, delayLeftOv
 // BidMustBefore returns the time when the next bid must be received,
 // only considering the consensus delay but not bid simulation duration.
 func BidMustBefore(parentHeader *types.Header, blockPeriod uint64, delayLeftOver time.Duration) time.Time {
-	nextHeaderTime := time.Unix(int64(parentHeader.Time+blockPeriod), 0)
+	nextHeaderTime := time.UnixMilli(int64(parentHeader.MilliTimestamp() + blockPeriod))
 	nextHeaderTime = nextHeaderTime.Add(-delayLeftOver)
 	return nextHeaderTime
 }
diff --git a/common/format.go b/common/format.go
index 7af41f52d5..f8d2808846 100644
--- a/common/format.go
+++ b/common/format.go
@@ -80,3 +80,13 @@ func (t PrettyAge) String() string {
 	}
 	return result
 }
+
+func FormatMilliTime(n int64) string {
+	if n < 0 {
+		return "invalid"
+	}
+	if n == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return time.UnixMilli(n).Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05.000")
+}
diff --git a/consensus/consensus.go b/consensus/consensus.go
index a58287f5e8..711646a8b0 100644
--- a/consensus/consensus.go
+++ b/consensus/consensus.go
@@ -162,6 +162,5 @@ type PoSA interface {
 	GetFinalizedHeader(chain ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header) *types.Header
 	VerifyVote(chain ChainHeaderReader, vote *types.VoteEnvelope) error
 	IsActiveValidatorAt(chain ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, checkVoteKeyFn func(bLSPublicKey *types.BLSPublicKey) bool) bool
-	BlockInterval() uint64
 	NextProposalBlock(chain ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, proposer common.Address) (uint64, uint64, error)
 }
diff --git a/consensus/misc/eip1559/eip1559_test.go b/consensus/misc/eip1559/eip1559_test.go
index 54f91046e3..0f68c6e860 100644
--- a/consensus/misc/eip1559/eip1559_test.go
+++ b/consensus/misc/eip1559/eip1559_test.go
@@ -52,10 +52,7 @@ func copyConfig(original *params.ChainConfig) *params.ChainConfig {
 func config() *params.ChainConfig {
 	config := copyConfig(params.TestChainConfig)
 	config.Ethash = nil
-	config.Parlia = &params.ParliaConfig{
-		Period: 3,
-		Epoch:  200,
-	}
+	config.Parlia = &params.ParliaConfig{}
 	config.LondonBlock = big.NewInt(5)
 	return config
 }
diff --git a/consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844.go b/consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844.go
index 5d72563221..c077090287 100644
--- a/consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844.go
+++ b/consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844.go
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ func CalcExcessBlobGas(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Header, headTim
 func CalcBlobFee(config *params.ChainConfig, header *types.Header) *big.Int {
 	var frac uint64
 	switch config.LatestFork(header.Time) {
-	case forks.Prague:
+	case forks.Lorentz, forks.Prague:
 		frac = config.BlobScheduleConfig.Prague.UpdateFraction
 	case forks.Cancun:
 		frac = config.BlobScheduleConfig.Cancun.UpdateFraction
diff --git a/consensus/parlia/abi.go b/consensus/parlia/abi.go
index 804dcdf7e0..7b08edaa0d 100644
--- a/consensus/parlia/abi.go
+++ b/consensus/parlia/abi.go
@@ -1501,19 +1501,6 @@ const validatorSetABI = `
     ],
     "stateMutability": "view"
   },
-  {
-    "type": "function",
-    "name": "EPOCH",
-    "inputs": [],
-    "outputs": [
-      {
-        "name": "",
-        "type": "uint256",
-        "internalType": "uint256"
-      }
-    ],
-    "stateMutability": "view"
-  },
   {
     "type": "function",
     "name": "ERROR_FAIL_CHECK_VALIDATORS",
diff --git a/consensus/parlia/parlia.go b/consensus/parlia/parlia.go
index 815946597a..21d7761b00 100644
--- a/consensus/parlia/parlia.go
+++ b/consensus/parlia/parlia.go
@@ -49,13 +49,18 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	inMemorySnapshots  = 256   // Number of recent snapshots to keep in memory
+	inMemorySnapshots  = 1280  // Number of recent snapshots to keep in memory; a buffer exceeding the EpochLength
 	inMemorySignatures = 4096  // Number of recent block signatures to keep in memory
 	inMemoryHeaders    = 86400 // Number of recent headers to keep in memory for double sign detection,
 
-	checkpointInterval = 1024        // Number of blocks after which to save the snapshot to the database
-	defaultEpochLength = uint64(200) // Default number of blocks of checkpoint to update validatorSet from contract
-	defaultTurnLength  = uint8(1)    // Default consecutive number of blocks a validator receives priority for block production
+	checkpointInterval = 1024 // Number of blocks after which to save the snapshot to the database
+
+	defaultEpochLength   uint64 = 200  // Default number of blocks of checkpoint to update validatorSet from contract
+	lorentzEpochLength   uint64 = 500  // Epoch length starting from the Lorentz hard fork
+	maxwellEpochLength   uint64 = 1000 // Epoch length starting from the Maxwell hard fork
+	defaultBlockInterval uint64 = 3000 // Default block interval in milliseconds
+	lorentzBlockInterval uint64 = 1500 // Block interval starting from the Lorentz hard fork
+	defaultTurnLength    uint8  = 1    // Default consecutive number of blocks a validator receives priority for block production
 
 	extraVanity      = 32 // Fixed number of extra-data prefix bytes reserved for signer vanity
 	extraSeal        = 65 // Fixed number of extra-data suffix bytes reserved for signer seal
@@ -66,12 +71,18 @@ const (
 	validatorBytesLength            = common.AddressLength + types.BLSPublicKeyLength
 	validatorNumberSize             = 1 // Fixed number of extra prefix bytes reserved for validator number after Luban
 
-	wiggleTime         = uint64(1) // second, Random delay (per signer) to allow concurrent signers
-	initialBackOffTime = uint64(1) // second
+	wiggleTime                uint64 = 1000 // milliseconds, Random delay (per signer) to allow concurrent signers
+	defaultInitialBackOffTime uint64 = 1000 // milliseconds, Default backoff time for the second validator permitted to produce blocks
+	lorentzInitialBackOffTime uint64 = 2000 // milliseconds, Backoff time for the second validator permitted to produce blocks from the Lorentz hard fork
 
 	systemRewardPercent = 4 // it means 1/2^4 = 1/16 percentage of gas fee incoming will be distributed to system
 
 	collectAdditionalVotesRewardRatio = 100 // ratio of additional reward for collecting more votes than needed, the denominator is 100
+
+	gasLimitBoundDivisorBeforeLorentz uint64 = 256 // The bound divisor of the gas limit, used in update calculations before lorentz hard fork.
+
+	// `finalityRewardInterval` should be smaller than `inMemorySnapshots`, otherwise, it will result in excessive computation.
+	finalityRewardInterval = 200
 )
 
 var (
@@ -83,6 +94,7 @@ var (
 	updateAttestationErrorCounter     = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("parlia/updateAttestation/error", nil)
 	validVotesfromSelfCounter         = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("parlia/VerifyVote/self", nil)
 	doubleSignCounter                 = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("parlia/doublesign", nil)
+	intentionalDelayMiningCounter     = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("parlia/intentionalDelayMining", nil)
 
 	systemContracts = map[common.Address]bool{
 		common.HexToAddress(systemcontracts.ValidatorContract):          true,
@@ -263,11 +275,6 @@ func New(
 	parliaConfig := chainConfig.Parlia
 	log.Info("Parlia", "chainConfig", chainConfig)
 
-	// Set any missing consensus parameters to their defaults
-	if parliaConfig != nil && parliaConfig.Epoch == 0 {
-		parliaConfig.Epoch = defaultEpochLength
-	}
-
 	// Allocate the snapshot caches and create the engine
 	recentSnaps, err := lru.NewARC(inMemorySnapshots)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -316,10 +323,6 @@ func New(
 	return c
 }
 
-func (p *Parlia) Period() uint64 {
-	return p.config.Period
-}
-
 func (p *Parlia) IsSystemTransaction(tx *types.Transaction, header *types.Header) (bool, error) {
 	if tx.To() == nil || !isToSystemContract(*tx.To()) {
 		return false, nil
@@ -377,20 +380,20 @@ func (p *Parlia) VerifyHeaders(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, headers []*typ
 // On luban fork, we introduce vote attestation into the header's extra field, so extra format is different from before.
 // Before luban fork: |---Extra Vanity---|---Validators Bytes (or Empty)---|---Extra Seal---|
 // After luban fork:  |---Extra Vanity---|---Validators Number and Validators Bytes (or Empty)---|---Vote Attestation (or Empty)---|---Extra Seal---|
-// After bohr fork:   |---Extra Vanity---|---Validators Number and Validators Bytes (or Empty)---|---Turn Length (or Empty)---|---Vote Attestation (or Empty)---|---Extra Seal---|
-func getValidatorBytesFromHeader(header *types.Header, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, parliaConfig *params.ParliaConfig) []byte {
+// After bohr fork:   |---Extra Vanity---|---Validators Number, Validators Bytes and Turn Length (or Empty)---|---Vote Attestation (or Empty)---|---Extra Seal---|
+func getValidatorBytesFromHeader(header *types.Header, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, epochLength uint64) []byte {
 	if len(header.Extra) <= extraVanity+extraSeal {
 		return nil
 	}
 
 	if !chainConfig.IsLuban(header.Number) {
-		if header.Number.Uint64()%parliaConfig.Epoch == 0 && (len(header.Extra)-extraSeal-extraVanity)%validatorBytesLengthBeforeLuban != 0 {
+		if header.Number.Uint64()%epochLength == 0 && (len(header.Extra)-extraSeal-extraVanity)%validatorBytesLengthBeforeLuban != 0 {
 			return nil
 		}
 		return header.Extra[extraVanity : len(header.Extra)-extraSeal]
 	}
 
-	if header.Number.Uint64()%parliaConfig.Epoch != 0 {
+	if header.Number.Uint64()%epochLength != 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
 	num := int(header.Extra[extraVanity])
@@ -407,7 +410,7 @@ func getValidatorBytesFromHeader(header *types.Header, chainConfig *params.Chain
 }
 
 // getVoteAttestationFromHeader returns the vote attestation extracted from the header's extra field if exists.
-func getVoteAttestationFromHeader(header *types.Header, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, parliaConfig *params.ParliaConfig) (*types.VoteAttestation, error) {
+func getVoteAttestationFromHeader(header *types.Header, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, epochLength uint64) (*types.VoteAttestation, error) {
 	if len(header.Extra) <= extraVanity+extraSeal {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
@@ -417,7 +420,7 @@ func getVoteAttestationFromHeader(header *types.Header, chainConfig *params.Chai
 	}
 
 	var attestationBytes []byte
-	if header.Number.Uint64()%parliaConfig.Epoch != 0 {
+	if header.Number.Uint64()%epochLength != 0 {
 		attestationBytes = header.Extra[extraVanity : len(header.Extra)-extraSeal]
 	} else {
 		num := int(header.Extra[extraVanity])
@@ -457,7 +460,11 @@ func (p *Parlia) getParent(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Head
 
 // verifyVoteAttestation checks whether the vote attestation in the header is valid.
 func (p *Parlia) verifyVoteAttestation(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, parents []*types.Header) error {
-	attestation, err := getVoteAttestationFromHeader(header, p.chainConfig, p.config)
+	epochLength, err := p.epochLength(chain, header, parents)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	attestation, err := getVoteAttestationFromHeader(header, chain.Config(), epochLength)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -571,10 +578,13 @@ func (p *Parlia) verifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.H
 
 	// check extra data
 	number := header.Number.Uint64()
-	isEpoch := number%p.config.Epoch == 0
-
+	epochLength, err := p.epochLength(chain, header, parents)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	// Ensure that the extra-data contains a signer list on checkpoint, but none otherwise
-	signersBytes := getValidatorBytesFromHeader(header, p.chainConfig, p.config)
+	signersBytes := getValidatorBytesFromHeader(header, p.chainConfig, epochLength)
+	isEpoch := number%epochLength == 0
 	if !isEpoch && len(signersBytes) != 0 {
 		return errExtraValidators
 	}
@@ -582,9 +592,15 @@ func (p *Parlia) verifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.H
 		return errInvalidSpanValidators
 	}
 
-	// Ensure that the mix digest is zero as we don't have fork protection currently
-	if header.MixDigest != (common.Hash{}) {
-		return errInvalidMixDigest
+	lorentz := chain.Config().IsLorentz(header.Number, header.Time)
+	if !lorentz {
+		if header.MixDigest != (common.Hash{}) {
+			return errInvalidMixDigest
+		}
+	} else {
+		if header.MilliTimestamp()/1000 != header.Time {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid MixDigest, have %#x, expected the last two bytes to represent milliseconds", header.MixDigest)
+		}
 	}
 	// Ensure that the block doesn't contain any uncles which are meaningless in PoA
 	if header.UncleHash != types.EmptyUncleHash {
@@ -700,7 +716,11 @@ func (p *Parlia) verifyCascadingFields(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header
 	if diff < 0 {
 		diff *= -1
 	}
-	limit := parent.GasLimit / params.GasLimitBoundDivisor
+	gasLimitBoundDivisor := gasLimitBoundDivisorBeforeLorentz
+	if p.chainConfig.IsLorentz(header.Number, header.Time) {
+		gasLimitBoundDivisor = params.GasLimitBoundDivisor
+	}
+	limit := parent.GasLimit / gasLimitBoundDivisor
 
 	if uint64(diff) >= limit || header.GasLimit < params.MinGasLimit {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid gas limit: have %d, want %d += %d", header.GasLimit, parent.GasLimit, limit-1)
@@ -750,11 +770,20 @@ func (p *Parlia) snapshot(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, number uint64, hash
 		// If we're at the genesis, snapshot the initial state. Alternatively if we have
 		// piled up more headers than allowed to be reorged (chain reinit from a freezer),
 		// consider the checkpoint trusted and snapshot it.
-		// An offset `p.config.Epoch - 1` can ensure getting the right validators.
-		if number == 0 || ((number+1)%p.config.Epoch == 0 && (len(headers) > int(params.FullImmutabilityThreshold))) {
+
+		// Unable to retrieve the exact EpochLength here.
+		// As known
+		// 		defaultEpochLength = 200 && turnLength = 1 or 4
+		// 		lorentzEpochLength = 500 && turnLength = 8
+		// 		maxwellEpochLength = 1000 && turnLength = 16
+		// So just select block number like 1200, 2200, 3200, we can always get the right validators from `number - 200`
+		offset := uint64(200)
+		if number == 0 || (number%maxwellEpochLength == offset && (len(headers) > int(params.FullImmutabilityThreshold))) {
 			var (
-				checkpoint *types.Header
-				blockHash  common.Hash
+				checkpoint    *types.Header
+				blockHash     common.Hash
+				blockInterval = defaultBlockInterval
+				epochLength   = defaultEpochLength
 			)
 			if number == 0 {
 				checkpoint = chain.GetHeaderByNumber(0)
@@ -762,15 +791,26 @@ func (p *Parlia) snapshot(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, number uint64, hash
 					blockHash = checkpoint.Hash()
 				}
 			} else {
-				checkpoint = chain.GetHeaderByNumber(number + 1 - p.config.Epoch)
+				checkpoint = chain.GetHeaderByNumber(number - offset)
 				blockHeader := chain.GetHeaderByNumber(number)
 				if blockHeader != nil {
 					blockHash = blockHeader.Hash()
+					if p.chainConfig.IsLorentz(blockHeader.Number, blockHeader.Time) {
+						blockInterval = lorentzBlockInterval
+					}
+				}
+				if number > offset { // exclude `number == 200`
+					blockBeforeCheckpoint := chain.GetHeaderByNumber(number - offset - 1)
+					if blockBeforeCheckpoint != nil {
+						if p.chainConfig.IsLorentz(blockBeforeCheckpoint.Number, blockBeforeCheckpoint.Time) {
+							epochLength = lorentzEpochLength
+						}
+					}
 				}
 			}
 			if checkpoint != nil && blockHash != (common.Hash{}) {
 				// get validators from headers
-				validators, voteAddrs, err := parseValidators(checkpoint, p.chainConfig, p.config)
+				validators, voteAddrs, err := parseValidators(checkpoint, p.chainConfig, epochLength)
 				if err != nil {
 					return nil, err
 				}
@@ -779,13 +819,15 @@ func (p *Parlia) snapshot(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, number uint64, hash
 				snap = newSnapshot(p.config, p.signatures, number, blockHash, validators, voteAddrs, p.ethAPI)
 
 				// get turnLength from headers and use that for new turnLength
-				turnLength, err := parseTurnLength(checkpoint, p.chainConfig, p.config)
+				turnLength, err := parseTurnLength(checkpoint, p.chainConfig, epochLength)
 				if err != nil {
 					return nil, err
 				}
 				if turnLength != nil {
 					snap.TurnLength = *turnLength
 				}
+				snap.BlockInterval = blockInterval
+				snap.EpochLength = epochLength
 
 				// snap.Recents is currently empty, which affects the following:
 				// a. The function SignRecently - This is acceptable since an empty snap.Recents results in a more lenient check.
@@ -925,8 +967,12 @@ func (p *Parlia) verifySeal(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Hea
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (p *Parlia) prepareValidators(header *types.Header) error {
-	if header.Number.Uint64()%p.config.Epoch != 0 {
+func (p *Parlia) prepareValidators(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header) error {
+	epochLength, err := p.epochLength(chain, header, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if header.Number.Uint64()%epochLength != 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
 
@@ -958,7 +1004,11 @@ func (p *Parlia) prepareValidators(header *types.Header) error {
 }
 
 func (p *Parlia) prepareTurnLength(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header) error {
-	if header.Number.Uint64()%p.config.Epoch != 0 ||
+	epochLength, err := p.epochLength(chain, header, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if header.Number.Uint64()%epochLength != 0 ||
 		!p.chainConfig.IsBohr(header.Number, header.Time) {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -1093,16 +1143,19 @@ func (p *Parlia) Prepare(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header
 	if parent == nil {
 		return consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
 	}
-	header.Time = p.blockTimeForRamanujanFork(snap, header, parent)
-	if header.Time < uint64(time.Now().Unix()) {
-		header.Time = uint64(time.Now().Unix())
+	blockTime := p.blockTimeForRamanujanFork(snap, header, parent)
+	header.Time = blockTime / 1000 // get seconds
+	if p.chainConfig.IsLorentz(header.Number, header.Time) {
+		header.SetMilliseconds(blockTime % 1000)
+	} else {
+		header.MixDigest = common.Hash{}
 	}
 
 	header.Extra = header.Extra[:extraVanity-nextForkHashSize]
 	nextForkHash := forkid.NextForkHash(p.chainConfig, p.genesisHash, chain.GenesisHeader().Time, number, header.Time)
 	header.Extra = append(header.Extra, nextForkHash[:]...)
 
-	if err := p.prepareValidators(header); err != nil {
+	if err := p.prepareValidators(chain, header); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
@@ -1112,14 +1165,15 @@ func (p *Parlia) Prepare(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header
 	// add extra seal space
 	header.Extra = append(header.Extra, make([]byte, extraSeal)...)
 
-	// Mix digest is reserved for now, set to empty
-	header.MixDigest = common.Hash{}
-
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (p *Parlia) verifyValidators(header *types.Header) error {
-	if header.Number.Uint64()%p.config.Epoch != 0 {
+func (p *Parlia) verifyValidators(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header) error {
+	epochLength, err := p.epochLength(chain, header, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if header.Number.Uint64()%epochLength != 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
 
@@ -1153,19 +1207,23 @@ func (p *Parlia) verifyValidators(header *types.Header) error {
 			copy(validatorsBytes[i*validatorBytesLength+common.AddressLength:], voteAddressMap[validator].Bytes())
 		}
 	}
-	if !bytes.Equal(getValidatorBytesFromHeader(header, p.chainConfig, p.config), validatorsBytes) {
+	if !bytes.Equal(getValidatorBytesFromHeader(header, p.chainConfig, epochLength), validatorsBytes) {
 		return errMismatchingEpochValidators
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
 func (p *Parlia) verifyTurnLength(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header) error {
-	if header.Number.Uint64()%p.config.Epoch != 0 ||
+	epochLength, err := p.epochLength(chain, header, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if header.Number.Uint64()%epochLength != 0 ||
 		!p.chainConfig.IsBohr(header.Number, header.Time) {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	turnLengthFromHeader, err := parseTurnLength(header, p.chainConfig, p.config)
+	turnLengthFromHeader, err := parseTurnLength(header, p.chainConfig, epochLength)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -1187,20 +1245,22 @@ func (p *Parlia) distributeFinalityReward(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, sta
 	cx core.ChainContext, txs *[]*types.Transaction, receipts *[]*types.Receipt, systemTxs *[]*types.Transaction,
 	usedGas *uint64, mining bool, tracer *tracing.Hooks) error {
 	currentHeight := header.Number.Uint64()
-	epoch := p.config.Epoch
-	chainConfig := chain.Config()
-	if currentHeight%epoch != 0 {
+	if currentHeight%finalityRewardInterval != 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
 
 	head := header
 	accumulatedWeights := make(map[common.Address]uint64)
-	for height := currentHeight - 1; height+epoch >= currentHeight && height >= 1; height-- {
+	for height := currentHeight - 1; height+finalityRewardInterval >= currentHeight && height >= 1; height-- {
 		head = chain.GetHeaderByHash(head.ParentHash)
 		if head == nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("header is nil at height %d", height)
 		}
-		voteAttestation, err := getVoteAttestationFromHeader(head, chainConfig, p.config)
+		epochLength, err := p.epochLength(chain, head, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		voteAttestation, err := getVoteAttestationFromHeader(head, chain.Config(), epochLength)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -1311,7 +1371,7 @@ func (p *Parlia) Finalize(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Heade
 	}
 	// If the block is an epoch end block, verify the validator list
 	// The verification can only be done when the state is ready, it can't be done in VerifyHeader.
-	if err := p.verifyValidators(header); err != nil {
+	if err := p.verifyValidators(chain, header); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
@@ -1365,7 +1425,16 @@ func (p *Parlia) Finalize(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Heade
 			}
 		}
 	}
+
 	val := header.Coinbase
+	PenalizeForDelayMining, err := p.isIntentionalDelayMining(chain, header)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Debug("unexpected error happened when detecting intentional delay mining", "err", err)
+	}
+	if PenalizeForDelayMining {
+		intentionalDelayMiningCounter.Inc(1)
+		log.Warn("intentional delay mining detected", "validator", val, "number", header.Number, "hash", header.Hash())
+	}
 	err = p.distributeIncoming(val, state, header, cx, txs, receipts, systemTxs, usedGas, false, tracer)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -1576,9 +1645,9 @@ func (p *Parlia) Delay(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Header, leftOv
 	}
 	delay := p.delayForRamanujanFork(snap, header)
 
-	if *leftOver >= time.Duration(p.config.Period)*time.Second {
+	if *leftOver >= time.Duration(snap.BlockInterval)*time.Millisecond {
 		// ignore invalid leftOver
-		log.Error("Delay invalid argument", "leftOver", leftOver.String(), "Period", p.config.Period)
+		log.Error("Delay invalid argument", "leftOver", leftOver.String(), "Period", snap.BlockInterval)
 	} else if *leftOver >= delay {
 		delay = time.Duration(0)
 		return &delay
@@ -1587,9 +1656,9 @@ func (p *Parlia) Delay(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Header, leftOv
 	}
 
 	// The blocking time should be no more than half of period when snap.TurnLength == 1
-	timeForMining := time.Duration(p.config.Period) * time.Second / 2
+	timeForMining := time.Duration(snap.BlockInterval) * time.Millisecond / 2
 	if !snap.lastBlockInOneTurn(header.Number.Uint64()) {
-		timeForMining = time.Duration(p.config.Period) * time.Second * 2 / 3
+		timeForMining = time.Duration(snap.BlockInterval) * time.Millisecond * 2 / 3
 	}
 	if delay > timeForMining {
 		delay = timeForMining
@@ -1607,11 +1676,6 @@ func (p *Parlia) Seal(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, block *types.Block, res
 	if number == 0 {
 		return errUnknownBlock
 	}
-	// For 0-period chains, refuse to seal empty blocks (no reward but would spin sealing)
-	if p.config.Period == 0 && len(block.Transactions()) == 0 {
-		log.Info("Sealing paused, waiting for transactions")
-		return nil
-	}
 	// Don't hold the val fields for the entire sealing procedure
 	p.lock.RLock()
 	val, signFn := p.val, p.signFn
@@ -1850,6 +1914,21 @@ func (p *Parlia) getCurrentValidators(blockHash common.Hash, blockNum *big.Int)
 	return valSet, voteAddrMap, nil
 }
 
+func (p *Parlia) isIntentionalDelayMining(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header) (bool, error) {
+	parent := chain.GetHeader(header.ParentHash, header.Number.Uint64()-1)
+	if parent == nil {
+		return false, errors.New("parent not found")
+	}
+	blockInterval, err := p.BlockInterval(chain, header)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	isIntentional := header.Coinbase == parent.Coinbase &&
+		header.Difficulty == diffInTurn && parent.Difficulty == diffInTurn &&
+		parent.MilliTimestamp()+blockInterval < header.MilliTimestamp()
+	return isIntentional, nil
+}
+
 // distributeIncoming distributes system incoming of the block
 func (p *Parlia) distributeIncoming(val common.Address, state vm.StateDB, header *types.Header, chain core.ChainContext,
 	txs *[]*types.Transaction, receipts *[]*types.Receipt, receivedTxs *[]*types.Transaction, usedGas *uint64, mining bool, tracer *tracing.Hooks) error {
@@ -2121,17 +2200,26 @@ func (p *Parlia) GetFinalizedHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *t
 }
 
 // ===========================     utility function        ==========================
-func (p *Parlia) backOffTime(snap *Snapshot, header *types.Header, val common.Address) uint64 {
+func (p *Parlia) backOffTime(snap *Snapshot, parent, header *types.Header, val common.Address) uint64 {
 	if snap.inturn(val) {
 		log.Debug("backOffTime", "blockNumber", header.Number, "in turn validator", val)
 		return 0
 	} else {
-		delay := initialBackOffTime
+		delay := defaultInitialBackOffTime
+		// When mining blocks, `header.Time` is temporarily set to time.Now() + 1.
+		// Therefore, using `header.Time` to determine whether a hard fork has occurred is incorrect.
+		// As a result, during the Bohr and Lorentz hard forks, the network may experience some instability,
+		// So use `parent.Time` instead.
+		isParerntLorentz := p.chainConfig.IsLorentz(parent.Number, parent.Time)
+		if isParerntLorentz {
+			// If the in-turn validator has not signed recently, the expected backoff times are [2, 3, 4, ...].
+			delay = lorentzInitialBackOffTime
+		}
 		validators := snap.validators()
 		if p.chainConfig.IsPlanck(header.Number) {
 			counts := snap.countRecents()
 			for addr, seenTimes := range counts {
-				log.Debug("backOffTime", "blockNumber", header.Number, "validator", addr, "seenTimes", seenTimes)
+				log.Trace("backOffTime", "blockNumber", header.Number, "validator", addr, "seenTimes", seenTimes)
 			}
 
 			// The backOffTime does not matter when a validator has signed recently.
@@ -2191,13 +2279,46 @@ func (p *Parlia) backOffTime(snap *Snapshot, header *types.Header, val common.Ad
 			backOffSteps[i], backOffSteps[j] = backOffSteps[j], backOffSteps[i]
 		})
 
+		if delay == 0 && isParerntLorentz {
+			// If the in-turn validator has signed recently, the expected backoff times are [0, 2, 3, ...].
+			if backOffSteps[idx] == 0 {
+				return 0
+			}
+			return lorentzInitialBackOffTime + (backOffSteps[idx]-1)*wiggleTime
+		}
 		delay += backOffSteps[idx] * wiggleTime
 		return delay
 	}
 }
 
-func (p *Parlia) BlockInterval() uint64 {
-	return p.config.Period
+// BlockInterval returns number of blocks in one epoch for the given header
+func (p *Parlia) epochLength(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, parents []*types.Header) (uint64, error) {
+	if header == nil {
+		return defaultEpochLength, errUnknownBlock
+	}
+	if header.Number.Uint64() == 0 {
+		return defaultEpochLength, nil
+	}
+	snap, err := p.snapshot(chain, header.Number.Uint64()-1, header.ParentHash, parents)
+	if err != nil {
+		return defaultEpochLength, err
+	}
+	return snap.EpochLength, nil
+}
+
+// BlockInterval returns the block interval in milliseconds for the given header
+func (p *Parlia) BlockInterval(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header) (uint64, error) {
+	if header == nil {
+		return defaultBlockInterval, errUnknownBlock
+	}
+	if header.Number.Uint64() == 0 {
+		return defaultBlockInterval, nil
+	}
+	snap, err := p.snapshot(chain, header.Number.Uint64()-1, header.ParentHash, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return defaultBlockInterval, err
+	}
+	return snap.BlockInterval, nil
 }
 
 func (p *Parlia) NextProposalBlock(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, proposer common.Address) (uint64, uint64, error) {
diff --git a/consensus/parlia/parlia_test.go b/consensus/parlia/parlia_test.go
index 07705b3a6b..44d422402d 100644
--- a/consensus/parlia/parlia_test.go
+++ b/consensus/parlia/parlia_test.go
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ func producerBlockDelay(candidates map[int]bool, height, numOfValidators int) (i
 			minCandidate = c
 		}
 	}
-	delay := initialBackOffTime + uint64(minDelay)*wiggleTime
+	delay := defaultInitialBackOffTime + uint64(minDelay)*wiggleTime
 	return minCandidate, delay
 }
 
diff --git a/consensus/parlia/ramanujanfork.go b/consensus/parlia/ramanujanfork.go
index ce9089debc..64d149bf28 100644
--- a/consensus/parlia/ramanujanfork.go
+++ b/consensus/parlia/ramanujanfork.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"math/rand"
 	"time"
 
+	cmath "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 )
@@ -11,10 +12,11 @@ import (
 const (
 	wiggleTimeBeforeFork       = 500 * time.Millisecond // Random delay (per signer) to allow concurrent signers
 	fixedBackOffTimeBeforeFork = 200 * time.Millisecond
+	millisecondsUnit           = 500 // Set to 250 if block interval is 750ms; not enforced at the consensus level
 )
 
 func (p *Parlia) delayForRamanujanFork(snap *Snapshot, header *types.Header) time.Duration {
-	delay := time.Until(time.Unix(int64(header.Time), 0)) // nolint: gosimple
+	delay := time.Until(time.UnixMilli(int64(header.MilliTimestamp()))) // nolint: gosimple
 	if p.chainConfig.IsRamanujan(header.Number) {
 		return delay
 	}
@@ -27,16 +29,20 @@ func (p *Parlia) delayForRamanujanFork(snap *Snapshot, header *types.Header) tim
 }
 
 func (p *Parlia) blockTimeForRamanujanFork(snap *Snapshot, header, parent *types.Header) uint64 {
-	blockTime := parent.Time + p.config.Period
+	blockTime := parent.MilliTimestamp() + snap.BlockInterval
 	if p.chainConfig.IsRamanujan(header.Number) {
-		blockTime = blockTime + p.backOffTime(snap, header, p.val)
+		blockTime = blockTime + p.backOffTime(snap, parent, header, p.val)
+	}
+	if now := uint64(time.Now().UnixMilli()); blockTime < now {
+		// Just to make the millisecond part of the time look more aligned.
+		blockTime = uint64(cmath.CeilDiv(int(now), millisecondsUnit)) * millisecondsUnit
 	}
 	return blockTime
 }
 
 func (p *Parlia) blockTimeVerifyForRamanujanFork(snap *Snapshot, header, parent *types.Header) error {
 	if p.chainConfig.IsRamanujan(header.Number) {
-		if header.Time < parent.Time+p.config.Period+p.backOffTime(snap, header, header.Coinbase) {
+		if header.MilliTimestamp() < parent.MilliTimestamp()+snap.BlockInterval+p.backOffTime(snap, parent, header, header.Coinbase) {
 			return consensus.ErrFutureBlock
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/consensus/parlia/snapshot.go b/consensus/parlia/snapshot.go
index d474c06041..ebdbcbe1ed 100644
--- a/consensus/parlia/snapshot.go
+++ b/consensus/parlia/snapshot.go
@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ type Snapshot struct {
 
 	Number           uint64                            `json:"number"`                // Block number where the snapshot was created
 	Hash             common.Hash                       `json:"hash"`                  // Block hash where the snapshot was created
+	EpochLength      uint64                            `json:"epoch_length"`          // Number of Blocks in one epoch
+	BlockInterval    uint64                            `json:"block_interval"`        // Block Interval in milliseconds
 	TurnLength       uint8                             `json:"turn_length"`           // Length of `turn`, meaning the consecutive number of blocks a validator receives priority for block production
 	Validators       map[common.Address]*ValidatorInfo `json:"validators"`            // Set of authorized validators at this moment
 	Recents          map[uint64]common.Address         `json:"recents"`               // Set of recent validators for spam protections
@@ -74,6 +76,8 @@ func newSnapshot(
 		sigCache:         sigCache,
 		Number:           number,
 		Hash:             hash,
+		EpochLength:      defaultEpochLength,
+		BlockInterval:    defaultBlockInterval,
 		TurnLength:       defaultTurnLength,
 		Recents:          make(map[uint64]common.Address),
 		RecentForkHashes: make(map[uint64]string),
@@ -117,6 +121,12 @@ func loadSnapshot(config *params.ParliaConfig, sigCache *lru.ARCCache, db ethdb.
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(blob, snap); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	if snap.EpochLength == 0 { // no EpochLength field in old snapshots
+		snap.EpochLength = defaultEpochLength
+	}
+	if snap.BlockInterval == 0 { // no BlockInterval field in old snapshots
+		snap.BlockInterval = defaultBlockInterval
+	}
 	if snap.TurnLength == 0 { // no TurnLength field in old snapshots
 		snap.TurnLength = defaultTurnLength
 	}
@@ -145,6 +155,8 @@ func (s *Snapshot) copy() *Snapshot {
 		sigCache:         s.sigCache,
 		Number:           s.Number,
 		Hash:             s.Hash,
+		EpochLength:      s.EpochLength,
+		BlockInterval:    s.BlockInterval,
 		TurnLength:       s.TurnLength,
 		Validators:       make(map[common.Address]*ValidatorInfo),
 		Recents:          make(map[uint64]common.Address),
@@ -184,13 +196,13 @@ func (s *Snapshot) isMajorityFork(forkHash string) bool {
 	return ally > len(s.RecentForkHashes)/2
 }
 
-func (s *Snapshot) updateAttestation(header *types.Header, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, parliaConfig *params.ParliaConfig) {
+func (s *Snapshot) updateAttestation(header *types.Header, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, epochLength uint64) {
 	if !chainConfig.IsLuban(header.Number) {
 		return
 	}
 
 	// The attestation should have been checked in verify header, update directly
-	attestation, _ := getVoteAttestationFromHeader(header, chainConfig, parliaConfig)
+	attestation, _ := getVoteAttestationFromHeader(header, chainConfig, epochLength)
 	if attestation == nil {
 		return
 	}
@@ -310,10 +322,18 @@ func (s *Snapshot) apply(headers []*types.Header, chain consensus.ChainHeaderRea
 		}
 		snap.Recents[number] = validator
 		snap.RecentForkHashes[number] = hex.EncodeToString(header.Extra[extraVanity-nextForkHashSize : extraVanity])
-		snap.updateAttestation(header, chainConfig, s.config)
+		epochLength := snap.EpochLength
+		snap.updateAttestation(header, chainConfig, epochLength)
+		if chainConfig.IsLorentz(header.Number, header.Time) {
+			// Without this condition, an incorrect block might be used to parse validators for certain blocks after the Lorentz hard fork.
+			if (header.Number.Uint64()+1)%lorentzEpochLength == 0 {
+				snap.EpochLength = lorentzEpochLength
+			}
+			snap.BlockInterval = lorentzBlockInterval
+		}
 		// change validator set
-		if number > 0 && number%s.config.Epoch == snap.minerHistoryCheckLen() {
-			epochKey := math.MaxUint64 - header.Number.Uint64()/s.config.Epoch // impossible used as a block number
+		if number > 0 && number%epochLength == snap.minerHistoryCheckLen() {
+			epochKey := math.MaxUint64 - header.Number.Uint64()/epochLength // impossible used as a block number
 			if chainConfig.IsBohr(header.Number, header.Time) {
 				// after switching the validator set, snap.Validators may become larger,
 				// then the unexpected second switch will happen, just skip it.
@@ -329,7 +349,7 @@ func (s *Snapshot) apply(headers []*types.Header, chain consensus.ChainHeaderRea
 
 			oldVersionsLen := snap.versionHistoryCheckLen()
 			// get turnLength from headers and use that for new turnLength
-			turnLength, err := parseTurnLength(checkpointHeader, chainConfig, s.config)
+			turnLength, err := parseTurnLength(checkpointHeader, chainConfig, epochLength)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
@@ -339,7 +359,7 @@ func (s *Snapshot) apply(headers []*types.Header, chain consensus.ChainHeaderRea
 			}
 
 			// get validators from headers and use that for new validator set
-			newValArr, voteAddrs, err := parseValidators(checkpointHeader, chainConfig, s.config)
+			newValArr, voteAddrs, err := parseValidators(checkpointHeader, chainConfig, epochLength)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
@@ -412,12 +432,13 @@ func (s *Snapshot) inturnValidator() common.Address {
 }
 
 func (s *Snapshot) nexValidatorsChangeBlock() uint64 {
-	currentEpoch := s.Number - s.Number%s.config.Epoch
+	epochLength := s.EpochLength
+	currentEpoch := s.Number - s.Number%epochLength
 	checkLen := s.minerHistoryCheckLen()
-	if s.Number%s.config.Epoch < checkLen {
+	if s.Number%epochLength < checkLen {
 		return currentEpoch + checkLen
 	}
-	return currentEpoch + s.config.Epoch + checkLen
+	return currentEpoch + epochLength + checkLen
 }
 
 // nextProposalBlock returns the validator next proposal block.
@@ -476,8 +497,8 @@ func (s *Snapshot) indexOfVal(validator common.Address) int {
 	return -1
 }
 
-func parseValidators(header *types.Header, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, parliaConfig *params.ParliaConfig) ([]common.Address, []types.BLSPublicKey, error) {
-	validatorsBytes := getValidatorBytesFromHeader(header, chainConfig, parliaConfig)
+func parseValidators(header *types.Header, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, epochLength uint64) ([]common.Address, []types.BLSPublicKey, error) {
+	validatorsBytes := getValidatorBytesFromHeader(header, chainConfig, epochLength)
 	if len(validatorsBytes) == 0 {
 		return nil, nil, errors.New("invalid validators bytes")
 	}
@@ -501,8 +522,8 @@ func parseValidators(header *types.Header, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, parl
 	return cnsAddrs, voteAddrs, nil
 }
 
-func parseTurnLength(header *types.Header, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, parliaConfig *params.ParliaConfig) (*uint8, error) {
-	if header.Number.Uint64()%parliaConfig.Epoch != 0 ||
+func parseTurnLength(header *types.Header, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, epochLength uint64) (*uint8, error) {
+	if header.Number.Uint64()%epochLength != 0 ||
 		!chainConfig.IsBohr(header.Number, header.Time) {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
diff --git a/core/block_validator.go b/core/block_validator.go
index aea4a5bfd6..066b2111af 100644
--- a/core/block_validator.go
+++ b/core/block_validator.go
@@ -228,6 +228,7 @@ func (v *BlockValidator) RemoteVerifyManager() *remoteVerifyManager {
 // to keep the baseline gas close to the provided target, and increase it towards
 // the target if the baseline gas is lower.
 func CalcGasLimit(parentGasLimit, desiredLimit uint64) uint64 {
+	// change GasLimitBoundDivisor to 1024 from 256 from lorentz hard fork, but no need hard fork control here.
 	delta := parentGasLimit/params.GasLimitBoundDivisor - 1
 	limit := parentGasLimit
 	if desiredLimit < params.MinGasLimit {
diff --git a/core/block_validator_test.go b/core/block_validator_test.go
index 3b2015efa7..429cdb3cf3 100644
--- a/core/block_validator_test.go
+++ b/core/block_validator_test.go
@@ -240,8 +240,8 @@ func TestCalcGasLimit(t *testing.T) {
 		max       uint64
 		min       uint64
 	}{
-		{20000000, 20078124, 19921876},
-		{40000000, 40156249, 39843751},
+		{20000000, 20019530, 19980470},
+		{40000000, 40039061, 39960939},
 	} {
 		// Increase
 		if have, want := CalcGasLimit(tc.pGasLimit, 2*tc.pGasLimit), tc.max; have != want {
diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index 6a39dcad42..6f68a261e4 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -72,7 +72,9 @@ var (
 	justifiedBlockGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("chain/head/justified", nil)
 	finalizedBlockGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("chain/head/finalized", nil)
 
-	blockInsertMgaspsGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("chain/insert/mgasps", nil)
+	blockInsertMgaspsGauge  = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("chain/insert/mgasps", nil)
+	blockInsertTxSizeGauge  = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("chain/insert/txsize", nil)
+	blockInsertGasUsedGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("chain/insert/gasused", nil)
 
 	chainInfoGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGaugeInfo("chain/info", nil)
 
@@ -236,6 +238,21 @@ type txLookup struct {
 	transaction *types.Transaction
 }
 
+type BlockStats struct {
+	SendBlockTime        atomic.Int64
+	StartImportBlockTime atomic.Int64
+	RecvNewBlockTime     atomic.Int64
+	RecvNewBlockFrom     atomic.Value
+	RecvNewBlockHashTime atomic.Int64
+	RecvNewBlockHashFrom atomic.Value
+	StartMiningTime      atomic.Int64
+	ImportedBlockTime    atomic.Int64
+
+	SendVoteTime         atomic.Int64
+	FirstRecvVoteTime    atomic.Int64
+	RecvMajorityVoteTime atomic.Int64
+}
+
 // BlockChain represents the canonical chain given a database with a genesis
 // block. The Blockchain manages chain imports, reverts, chain reorganisations.
 //
@@ -288,10 +305,11 @@ type BlockChain struct {
 	currentFinalBlock     atomic.Pointer[types.Header] // Latest (consensus) finalized block
 	chasingHead           atomic.Pointer[types.Header]
 
-	bodyCache     *lru.Cache[common.Hash, *types.Body]
-	bodyRLPCache  *lru.Cache[common.Hash, rlp.RawValue]
-	receiptsCache *lru.Cache[common.Hash, []*types.Receipt]
-	blockCache    *lru.Cache[common.Hash, *types.Block]
+	bodyCache       *lru.Cache[common.Hash, *types.Body]
+	bodyRLPCache    *lru.Cache[common.Hash, rlp.RawValue]
+	receiptsCache   *lru.Cache[common.Hash, []*types.Receipt]
+	blockCache      *lru.Cache[common.Hash, *types.Block]
+	blockStatsCache *lru.Cache[common.Hash, *BlockStats]
 
 	txLookupLock  sync.RWMutex
 	txLookupCache *lru.Cache[common.Hash, txLookup]
@@ -383,6 +401,7 @@ func NewBlockChain(db ethdb.Database, cacheConfig *CacheConfig, genesis *Genesis
 		receiptsCache:      lru.NewCache[common.Hash, []*types.Receipt](receiptsCacheLimit),
 		sidecarsCache:      lru.NewCache[common.Hash, types.BlobSidecars](sidecarsCacheLimit),
 		blockCache:         lru.NewCache[common.Hash, *types.Block](blockCacheLimit),
+		blockStatsCache:    lru.NewCache[common.Hash, *BlockStats](blockCacheLimit),
 		txLookupCache:      lru.NewCache[common.Hash, txLookup](txLookupCacheLimit),
 		futureBlocks:       lru.NewCache[common.Hash, *types.Block](maxFutureBlocks),
 		diffLayerCache:     diffLayerCache,
@@ -1140,6 +1159,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) setHeadBeyondRoot(head uint64, time uint64, root common.Ha
 	bc.receiptsCache.Purge()
 	bc.sidecarsCache.Purge()
 	bc.blockCache.Purge()
+	bc.blockStatsCache.Purge()
 	bc.txLookupCache.Purge()
 	bc.futureBlocks.Purge()
 
@@ -2072,6 +2092,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) insertChain(chain types.Blocks, setHead bool, makeWitness
 	// Start the parallel header verifier
 	headers := make([]*types.Header, len(chain))
 	for i, block := range chain {
+		bc.GetBlockStats(block.Hash()).StartImportBlockTime.Store(time.Now().UnixMilli())
 		headers[i] = block.Header()
 	}
 	abort, results := bc.engine.VerifyHeaders(bc, headers)
@@ -2275,6 +2296,8 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) insertChain(chain types.Blocks, setHead bool, makeWitness
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, it.index, err
 		}
+		bc.GetBlockStats(block.Hash()).ImportedBlockTime.Store(time.Now().UnixMilli())
+
 		// Report the import stats before returning the various results
 		stats.processed++
 		stats.usedGas += res.usedGas
@@ -2477,6 +2500,8 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) processBlock(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, s
 	}
 	blockWriteTimer.Update(time.Since(wstart) - max(statedb.AccountCommits, statedb.StorageCommits) /* concurrent */ - statedb.SnapshotCommits - statedb.TrieDBCommits)
 	blockInsertTimer.UpdateSince(start)
+	blockInsertTxSizeGauge.Update(int64(len(block.Transactions())))
+	blockInsertGasUsedGauge.Update(int64(block.GasUsed()))
 
 	return &blockProcessingResult{usedGas: res.GasUsed, procTime: proctime, status: status}, nil
 }
@@ -3322,3 +3347,12 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) SetTrieFlushInterval(interval time.Duration) {
 func (bc *BlockChain) GetTrieFlushInterval() time.Duration {
 	return time.Duration(bc.flushInterval.Load())
 }
+
+func (bc *BlockChain) GetBlockStats(hash common.Hash) *BlockStats {
+	if v, ok := bc.blockStatsCache.Get(hash); ok {
+		return v
+	}
+	n := &BlockStats{}
+	bc.blockStatsCache.Add(hash, n)
+	return n
+}
diff --git a/core/data_availability.go b/core/data_availability.go
index 8f0bf580ac..6ec552d7a7 100644
--- a/core/data_availability.go
+++ b/core/data_availability.go
@@ -66,13 +66,13 @@ func IsDataAvailable(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, block *types.Block) (err
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// only required to check within MinBlocksForBlobRequests block's DA
+	// only required to check within MinTimeDurationForBlobRequests seconds's DA
 	highest := chain.ChasingHead()
 	current := chain.CurrentHeader()
 	if highest == nil || highest.Number.Cmp(current.Number) < 0 {
 		highest = current
 	}
-	if block.NumberU64()+params.MinBlocksForBlobRequests < highest.Number.Uint64() {
+	if block.Time()+params.MinTimeDurationForBlobRequests < highest.Time {
 		// if we needn't check DA of this block, just clean it
 		block.CleanSidecars()
 		return nil
diff --git a/core/data_availability_test.go b/core/data_availability_test.go
index 4ed71d4b55..c0cd40220f 100644
--- a/core/data_availability_test.go
+++ b/core/data_availability_test.go
@@ -24,10 +24,11 @@ var (
 func TestIsDataAvailable(t *testing.T) {
 	hr := NewMockDAHeaderReader(params.ParliaTestChainConfig)
 	tests := []struct {
-		block       *types.Block
-		chasingHead uint64
-		withSidecar bool
-		err         bool
+		block             *types.Block
+		chasingHeadNumber uint64
+		chasingHeadTime   uint64
+		withSidecar       bool
+		err               bool
 	}{
 		{
 			block: types.NewBlockWithHeader(&types.Header{
@@ -40,9 +41,10 @@ func TestIsDataAvailable(t *testing.T) {
 					Proofs:      []kzg4844.Proof{emptyBlobProof},
 				}),
 			}}),
-			chasingHead: 1,
-			withSidecar: true,
-			err:         false,
+			chasingHeadNumber: 1,
+			chasingHeadTime:   params.MinTimeDurationForBlobRequests - 1,
+			withSidecar:       true,
+			err:               false,
 		},
 		{
 			block: types.NewBlockWithHeader(&types.Header{
@@ -51,9 +53,10 @@ func TestIsDataAvailable(t *testing.T) {
 				createMockDATx(hr.Config(), nil),
 				createMockDATx(hr.Config(), nil),
 			}}),
-			chasingHead: 1,
-			withSidecar: true,
-			err:         false,
+			chasingHeadNumber: 1,
+			chasingHeadTime:   params.MinTimeDurationForBlobRequests - 1,
+			withSidecar:       true,
+			err:               false,
 		},
 		{
 			block: types.NewBlockWithHeader(&types.Header{
@@ -66,9 +69,10 @@ func TestIsDataAvailable(t *testing.T) {
 					Proofs:      []kzg4844.Proof{emptyBlobProof},
 				}),
 			}}),
-			chasingHead: 1,
-			withSidecar: false,
-			err:         true,
+			chasingHeadNumber: 1,
+			chasingHeadTime:   params.MinTimeDurationForBlobRequests - 1,
+			withSidecar:       false,
+			err:               true,
 		},
 		{
 			block: types.NewBlockWithHeader(&types.Header{
@@ -86,9 +90,10 @@ func TestIsDataAvailable(t *testing.T) {
 					Proofs:      []kzg4844.Proof{emptyBlobProof, emptyBlobProof},
 				}),
 			}}),
-			chasingHead: 1,
-			withSidecar: true,
-			err:         false,
+			chasingHeadNumber: 1,
+			chasingHeadTime:   params.MinTimeDurationForBlobRequests - 1,
+			withSidecar:       true,
+			err:               false,
 		},
 
 		{
@@ -107,13 +112,14 @@ func TestIsDataAvailable(t *testing.T) {
 					Proofs:      []kzg4844.Proof{emptyBlobProof, emptyBlobProof, emptyBlobProof, emptyBlobProof},
 				}),
 			}}),
-			chasingHead: params.MinBlocksForBlobRequests + 1,
-			withSidecar: true,
-			err:         true,
+			chasingHeadNumber: params.MinBlocksForBlobRequests + 1,
+			chasingHeadTime:   params.MinTimeDurationForBlobRequests,
+			withSidecar:       true,
+			err:               true,
 		},
 		{
 			block: types.NewBlockWithHeader(&types.Header{
-				Number: big.NewInt(0),
+				Number: big.NewInt(1),
 			}).WithBody(types.Body{Transactions: types.Transactions{
 				createMockDATx(hr.Config(), nil),
 				createMockDATx(hr.Config(), &types.BlobTxSidecar{
@@ -122,9 +128,10 @@ func TestIsDataAvailable(t *testing.T) {
 					Proofs:      []kzg4844.Proof{emptyBlobProof},
 				}),
 			}}),
-			chasingHead: params.MinBlocksForBlobRequests + 1,
-			withSidecar: false,
-			err:         false,
+			chasingHeadNumber: params.MinBlocksForBlobRequests + 1,
+			chasingHeadTime:   params.MinTimeDurationForBlobRequests + 1,
+			withSidecar:       false,
+			err:               false,
 		},
 	}
 
@@ -132,7 +139,7 @@ func TestIsDataAvailable(t *testing.T) {
 		if item.withSidecar {
 			item.block = item.block.WithSidecars(collectBlobsFromTxs(item.block.Header(), item.block.Transactions()))
 		}
-		hr.setChasingHead(item.chasingHead)
+		hr.setChasingHead(item.chasingHeadNumber, item.chasingHeadTime)
 		err := IsDataAvailable(hr, item.block)
 		if item.err {
 			require.Error(t, err, i)
@@ -310,19 +317,20 @@ func collectBlobsFromTxs(header *types.Header, txs types.Transactions) types.Blo
 }
 
 type mockDAHeaderReader struct {
-	config      *params.ChainConfig
-	chasingHead uint64
+	config            *params.ChainConfig
+	chasingHeadNumber uint64
+	chasingHeadTime   uint64
 }
 
 func NewMockDAHeaderReader(config *params.ChainConfig) *mockDAHeaderReader {
 	return &mockDAHeaderReader{
-		config:      config,
-		chasingHead: 0,
+		config: config,
 	}
 }
 
-func (r *mockDAHeaderReader) setChasingHead(h uint64) {
-	r.chasingHead = h
+func (r *mockDAHeaderReader) setChasingHead(number, time uint64) {
+	r.chasingHeadNumber = number
+	r.chasingHeadTime = time
 }
 
 func (r *mockDAHeaderReader) Config() *params.ChainConfig {
@@ -331,13 +339,15 @@ func (r *mockDAHeaderReader) Config() *params.ChainConfig {
 
 func (r *mockDAHeaderReader) CurrentHeader() *types.Header {
 	return &types.Header{
-		Number: new(big.Int).SetUint64(r.chasingHead),
+		Number: new(big.Int).SetUint64(r.chasingHeadNumber),
+		Time:   r.chasingHeadTime,
 	}
 }
 
 func (r *mockDAHeaderReader) ChasingHead() *types.Header {
 	return &types.Header{
-		Number: new(big.Int).SetUint64(r.chasingHead),
+		Number: new(big.Int).SetUint64(r.chasingHeadNumber),
+		Time:   r.chasingHeadTime,
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/core/headerchain.go b/core/headerchain.go
index dfd6124b5e..310dc57501 100644
--- a/core/headerchain.go
+++ b/core/headerchain.go
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	headerCacheLimit = 512
-	tdCacheLimit     = 1024
+	headerCacheLimit = 1280 // a buffer exceeding the EpochLength
+	tdCacheLimit     = 1280 // a buffer exceeding the EpochLength
 	numberCacheLimit = 2048
 )
 
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer.go b/core/rawdb/freezer.go
index 36cc4bae2b..4854e0adb0 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer.go
@@ -22,12 +22,11 @@ import (
 	"math"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"slices"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
-	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
-
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer_batch.go b/core/rawdb/freezer_batch.go
index 35a8e9ed90..911da9a32c 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer_batch.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_batch.go
@@ -19,12 +19,10 @@ package rawdb
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
+	"slices"
 	"sync/atomic"
-
 	"time"
 
-	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
-
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/golang/snappy"
 )
diff --git a/core/rawdb/prunedfreezer.go b/core/rawdb/prunedfreezer.go
index 122f8fe267..86856ff7ad 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/prunedfreezer.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/prunedfreezer.go
@@ -4,12 +4,11 @@ import (
 	"math"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"slices"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
-	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
-
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
diff --git a/core/state/statedb.go b/core/state/statedb.go
index 42639477d0..97fc8dcb1d 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb.go
@@ -1488,11 +1488,9 @@ func (s *StateDB) commitAndFlush(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorag
 			// - head layer is paired with HEAD state
 			// - head-1 layer is paired with HEAD-1 state
 			// - head-127 layer(bottom-most diff layer) is paired with HEAD-127 state
-			go func() {
-				if err := snap.Cap(ret.root, snap.CapLimit()); err != nil {
-					log.Warn("Failed to cap snapshot tree", "root", ret.root, "layers", TriesInMemory, "err", err)
-				}
-			}()
+			if err := snap.Cap(ret.root, snap.CapLimit()); err != nil {
+				log.Warn("Failed to cap snapshot tree", "root", ret.root, "layers", TriesInMemory, "err", err)
+			}
 			if metrics.EnabledExpensive() {
 				s.SnapshotCommits += time.Since(start)
 			}
diff --git a/core/systemcontracts/lorentz/chapel/ValidatorContract b/core/systemcontracts/lorentz/chapel/ValidatorContract
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4acd3e094a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/systemcontracts/lorentz/chapel/ValidatorContract
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/core/systemcontracts/lorentz/mainnet/ValidatorContract b/core/systemcontracts/lorentz/mainnet/ValidatorContract
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09eb9602d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/systemcontracts/lorentz/mainnet/ValidatorContract
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/core/systemcontracts/lorentz/rialto/ValidatorContract b/core/systemcontracts/lorentz/rialto/ValidatorContract
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0705dd92a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/systemcontracts/lorentz/rialto/ValidatorContract
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/core/systemcontracts/lorentz/types.go b/core/systemcontracts/lorentz/types.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4ae56835e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/systemcontracts/lorentz/types.go
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package lorentz
+
+import _ "embed"
+
+// contract codes for Mainnet upgrade
+var (
+	//go:embed mainnet/ValidatorContract
+	MainnetValidatorContract string
+)
+
+// contract codes for Chapel upgrade
+var (
+	//go:embed chapel/ValidatorContract
+	ChapelValidatorContract string
+)
+
+// contract codes for Rialto upgrade
+var (
+	//go:embed rialto/ValidatorContract
+	RialtoValidatorContract string
+)
diff --git a/core/systemcontracts/upgrade.go b/core/systemcontracts/upgrade.go
index 57de667889..9dc92de03b 100644
--- a/core/systemcontracts/upgrade.go
+++ b/core/systemcontracts/upgrade.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/systemcontracts/gibbs"
 	haberFix "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/systemcontracts/haber_fix"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/systemcontracts/kepler"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/systemcontracts/lorentz"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/systemcontracts/luban"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/systemcontracts/mirror"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/systemcontracts/moran"
@@ -86,6 +87,8 @@ var (
 	bohrUpgrade = make(map[string]*Upgrade)
 
 	pascalUpgrade = make(map[string]*Upgrade)
+
+	lorentzUpgrade = make(map[string]*Upgrade)
 )
 
 func init() {
@@ -1049,6 +1052,39 @@ func init() {
 			},
 		},
 	}
+
+	lorentzUpgrade[mainNet] = &Upgrade{
+		UpgradeName: "lorentz",
+		Configs: []*UpgradeConfig{
+			{
+				ContractAddr: common.HexToAddress(ValidatorContract),
+				CommitUrl:    "https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc-genesis-contract/commit/44ebc6c17a00bd24db3240141a78091528dcebbb",
+				Code:         lorentz.MainnetValidatorContract,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	lorentzUpgrade[chapelNet] = &Upgrade{
+		UpgradeName: "lorentz",
+		Configs: []*UpgradeConfig{
+			{
+				ContractAddr: common.HexToAddress(ValidatorContract),
+				CommitUrl:    "https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc-genesis-contract/commit/44ebc6c17a00bd24db3240141a78091528dcebbb",
+				Code:         lorentz.ChapelValidatorContract,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	lorentzUpgrade[rialtoNet] = &Upgrade{
+		UpgradeName: "lorentz",
+		Configs: []*UpgradeConfig{
+			{
+				ContractAddr: common.HexToAddress(ValidatorContract),
+				CommitUrl:    "https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc-genesis-contract/commit/44ebc6c17a00bd24db3240141a78091528dcebbb",
+				Code:         lorentz.RialtoValidatorContract,
+			},
+		},
+	}
 }
 
 func TryUpdateBuildInSystemContract(config *params.ChainConfig, blockNumber *big.Int, lastBlockTime uint64, blockTime uint64, statedb vm.StateDB, atBlockBegin bool) {
@@ -1156,6 +1192,10 @@ func upgradeBuildInSystemContract(config *params.ChainConfig, blockNumber *big.I
 		applySystemContractUpgrade(pascalUpgrade[network], blockNumber, statedb, logger)
 	}
 
+	if config.IsOnLorentz(blockNumber, lastBlockTime, blockTime) {
+		applySystemContractUpgrade(lorentzUpgrade[network], blockNumber, statedb, logger)
+	}
+
 	/*
 		apply other upgrades
 	*/
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
index 8589e5c01d..a1c4c8d5f5 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
@@ -1067,7 +1067,7 @@ func TestChangingSlotterSize(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Write the two safely sized txs to store. note: although the store is
 	// configured for a blob count of 6, it can also support around ~1mb of call
-	// data - all this to say that we aren't using the the absolute largest shelf
+	// data - all this to say that we aren't using the absolute largest shelf
 	// available.
 	store.Put(blob1)
 	store.Put(blob2)
diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/tx_overflowpool.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/tx_overflowpool.go
index 7d1c56bd1f..ee6a924e03 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/tx_overflowpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/tx_overflowpool.go
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ func (tp *TxOverflowPool) Add(tx *types.Transaction) bool {
 
 	// If the transaction is too big to ever fit (and the pool isn't empty right now), reject it
 	if (txSlots > tp.maxSize) || (txSlots == tp.maxSize && tp.totalSize != 0) {
-		log.Warn("Transaction too large to fit in OverflowPool", "transaction", tx.Hash().String(), "requiredSlots", txSlots, "maxSlots", tp.maxSize)
+		log.Debug("Transaction too large to fit in OverflowPool", "transaction", tx.Hash().String(), "requiredSlots", txSlots, "maxSlots", tp.maxSize)
 		return false
 	}
 
diff --git a/core/txpool/locals/tx_tracker.go b/core/txpool/locals/tx_tracker.go
index a24fcb1f4e..0113646669 100644
--- a/core/txpool/locals/tx_tracker.go
+++ b/core/txpool/locals/tx_tracker.go
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 package locals
 
 import (
+	"slices"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
@@ -28,7 +29,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
-	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
 )
 
 var (
diff --git a/core/types/bid.go b/core/types/bid.go
index d2b9a073f7..b457c44caf 100644
--- a/core/types/bid.go
+++ b/core/types/bid.go
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ func (b *BidArgs) ToBid(builder common.Address, signer Signer) (*Bid, error) {
 		ParentHash:   b.RawBid.ParentHash,
 		Txs:          txs,
 		UnRevertible: unRevertibleHashes,
-		GasUsed:      b.RawBid.GasUsed + b.PayBidTxGasUsed,
+		GasUsed:      b.RawBid.GasUsed,
 		GasFee:       b.RawBid.GasFee,
 		BuilderFee:   b.RawBid.BuilderFee,
 		rawBid:       *b.RawBid,
@@ -172,10 +172,19 @@ type Bid struct {
 	GasUsed      uint64
 	GasFee       *big.Int
 	BuilderFee   *big.Int
+	committed    bool // whether the bid has been committed to simulate or not
 
 	rawBid RawBid
 }
 
+func (b *Bid) Commit() {
+	b.committed = true
+}
+
+func (b *Bid) IsCommitted() bool {
+	return b.committed
+}
+
 // Hash returns the bid hash.
 func (b *Bid) Hash() common.Hash {
 	return b.rawBid.Hash()
@@ -192,6 +201,7 @@ type BidIssue struct {
 type MevParams struct {
 	ValidatorCommission   uint64 // 100 means 1%
 	BidSimulationLeftOver time.Duration
+	NoInterruptLeftOver   time.Duration
 	GasCeil               uint64
 	GasPrice              *big.Int // Minimum avg gas price for bid block
 	BuilderFeeCeil        *big.Int
diff --git a/core/types/block.go b/core/types/block.go
index af8027fd8b..f359850a0a 100644
--- a/core/types/block.go
+++ b/core/types/block.go
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ import (
 
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
 
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
@@ -156,6 +158,20 @@ func (h *Header) Hash() common.Hash {
 	return rlpHash(h)
 }
 
+// SetMilliseconds can be called once millisecond representation supported
+func (h *Header) SetMilliseconds(milliseconds uint64) {
+	h.MixDigest = common.Hash(uint256.NewInt(milliseconds % 1000).Bytes32())
+}
+
+// Ensure Milliseconds is less than 1000 when verifying the block header
+func (h *Header) MilliTimestamp() uint64 {
+	milliseconds := uint64(0)
+	if h.MixDigest != (common.Hash{}) {
+		milliseconds = uint256.NewInt(0).SetBytes32(h.MixDigest[:]).Uint64()
+	}
+	return h.Time*1000 + milliseconds
+}
+
 var headerSize = common.StorageSize(reflect.TypeOf(Header{}).Size())
 
 // Size returns the approximate memory used by all internal contents. It is used
diff --git a/core/types/tx_setcode.go b/core/types/tx_setcode.go
index 894bac10a3..01e4ea6ac7 100644
--- a/core/types/tx_setcode.go
+++ b/core/types/tx_setcode.go
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ func (a *SetCodeAuthorization) sigHash() common.Hash {
 	})
 }
 
-// Authority recovers the the authorizing account of an authorization.
+// Authority recovers the authorizing account of an authorization.
 func (a *SetCodeAuthorization) Authority() (common.Address, error) {
 	sighash := a.sigHash()
 	if !crypto.ValidateSignatureValues(a.V, a.R.ToBig(), a.S.ToBig(), true) {
diff --git a/core/vote/vote_manager.go b/core/vote/vote_manager.go
index aed7d29b41..841dae4c3f 100644
--- a/core/vote/vote_manager.go
+++ b/core/vote/vote_manager.go
@@ -148,7 +148,12 @@ func (voteManager *VoteManager) loop() {
 
 			curHead := cHead.Header
 			if p, ok := voteManager.engine.(*parlia.Parlia); ok {
-				nextBlockMinedTime := time.Unix(int64((curHead.Time + p.Period())), 0)
+				// Approximately equal to the block interval of next block, except for the switch block.
+				blockInterval, err := p.BlockInterval(voteManager.chain, curHead)
+				if err != nil {
+					log.Debug("failed to get BlockInterval when voting")
+				}
+				nextBlockMinedTime := time.UnixMilli(int64((curHead.MilliTimestamp() + blockInterval)))
 				timeForBroadcast := 50 * time.Millisecond // enough to broadcast a vote
 				if time.Now().Add(timeForBroadcast).After(nextBlockMinedTime) {
 					log.Warn("too late to vote", "Head.Time(Second)", curHead.Time, "Now(Millisecond)", time.Now().UnixMilli())
@@ -198,6 +203,7 @@ func (voteManager *VoteManager) loop() {
 
 				log.Debug("vote manager produced vote", "votedBlockNumber", voteMessage.Data.TargetNumber, "votedBlockHash", voteMessage.Data.TargetHash, "voteMessageHash", voteMessage.Hash())
 				voteManager.pool.PutVote(voteMessage)
+				voteManager.chain.GetBlockStats(curHead.Hash()).SendVoteTime.Store(time.Now().UnixMilli())
 				votesManagerCounter.Inc(1)
 			}
 
diff --git a/core/vote/vote_pool.go b/core/vote/vote_pool.go
index 3b64e2cea3..ee4dace62f 100644
--- a/core/vote/vote_pool.go
+++ b/core/vote/vote_pool.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package vote
 import (
 	"container/heap"
 	"sync"
+	"time"
 
 	mapset "github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2"
 
@@ -25,6 +26,8 @@ const (
 	upperLimitOfVoteBlockNumber = 11 // refer to fetcher.maxUncleDist
 
 	highestVerifiedBlockChanSize = 10 // highestVerifiedBlockChanSize is the size of channel listening to HighestVerifiedBlockEvent.
+
+	defaultMajorityThreshold = 14 // this is an inaccurate value, mainly used for metric acquisition, ref parlia.verifyVoteAttestation
 )
 
 var (
@@ -39,9 +42,23 @@ var (
 
 type VoteBox struct {
 	blockNumber  uint64
+	blockHash    common.Hash
 	voteMessages []*types.VoteEnvelope
 }
 
+func (v *VoteBox) trySetRecvVoteTime(chain *core.BlockChain) {
+	stats := chain.GetBlockStats(v.blockHash)
+	if len(v.voteMessages) == 1 {
+		stats.FirstRecvVoteTime.Store(time.Now().UnixMilli())
+	}
+	if stats.RecvMajorityVoteTime.Load() > 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	if len(v.voteMessages) >= defaultMajorityThreshold {
+		stats.RecvMajorityVoteTime.Store(time.Now().UnixMilli())
+	}
+}
+
 type VotePool struct {
 	chain *core.BlockChain
 	mu    sync.RWMutex
@@ -184,6 +201,7 @@ func (pool *VotePool) putVote(m map[common.Hash]*VoteBox, votesPq *votesPriority
 		heap.Push(votesPq, voteData)
 		voteBox := &VoteBox{
 			blockNumber:  targetNumber,
+			blockHash:    targetHash,
 			voteMessages: make([]*types.VoteEnvelope, 0, maxFutureVoteAmountPerBlock),
 		}
 		m[targetHash] = voteBox
@@ -197,6 +215,7 @@ func (pool *VotePool) putVote(m map[common.Hash]*VoteBox, votesPq *votesPriority
 
 	// Put into corresponding votes map.
 	m[targetHash].voteMessages = append(m[targetHash].voteMessages, vote)
+	m[targetHash].trySetRecvVoteTime(pool.chain)
 	// Add into received vote to avoid future duplicated vote comes.
 	pool.receivedVotes.Add(voteHash)
 	log.Debug("VoteHash put into votepool is:", "voteHash", voteHash)
@@ -269,7 +288,11 @@ func (pool *VotePool) transfer(blockHash common.Hash) {
 	// may len(curVotes[blockHash].voteMessages) extra maxCurVoteAmountPerBlock, but it doesn't matter
 	if _, ok := curVotes[blockHash]; !ok {
 		heap.Push(curPq, voteData)
-		curVotes[blockHash] = &VoteBox{voteBox.blockNumber, validVotes}
+		curVotes[blockHash] = &VoteBox{
+			blockNumber:  voteBox.blockNumber,
+			blockHash:    voteBox.blockHash,
+			voteMessages: validVotes,
+		}
 		localCurVotesPqGauge.Update(int64(curPq.Len()))
 	} else {
 		curVotes[blockHash].voteMessages = append(curVotes[blockHash].voteMessages, validVotes...)
@@ -338,7 +361,7 @@ func (pool *VotePool) basicVerify(vote *types.VoteEnvelope, headNumber uint64, m
 
 	// Check duplicate voteMessage firstly.
 	if pool.receivedVotes.Contains(voteHash) {
-		log.Debug("Vote pool already contained the same vote", "voteHash", voteHash)
+		log.Trace("Vote pool already contained the same vote", "voteHash", voteHash)
 		return false
 	}
 
diff --git a/eth/backend.go b/eth/backend.go
index 8214984b59..60776152a4 100644
--- a/eth/backend.go
+++ b/eth/backend.go
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
+
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
@@ -76,6 +78,17 @@ const (
 	ChainData        = "chaindata"
 )
 
+var (
+	sendBlockTimer        = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("chain/delay/block/send", nil)
+	recvBlockTimer        = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("chain/delay/block/recv", nil)
+	startInsertBlockTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("chain/delay/block/insert", nil)
+	startMiningTimer      = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("chain/delay/block/mining", nil)
+	importedBlockTimer    = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("chain/delay/block/imported", nil)
+	sendVoteTimer         = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("chain/delay/vote/send", nil)
+	firstVoteTimer        = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("chain/delay/vote/first", nil)
+	majorityVoteTimer     = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("chain/delay/vote/majority", nil)
+)
+
 // Config contains the configuration options of the ETH protocol.
 // Deprecated: use ethconfig.Config instead.
 type Config = ethconfig.Config
@@ -117,7 +130,8 @@ type Ethereum struct {
 
 	shutdownTracker *shutdowncheck.ShutdownTracker // Tracks if and when the node has shutdown ungracefully
 
-	votePool *vote.VotePool
+	votePool     *vote.VotePool
+	stopReportCh chan struct{}
 }
 
 // New creates a new Ethereum object (including the initialisation of the common Ethereum object),
@@ -240,6 +254,7 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, config *ethconfig.Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 		p2pServer:         stack.Server(),
 		discmix:           enode.NewFairMix(0),
 		shutdownTracker:   shutdowncheck.NewShutdownTracker(chainDb),
+		stopReportCh:      make(chan struct{}, 1),
 	}
 
 	eth.APIBackend = &EthAPIBackend{stack.Config().ExtRPCEnabled(), stack.Config().AllowUnprotectedTxs, eth, nil}
@@ -599,6 +614,8 @@ func (s *Ethereum) Start() error {
 
 	// Start the networking layer
 	s.handler.Start(s.p2pServer.MaxPeers, s.p2pServer.MaxPeersPerIP)
+
+	go s.reportRecentBlocksLoop()
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -676,5 +693,80 @@ func (s *Ethereum) Stop() error {
 	s.chainDb.Close()
 	s.eventMux.Stop()
 
+	// stop report loop
+	s.stopReportCh <- struct{}{}
 	return nil
 }
+
+func (s *Ethereum) reportRecentBlocksLoop() {
+	reportCnt := uint64(2)
+	reportTicker := time.NewTicker(time.Second)
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-reportTicker.C:
+			cur := s.blockchain.CurrentBlock()
+			if cur == nil || cur.Number.Uint64() <= reportCnt {
+				continue
+			}
+			num := cur.Number.Uint64()
+			stats := s.blockchain.GetBlockStats(cur.Hash())
+			sendBlockTime := stats.SendBlockTime.Load()
+			startImportBlockTime := stats.StartImportBlockTime.Load()
+			recvNewBlockTime := stats.RecvNewBlockTime.Load()
+			recvNewBlockHashTime := stats.RecvNewBlockHashTime.Load()
+			sendVoteTime := stats.SendVoteTime.Load()
+			firstVoteTime := stats.FirstRecvVoteTime.Load()
+			recvMajorityTime := stats.RecvMajorityVoteTime.Load()
+			startMiningTime := stats.StartMiningTime.Load()
+			importedBlockTime := stats.ImportedBlockTime.Load()
+
+			records := make(map[string]interface{})
+			records["BlockNum"] = num
+			records["SendBlockTime"] = common.FormatMilliTime(sendBlockTime)
+			records["StartImportBlockTime"] = common.FormatMilliTime(startImportBlockTime)
+			records["RecvNewBlockTime"] = common.FormatMilliTime(recvNewBlockTime)
+			records["RecvNewBlockHashTime"] = common.FormatMilliTime(recvNewBlockHashTime)
+			records["RecvNewBlockFrom"] = stats.RecvNewBlockFrom.Load()
+			records["RecvNewBlockHashFrom"] = stats.RecvNewBlockHashFrom.Load()
+
+			records["SendVoteTime"] = common.FormatMilliTime(sendVoteTime)
+			records["FirstRecvVoteTime"] = common.FormatMilliTime(firstVoteTime)
+			records["RecvMajorityVoteTime"] = common.FormatMilliTime(recvMajorityTime)
+
+			records["StartMiningTime"] = common.FormatMilliTime(startMiningTime)
+			records["ImportedBlockTime"] = common.FormatMilliTime(importedBlockTime)
+
+			records["Coinbase"] = cur.Coinbase.String()
+			blockMsTime := int64(cur.MilliTimestamp())
+			records["BlockTime"] = common.FormatMilliTime(blockMsTime)
+			metrics.GetOrRegisterLabel("report-blocks", nil).Mark(records)
+
+			if sendBlockTime > blockMsTime {
+				sendBlockTimer.Update(time.Duration(sendBlockTime - blockMsTime))
+			}
+			if recvNewBlockTime > blockMsTime {
+				recvBlockTimer.Update(time.Duration(recvNewBlockTime - blockMsTime))
+			}
+			if startImportBlockTime > blockMsTime {
+				startInsertBlockTimer.Update(time.Duration(startImportBlockTime - blockMsTime))
+			}
+			if sendVoteTime > blockMsTime {
+				sendVoteTimer.Update(time.Duration(sendVoteTime - blockMsTime))
+			}
+			if firstVoteTime > blockMsTime {
+				firstVoteTimer.Update(time.Duration(firstVoteTime - blockMsTime))
+			}
+			if recvMajorityTime > blockMsTime {
+				majorityVoteTimer.Update(time.Duration(recvMajorityTime - blockMsTime))
+			}
+			if importedBlockTime > blockMsTime {
+				importedBlockTimer.Update(time.Duration(importedBlockTime - blockMsTime))
+			}
+			if startMiningTime < blockMsTime {
+				startMiningTimer.Update(time.Duration(blockMsTime - startMiningTime))
+			}
+		case <-s.stopReportCh:
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/eth/downloader/queue.go b/eth/downloader/queue.go
index b5f4c76640..e4e244ca13 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/queue.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/queue.go
@@ -839,9 +839,6 @@ func (q *queue) DeliverBodies(id string, txLists [][]*types.Transaction, txListH
 			if want := *header.BlobGasUsed / params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob; uint64(blobs) != want { // div because the header is surely good vs the body might be bloated
 				return errInvalidBody
 			}
-			if blobs > params.MaxBlobsPerBlockForBSC {
-				return errInvalidBody
-			}
 		} else {
 			if blobs != 0 {
 				return errInvalidBody
diff --git a/eth/handler_eth.go b/eth/handler_eth.go
index dc1f3e744b..06c60f70a2 100644
--- a/eth/handler_eth.go
+++ b/eth/handler_eth.go
@@ -104,6 +104,16 @@ func (h *ethHandler) handleBlockAnnounces(peer *eth.Peer, hashes []common.Hash,
 	for i := 0; i < len(unknownHashes); i++ {
 		h.blockFetcher.Notify(peer.ID(), unknownHashes[i], unknownNumbers[i], time.Now(), peer.RequestOneHeader, peer.RequestBodies)
 	}
+	for _, hash := range hashes {
+		stats := h.chain.GetBlockStats(hash)
+		if stats.RecvNewBlockHashTime.Load() == 0 {
+			stats.RecvNewBlockHashTime.Store(time.Now().UnixMilli())
+			addr := peer.RemoteAddr()
+			if addr != nil {
+				stats.RecvNewBlockHashFrom.Store(addr.String())
+			}
+		}
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -119,6 +129,14 @@ func (h *ethHandler) handleBlockBroadcast(peer *eth.Peer, packet *eth.NewBlockPa
 
 	// Schedule the block for import
 	h.blockFetcher.Enqueue(peer.ID(), block)
+	stats := h.chain.GetBlockStats(block.Hash())
+	if stats.RecvNewBlockTime.Load() == 0 {
+		stats.RecvNewBlockTime.Store(time.Now().UnixMilli())
+		addr := peer.RemoteAddr()
+		if addr != nil {
+			stats.RecvNewBlockFrom.Store(addr.String())
+		}
+	}
 
 	// Assuming the block is importable by the peer, but possibly not yet done so,
 	// calculate the head hash and TD that the peer truly must have.
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index e6e8c8bf1a..2c48d35be4 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
 
-go 1.22.0
+go 1.23.0
 
 require (
 	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/storage/azblob v1.2.0
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.6.0
 	github.com/gballet/go-libpcsclite v0.0.0-20191108122812-4678299bea08
 	github.com/gofrs/flock v0.8.1
-	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 v4.5.1
+	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 v4.5.2
 	github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.5-0.20220116011046-fa5810519dcb
 	github.com/google/gofuzz v1.2.0
 	github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20241210010833-40e02aabc2ad
@@ -79,11 +79,11 @@ require (
 	github.com/wealdtech/go-eth2-wallet-encryptor-keystorev4 v1.1.3
 	github.com/willf/bitset v1.1.3
 	go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.5.2
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.32.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.35.0
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20241217172543-b2144cdd0a67
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.10.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.29.0
-	golang.org/x/text v0.21.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.11.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.30.0
+	golang.org/x/text v0.22.0
 	golang.org/x/time v0.5.0
 	golang.org/x/tools v0.29.0
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.0
@@ -295,9 +295,9 @@ require (
 	go.uber.org/multierr v1.11.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/zap v1.27.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/mod v0.22.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.34.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.36.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.24.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/term v0.28.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/term v0.29.0 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/api v0.44.0 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20231016165738-49dd2c1f3d0b // indirect
 	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20231012201019-e917dd12ba7a // indirect
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 6548905886..c88da3d733 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -422,8 +422,8 @@ github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.2.1/go.mod h1:hp+jE20tsWTFYpLwKvXlhS1hjn+gTNwPg2I6zV
 github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.1/go.mod h1:SlYgWuQ5SjCEi6WLHjHCa1yvBfUnHcTbrrZtXPKa29o=
 github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 h1:Ov1cvc58UF3b5XjBnZv7+opcTcQFZebYjWzi34vdm4Q=
 github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2/go.mod h1:P1XiOD3dCwIKUDQYPy72D8LYyHL2YPYrpS2s69NZV8Q=
-github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 v4.5.1 h1:JdqV9zKUdtaa9gdPlywC3aeoEsR681PlKC+4F5gQgeo=
-github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 v4.5.1/go.mod h1:m21LjoU+eqJr34lmDMbreY2eSTRJ1cv77w39/MY0Ch0=
+github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 v4.5.2 h1:YtQM7lnr8iZ+j5q71MGKkNw9Mn7AjHM68uc9g5fXeUI=
+github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 v4.5.2/go.mod h1:m21LjoU+eqJr34lmDMbreY2eSTRJ1cv77w39/MY0Ch0=
 github.com/golang/glog v0.0.0-20160126235308-23def4e6c14b/go.mod h1:SBH7ygxi8pfUlaOkMMuAQtPIUF8ecWP5IEl/CR7VP2Q=
 github.com/golang/glog v1.1.2 h1:DVjP2PbBOzHyzA+dn3WhHIq4NdVu3Q+pvivFICf/7fo=
 github.com/golang/glog v1.1.2/go.mod h1:zR+okUeTbrL6EL3xHUDxZuEtGv04p5shwip1+mL/rLQ=
@@ -1292,8 +1292,8 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220722155217-630584e8d5aa/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.8.0/go.mod h1:mRqEX+O9/h5TFCrQhkgjo2yKi0yYA+9ecGkdQoHrywE=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.12.0/go.mod h1:NF0Gs7EO5K4qLn+Ylc+fih8BSTeIjAP05siRnAh98yw=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.18.0/go.mod h1:R0j02AL6hcrfOiy9T4ZYp/rcWeMxM3L6QYxlOuEG1mg=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.32.0 h1:euUpcYgM8WcP71gNpTqQCn6rC2t6ULUPiOzfWaXVVfc=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.32.0/go.mod h1:ZnnJkOaASj8g0AjIduWNlq2NRxL0PlBrbKVyZ6V/Ugc=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.35.0 h1:b15kiHdrGCHrP6LvwaQ3c03kgNhhiMgvlhxHQhmg2Xs=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.35.0/go.mod h1:dy7dXNW32cAb/6/PRuTNsix8T+vJAqvuIy5Bli/x0YQ=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190306152737-a1d7652674e8/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190510132918-efd6b22b2522/go.mod h1:ZjyILWgesfNpC6sMxTJOJm9Kp84zZh5NQWvqDGG3Qr8=
@@ -1391,8 +1391,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.9.0/go.mod h1:d48xBJpPfHeWQsugry2m+kC02ZBRGRgulfHnEXEuWns=
 golang.org/x/net v0.10.0/go.mod h1:0qNGK6F8kojg2nk9dLZ2mShWaEBan6FAoqfSigmmuDg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.14.0/go.mod h1:PpSgVXXLK0OxS0F31C1/tv6XNguvCrnXIDrFMspZIUI=
 golang.org/x/net v0.20.0/go.mod h1:z8BVo6PvndSri0LbOE3hAn0apkU+1YvI6E70E9jsnvY=
-golang.org/x/net v0.34.0 h1:Mb7Mrk043xzHgnRM88suvJFwzVrRfHEHJEl5/71CKw0=
-golang.org/x/net v0.34.0/go.mod h1:di0qlW3YNM5oh6GqDGQr92MyTozJPmybPK4Ev/Gm31k=
+golang.org/x/net v0.36.0 h1:vWF2fRbw4qslQsQzgFqZff+BItCvGFQqKzKIzx1rmoA=
+golang.org/x/net v0.36.0/go.mod h1:bFmbeoIPfrw4sMHNhb4J9f6+tPziuGjq7Jk/38fxi1I=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20180821212333-d2e6202438be/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20181017192945-9dcd33a902f4/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20181203162652-d668ce993890/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
@@ -1423,8 +1423,8 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201207232520-09787c993a3a/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJ
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20210220032951-036812b2e83c/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20220722155255-886fb9371eb4/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.10.0 h1:3NQrjDixjgGwUOCaF8w2+VYHv0Ve/vGYSbdkTa98gmQ=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.10.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.11.0 h1:GGz8+XQP4FvTTrjZPzNKTMFtSXH80RAzG+5ghFPgK9w=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.11.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180810173357-98c5dad5d1a0/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180823144017-11551d06cbcc/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180830151530-49385e6e1522/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
@@ -1519,8 +1519,8 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.9.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.11.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.14.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.16.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.29.0 h1:TPYlXGxvx1MGTn2GiZDhnjPA9wZzZeGKHHmKhHYvgaU=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.29.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.30.0 h1:QjkSwP/36a20jFYWkSue1YwXzLmsV5Gfq7Eiy72C1uc=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.30.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201117132131-f5c789dd3221/go.mod h1:Nr5EML6q2oocZ2LXRh80K7BxOlk5/8JxuGnuhpl+muw=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211/go.mod h1:jbD1KX2456YbFQfuXm/mYQcufACuNUgVhRMnK/tPxf8=
@@ -1529,8 +1529,8 @@ golang.org/x/term v0.7.0/go.mod h1:P32HKFT3hSsZrRxla30E9HqToFYAQPCMs/zFMBUFqPY=
 golang.org/x/term v0.8.0/go.mod h1:xPskH00ivmX89bAKVGSKKtLOWNx2+17Eiy94tnKShWo=
 golang.org/x/term v0.11.0/go.mod h1:zC9APTIj3jG3FdV/Ons+XE1riIZXG4aZ4GTHiPZJPIU=
 golang.org/x/term v0.16.0/go.mod h1:yn7UURbUtPyrVJPGPq404EukNFxcm/foM+bV/bfcDsY=
-golang.org/x/term v0.28.0 h1:/Ts8HFuMR2E6IP/jlo7QVLZHggjKQbhu/7H0LJFr3Gg=
-golang.org/x/term v0.28.0/go.mod h1:Sw/lC2IAUZ92udQNf3WodGtn4k/XoLyZoh8v/8uiwek=
+golang.org/x/term v0.29.0 h1:L6pJp37ocefwRRtYPKSWOWzOtWSxVajvz2ldH/xi3iU=
+golang.org/x/term v0.29.0/go.mod h1:6bl4lRlvVuDgSf3179VpIxBF0o10JUpXWOnI7nErv7s=
 golang.org/x/text v0.0.0-20170915032832-14c0d48ead0c/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.1-0.20180807135948-17ff2d5776d2/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
@@ -1545,8 +1545,8 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.7.0/go.mod h1:mrYo+phRRbMaCq/xk9113O4dZlRixOauAjOtrjsXDZ8=
 golang.org/x/text v0.9.0/go.mod h1:e1OnstbJyHTd6l/uOt8jFFHp6TRDWZR/bV3emEE/zU8=
 golang.org/x/text v0.12.0/go.mod h1:TvPlkZtksWOMsz7fbANvkp4WM8x/WCo/om8BMLbz+aE=
 golang.org/x/text v0.14.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
-golang.org/x/text v0.21.0 h1:zyQAAkrwaneQ066sspRyJaG9VNi/YJ1NfzcGB3hZ/qo=
-golang.org/x/text v0.21.0/go.mod h1:4IBbMaMmOPCJ8SecivzSH54+73PCFmPWxNTLm+vZkEQ=
+golang.org/x/text v0.22.0 h1:bofq7m3/HAFvbF51jz3Q9wLg3jkvSPuiZu/pD1XwgtM=
+golang.org/x/text v0.22.0/go.mod h1:YRoo4H8PVmsu+E3Ou7cqLVH8oXWIHVoX0jqUWALQhfY=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20180412165947-fbb02b2291d2/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20181108054448-85acf8d2951c/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20190308202827-9d24e82272b4/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index a86835a41f..53f38938bb 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -573,7 +573,8 @@ func (api *BlockChainAPI) getFinalizedNumber(ctx context.Context, verifiedValida
 	lastHeader := latestHeader
 	confirmedValSet := make(map[common.Address]struct{}, valLen)
 	confirmedValSet[lastHeader.Coinbase] = struct{}{}
-	for count := 1; int64(len(confirmedValSet)) < verifiedValidatorNum && count <= int(parliaConfig.Epoch) && lastHeader.Number.Int64() > max(fastFinalizedHeader.Number.Int64(), 1); count++ {
+	epochLength := int(500) // TODO(Nathan)(BEP-524 Phase Two): use `maxwellEpochLength` instead
+	for count := 1; int64(len(confirmedValSet)) < verifiedValidatorNum && count <= epochLength && lastHeader.Number.Int64() > max(fastFinalizedHeader.Number.Int64(), 1); count++ {
 		lastHeader, err = api.b.HeaderByHash(ctx, lastHeader.ParentHash)
 		if err != nil { // impossible
 			return 0, err
@@ -1439,6 +1440,7 @@ func RPCMarshalBlock(block *types.Block, inclTx bool, fullTx bool, config *param
 func (api *BlockChainAPI) rpcMarshalHeader(ctx context.Context, header *types.Header) map[string]interface{} {
 	fields := RPCMarshalHeader(header)
 	fields["totalDifficulty"] = (*hexutil.Big)(api.b.GetTd(ctx, header.Hash()))
+	fields["milliTimestamp"] = hexutil.Uint64(header.MilliTimestamp())
 	return fields
 }
 
@@ -1448,6 +1450,7 @@ func (api *BlockChainAPI) rpcMarshalBlock(ctx context.Context, b *types.Block, i
 	fields := RPCMarshalBlock(b, inclTx, fullTx, api.b.ChainConfig())
 	if inclTx {
 		fields["totalDifficulty"] = (*hexutil.Big)(api.b.GetTd(ctx, b.Hash()))
+		fields["milliTimestamp"] = hexutil.Uint64(b.Header().MilliTimestamp())
 	}
 	return fields, nil
 }
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api_test.go b/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
index 3b02826bcd..75c48c8246 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
@@ -3187,6 +3187,9 @@ func TestRPCGetBlockOrHeader(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Errorf("test %d: want no error, have %v", i, err)
 			continue
 		}
+		if result != nil {
+			delete(result, "milliTimestamp")
+		}
 
 		testRPCResponseWithFile(t, i, result, rpc, tt.file)
 	}
diff --git a/miner/bid_simulator.go b/miner/bid_simulator.go
index baa2c9c1c5..999efe06a8 100644
--- a/miner/bid_simulator.go
+++ b/miner/bid_simulator.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/bidutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip4844"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/parlia"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/txpool"
@@ -111,8 +112,9 @@ type bidSimulator struct {
 	pendingMu sync.RWMutex
 	pending   map[uint64]map[common.Address]map[common.Hash]struct{} // blockNumber -> builder -> bidHash -> struct{}
 
-	bestBidMu sync.RWMutex
-	bestBid   map[common.Hash]*BidRuntime // prevBlockHash -> bidRuntime
+	bestBidMu    sync.RWMutex
+	bestBid      map[common.Hash]*BidRuntime // prevBlockHash -> bidRuntime
+	bestBidToRun map[common.Hash]*types.Bid  // prevBlockHash -> *types.Bid
 
 	simBidMu      sync.RWMutex
 	simulatingBid map[common.Hash]*BidRuntime // prevBlockHash -> bidRuntime, in the process of simulation
@@ -143,6 +145,7 @@ func newBidSimulator(
 		newBidCh:      make(chan newBidPackage, 100),
 		pending:       make(map[uint64]map[common.Address]map[common.Hash]struct{}),
 		bestBid:       make(map[common.Hash]*BidRuntime),
+		bestBidToRun:  make(map[common.Hash]*types.Bid),
 		simulatingBid: make(map[common.Hash]*BidRuntime),
 	}
 
@@ -255,6 +258,7 @@ func (b *bidSimulator) ExistBuilder(builder common.Address) bool {
 	return ok
 }
 
+// best bid here is based on packedBlockReward after the bid is simulated
 func (b *bidSimulator) SetBestBid(prevBlockHash common.Hash, bid *BidRuntime) {
 	b.bestBidMu.Lock()
 	defer b.bestBidMu.Unlock()
@@ -275,6 +279,34 @@ func (b *bidSimulator) GetBestBid(prevBlockHash common.Hash) *BidRuntime {
 	return b.bestBid[prevBlockHash]
 }
 
+// best bid to run is based on bid's expectedBlockReward before the bid is simulated
+func (b *bidSimulator) SetBestBidToRun(prevBlockHash common.Hash, bid *types.Bid) {
+	b.bestBidMu.Lock()
+	defer b.bestBidMu.Unlock()
+
+	b.bestBidToRun[prevBlockHash] = bid
+}
+
+// in case the bid is invalid(invalid GasUsed,Reward,GasPrice...), remove it.
+func (b *bidSimulator) DelBestBidToRun(prevBlockHash common.Hash, delBid *types.Bid) {
+	b.bestBidMu.Lock()
+	defer b.bestBidMu.Unlock()
+	cur := b.bestBidToRun[prevBlockHash]
+	if cur == nil || delBid == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if cur.Hash() == delBid.Hash() {
+		delete(b.bestBidToRun, prevBlockHash)
+	}
+}
+
+func (b *bidSimulator) GetBestBidToRun(prevBlockHash common.Hash) *types.Bid {
+	b.bestBidMu.RLock()
+	defer b.bestBidMu.RUnlock()
+
+	return b.bestBidToRun[prevBlockHash]
+}
+
 func (b *bidSimulator) SetSimulatingBid(prevBlockHash common.Hash, bid *BidRuntime) {
 	b.simBidMu.Lock()
 	defer b.simBidMu.Unlock()
@@ -318,6 +350,15 @@ func (b *bidSimulator) mainLoop() {
 	}
 }
 
+func (b *bidSimulator) canBeInterrupted(targetTime uint64) bool {
+	if targetTime == 0 {
+		// invalid targetTime, disable the interrupt check
+		return true
+	}
+	left := time.Until(time.UnixMilli(int64(targetTime)))
+	return left >= b.config.NoInterruptLeftOver
+}
+
 func (b *bidSimulator) newBidLoop() {
 	var (
 		interruptCh chan int32
@@ -331,6 +372,7 @@ func (b *bidSimulator) newBidLoop() {
 			close(interruptCh)
 		}
 		interruptCh = make(chan int32, 1)
+		bidRuntime.bid.Commit()
 		select {
 		case b.simBidCh <- &simBidReq{interruptCh: interruptCh, bid: bidRuntime}:
 			log.Debug("BidSimulator: commit", "builder", bidRuntime.bid.Builder, "bidHash", bidRuntime.bid.Hash().Hex())
@@ -359,27 +401,61 @@ func (b *bidSimulator) newBidLoop() {
 			}
 
 			var replyErr error
-			// simulatingBid will be nil if there is no bid in simulation, compare with the bestBid instead
-			if simulatingBid := b.GetSimulatingBid(newBid.bid.ParentHash); simulatingBid != nil {
-				// simulatingBid always better than bestBid, so only compare with simulatingBid if a simulatingBid exists
-				if bidRuntime.isExpectedBetterThan(simulatingBid) {
-					commit(commitInterruptBetterBid, bidRuntime)
+			toCommit := true
+			bestBidToRun := b.GetBestBidToRun(newBid.bid.ParentHash)
+			if bestBidToRun != nil {
+				bestBidRuntime, _ := newBidRuntime(bestBidToRun, b.config.ValidatorCommission)
+				if bidRuntime.isExpectedBetterThan(bestBidRuntime) {
+					// new bid has better expectedBlockReward, use bidRuntime
+					log.Debug("new bid has better expectedBlockReward",
+						"builder", bidRuntime.bid.Builder, "bidHash", bidRuntime.bid.Hash().TerminalString())
+				} else if !bestBidToRun.IsCommitted() {
+					// bestBidToRun is not committed yet, this newBid will trigger bestBidToRun to commit
+					bidRuntime = bestBidRuntime
+					replyErr = genDiscardedReply(bidRuntime)
+					log.Debug("discard new bid and to simulate the non-committed bestBidToRun",
+						"builder", bestBidToRun.Builder, "bidHash", bestBidToRun.Hash().TerminalString())
 				} else {
-					replyErr = genDiscardedReply(simulatingBid)
+					// new bid will be discarded, as it is useless now.
+					toCommit = false
+					replyErr = genDiscardedReply(bestBidRuntime)
+					log.Debug("new bid will be discarded", "builder", bestBidToRun.Builder,
+						"bidHash", bestBidToRun.Hash().TerminalString())
 				}
-			} else {
-				// bestBid is nil means the bid is the first bid, otherwise the bid should compare with the bestBid
-				if bestBid := b.GetBestBid(newBid.bid.ParentHash); bestBid == nil ||
-					bidRuntime.isExpectedBetterThan(bestBid) {
-					commit(commitInterruptBetterBid, bidRuntime)
+			}
+
+			if toCommit {
+				b.SetBestBidToRun(bidRuntime.bid.ParentHash, bidRuntime.bid)
+				// try to commit the new bid
+				// but if there is a simulating bid and with a short time left, don't interrupt it
+				if simulatingBid := b.GetSimulatingBid(newBid.bid.ParentHash); simulatingBid != nil {
+					parentHeader := b.chain.GetHeaderByHash(newBid.bid.ParentHash)
+					blockInterval := b.getBlockInterval(parentHeader)
+					blockTime := parentHeader.MilliTimestamp() + blockInterval
+					left := time.Until(time.UnixMilli(int64(blockTime)))
+					if b.canBeInterrupted(blockTime) {
+						log.Debug("simulate in progress, interrupt",
+							"blockTime", blockTime, "left", left.Milliseconds(),
+							"NoInterruptLeftOver", b.config.NoInterruptLeftOver.Milliseconds(),
+							"builder", bidRuntime.bid.Builder, "bidHash", bidRuntime.bid.Hash().TerminalString())
+						commit(commitInterruptBetterBid, bidRuntime)
+					} else {
+						log.Debug("simulate in progress, no interrupt",
+							"blockTime", blockTime, "left", left.Milliseconds(),
+							"NoInterruptLeftOver", b.config.NoInterruptLeftOver.Milliseconds(),
+							"builder", bidRuntime.bid.Builder, "bidHash", bidRuntime.bid.Hash().TerminalString())
+						if newBid.bid.Hash() == bidRuntime.bid.Hash() {
+							replyErr = fmt.Errorf("bid is pending as no enough time to interrupt, left:%d, NoInterruptLeftOver:%d",
+								left.Milliseconds(), b.config.NoInterruptLeftOver.Milliseconds())
+						}
+					}
 				} else {
-					replyErr = genDiscardedReply(bestBid)
+					commit(commitInterruptBetterBid, bidRuntime)
 				}
 			}
 
 			if newBid.feedback != nil {
 				newBid.feedback <- replyErr
-
 				log.Info("[BID ARRIVED]",
 					"block", newBid.bid.BlockNumber,
 					"builder", newBid.bid.Builder,
@@ -397,9 +473,24 @@ func (b *bidSimulator) newBidLoop() {
 	}
 }
 
+// get block interval for current block by using parent header
+func (b *bidSimulator) getBlockInterval(parentHeader *types.Header) uint64 {
+	if parentHeader == nil {
+		return 1500 // lorentzBlockInterval
+	}
+	parlia, _ := b.engine.(*parlia.Parlia)
+	// only `Number` and `ParentHash` are used when `BlockInterval`
+	tmpHeader := &types.Header{ParentHash: parentHeader.Hash(), Number: new(big.Int).Add(parentHeader.Number, common.Big1)}
+	blockInterval, err := parlia.BlockInterval(b.chain, tmpHeader)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Debug("failed to get BlockInterval when bidBetterBefore")
+	}
+	return blockInterval
+}
+
 func (b *bidSimulator) bidBetterBefore(parentHash common.Hash) time.Time {
 	parentHeader := b.chain.GetHeaderByHash(parentHash)
-	return bidutil.BidBetterBefore(parentHeader, b.chainConfig.Parlia.Period, b.delayLeftOver, b.config.BidSimulationLeftOver)
+	return bidutil.BidBetterBefore(parentHeader, b.getBlockInterval(parentHeader), b.delayLeftOver, b.config.BidSimulationLeftOver)
 }
 
 func (b *bidSimulator) clearLoop() {
@@ -419,6 +510,12 @@ func (b *bidSimulator) clearLoop() {
 				delete(b.bestBid, k)
 			}
 		}
+		delete(b.bestBidToRun, parentHash)
+		for k, v := range b.bestBidToRun {
+			if v.BlockNumber <= blockNumber-b.chain.TriesInMemory() {
+				delete(b.bestBidToRun, k)
+			}
+		}
 		b.bestBidMu.Unlock()
 
 		b.simBidMu.Lock()
@@ -519,6 +616,7 @@ func (b *bidSimulator) simBid(interruptCh chan int32, bidRuntime *BidRuntime) {
 
 	// ensure simulation exited then start next simulation
 	b.SetSimulatingBid(parentHash, bidRuntime)
+	bestBidOnStart := b.GetBestBid(parentHash)
 
 	defer func(simStart time.Time) {
 		logCtx := []any{
@@ -526,6 +624,7 @@ func (b *bidSimulator) simBid(interruptCh chan int32, bidRuntime *BidRuntime) {
 			"parentHash", parentHash,
 			"builder", builder,
 			"gasUsed", bidRuntime.bid.GasUsed,
+			"simElapsed", time.Since(simStart),
 		}
 
 		if bidRuntime.env != nil {
@@ -557,9 +656,12 @@ func (b *bidSimulator) simBid(interruptCh chan int32, bidRuntime *BidRuntime) {
 
 			select {
 			case b.newBidCh <- newBidPackage{bid: bidRuntime.bid}:
-				log.Debug("BidSimulator: recommit", "builder", bidRuntime.bid.Builder, "bidHash", bidRuntime.bid.Hash().Hex())
+				log.Debug("BidSimulator: recommit", "builder", bidRuntime.bid.Builder,
+					"bidHash", bidRuntime.bid.Hash().Hex(), "simElapsed", bidRuntime.duration)
 			default:
 			}
+		} else {
+			b.DelBestBidToRun(parentHash, bidRuntime.bid)
 		}
 	}(startTS)
 
@@ -589,6 +691,17 @@ func (b *bidSimulator) simBid(interruptCh chan int32, bidRuntime *BidRuntime) {
 		bidRuntime.env.gasPool.SubGas(params.PayBidTxGasLimit)
 	}
 
+	// error log:
+	// 	simulation failed blockNumber=47630147 parentHash=0x2476bcc93db4c924a2c8079c6d5d783441a72d6ff70c5850b1afd778102e175e builder=0x48a5Ed9abC1a8FBe86ceC4900483f43a7f2dBB48
+	// 	gasUsed=136807406 gasLimit=137816878 err="gas used exceeds gas limit"
+	// error tracing:
+	// 	left: b.RawBid.GasUsed + b.PayBidTxGasUsed => (136782406 + 25000 = 136807406)
+	// 	right: headerGasLimit - b.PayBidTxGasLimit - systemGasReserved => (137816878 - 25000 - 1000000 = 136791878)
+	// 	cause: 136807406 > 136791878 => true
+	// error reason:
+	//	left should not be added with PayBidTxGasUsed, Or right should be not be subtracted with PayBidTxGasLimit
+	// error fix:
+	//	136782406 > 136791878 => false, Or 136807406 > 136816878 => false
 	if bidRuntime.bid.GasUsed > bidRuntime.env.gasPool.Gas() {
 		err = errors.New("gas used exceeds gas limit")
 		return
@@ -670,14 +783,17 @@ func (b *bidSimulator) simBid(interruptCh chan int32, bidRuntime *BidRuntime) {
 
 	// if enable greedy merge, fill bid env with transactions from mempool
 	if b.config.GreedyMergeTx {
-		delay := b.engine.Delay(b.chain, bidRuntime.env.header, &b.delayLeftOver)
+		endingBidsExtra := 20 * time.Millisecond // Add a buffer to ensure ending bids before `delayLeftOver`
+		minTimeLeftForEndingBids := b.delayLeftOver + endingBidsExtra
+		delay := b.engine.Delay(b.chain, bidRuntime.env.header, &minTimeLeftForEndingBids)
 		if delay != nil && *delay > 0 {
 			bidTxsSet := mapset.NewThreadUnsafeSetWithSize[common.Hash](len(bidRuntime.bid.Txs))
 			for _, tx := range bidRuntime.bid.Txs {
 				bidTxsSet.Add(tx.Hash())
 			}
-
-			fillErr := b.bidWorker.fillTransactions(interruptCh, bidRuntime.env, nil, bidTxsSet)
+			stopTimer := time.NewTimer(*delay)
+			defer stopTimer.Stop()
+			fillErr := b.bidWorker.fillTransactions(interruptCh, bidRuntime.env, stopTimer, bidTxsSet)
 			log.Trace("BidSimulator: greedy merge stopped", "block", bidRuntime.env.header.Number,
 				"builder", bidRuntime.bid.Builder, "tx count", bidRuntime.env.tcount-bidTxLen+1, "err", fillErr)
 
@@ -706,7 +822,12 @@ func (b *bidSimulator) simBid(interruptCh chan int32, bidRuntime *BidRuntime) {
 
 	bestBid := b.GetBestBid(parentHash)
 	if bestBid == nil {
-		log.Info("[BID RESULT]", "win", "true[first]", "builder", bidRuntime.bid.Builder, "hash", bidRuntime.bid.Hash().TerminalString())
+		winResult := "true[first]"
+		if bestBidOnStart != nil {
+			// new block was imported, so the bestBidOnStart was cleared, the bid will be stale and useless.
+			winResult = "false[stale]"
+		}
+		log.Info("[BID RESULT]", "win", winResult, "builder", bidRuntime.bid.Builder, "hash", bidRuntime.bid.Hash().TerminalString())
 		b.SetBestBid(bidRuntime.bid.ParentHash, bidRuntime)
 		success = true
 		return
@@ -844,7 +965,7 @@ func (r *BidRuntime) commitTransaction(chain *core.BlockChain, chainConfig *para
 		// isn't really a better place right now. The blob gas limit is checked at block validation time
 		// and not during execution. This means core.ApplyTransaction will not return an error if the
 		// tx has too many blobs. So we have to explicitly check it here.
-		if (env.blobs + len(sc.Blobs)) > params.MaxBlobsPerBlockForBSC {
+		if (env.blobs + len(sc.Blobs)) > eip4844.MaxBlobsPerBlock(chainConfig, r.env.header.Time) {
 			return errors.New("max data blobs reached")
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/miner/miner_mev.go b/miner/miner_mev.go
index dbf0b2d6cb..9e5619a9ce 100644
--- a/miner/miner_mev.go
+++ b/miner/miner_mev.go
@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ func (miner *Miner) MevParams() *types.MevParams {
 	return &types.MevParams{
 		ValidatorCommission:   miner.worker.config.Mev.ValidatorCommission,
 		BidSimulationLeftOver: miner.worker.config.Mev.BidSimulationLeftOver,
+		NoInterruptLeftOver:   miner.worker.config.Mev.NoInterruptLeftOver,
 		GasCeil:               miner.worker.config.GasCeil,
 		GasPrice:              miner.worker.config.GasPrice,
 		BuilderFeeCeil:        builderFeeCeil,
diff --git a/miner/minerconfig/config.go b/miner/minerconfig/config.go
index 36e43e0b66..31bf5499cc 100644
--- a/miner/minerconfig/config.go
+++ b/miner/minerconfig/config.go
@@ -75,12 +75,15 @@ type MevConfig struct {
 	Builders              []BuilderConfig // The list of builders
 	ValidatorCommission   uint64          // 100 means the validator claims 1% from block reward
 	BidSimulationLeftOver time.Duration
+	NoInterruptLeftOver   time.Duration
 }
 
 var DefaultMevConfig = MevConfig{
 	Enabled:               false,
+	GreedyMergeTx:         true,
 	SentryURL:             "",
 	Builders:              nil,
 	ValidatorCommission:   100,
 	BidSimulationLeftOver: 50 * time.Millisecond,
+	NoInterruptLeftOver:   400 * time.Millisecond,
 }
diff --git a/miner/worker.go b/miner/worker.go
index 6a32188484..89dedca337 100644
--- a/miner/worker.go
+++ b/miner/worker.go
@@ -70,9 +70,6 @@ const (
 	// save height, keep recently mined blocks to avoid double sign for safety,
 	recentMinedCacheLimit = 20
 
-	// the default to wait for the mev miner to finish
-	waitMEVMinerEndTimeLimit = 50 * time.Millisecond
-
 	// Reserve block size for the following 3 components:
 	// a. System transactions at the end of the block
 	// b. Seal in the block header
@@ -81,6 +78,12 @@ const (
 )
 
 var (
+	bidExistGauge        = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("worker/bidExist", nil)
+	bidWinGauge          = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("worker/bidWin", nil)
+	inturnBlocksGauge    = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("worker/inturnBlocks", nil)
+	bestBidGasUsedGauge  = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("worker/bestBidGasUsed", nil)  // MGas
+	bestWorkGasUsedGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("worker/bestWorkGasUsed", nil) // MGas
+
 	writeBlockTimer    = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("worker/writeblock", nil)
 	finalizeBlockTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("worker/finalizeblock", nil)
 
@@ -154,6 +157,8 @@ type task struct {
 	state     *state.StateDB
 	block     *types.Block
 	createdAt time.Time
+
+	miningStartAt time.Time
 }
 
 const (
@@ -474,7 +479,7 @@ func (w *worker) newWorkLoop(recommit time.Duration) {
 			// If sealing is running resubmit a new work cycle periodically to pull in
 			// higher priced transactions. Disable this overhead for pending blocks.
 			if w.isRunning() && ((w.chainConfig.Clique != nil &&
-				w.chainConfig.Clique.Period > 0) || (w.chainConfig.Parlia != nil && w.chainConfig.Parlia.Period > 0)) {
+				w.chainConfig.Clique.Period > 0) || (w.chainConfig.Parlia != nil)) {
 				// Short circuit if no new transaction arrives.
 				commit(commitInterruptResubmit)
 			}
@@ -668,6 +673,9 @@ func (w *worker) resultLoop() {
 				continue
 			}
 			writeBlockTimer.UpdateSince(start)
+			stats := w.chain.GetBlockStats(block.Hash())
+			stats.SendBlockTime.Store(time.Now().UnixMilli())
+			stats.StartMiningTime.Store(task.miningStartAt.UnixMilli())
 			log.Info("Successfully sealed new block", "number", block.Number(), "sealhash", sealhash, "hash", hash,
 				"elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(task.createdAt)))
 			w.mux.Post(core.NewMinedBlockEvent{Block: block})
@@ -1293,7 +1301,7 @@ LOOP:
 			break
 		} else {
 			log.Debug("commitWork stopTimer", "block", work.header.Number,
-				"header time", time.Until(time.Unix(int64(work.header.Time), 0)),
+				"header time", time.UnixMilli(int64(work.header.MilliTimestamp())),
 				"commit delay", *delay, "DelayLeftOver", w.config.DelayLeftOver)
 			stopTimer.Reset(*delay)
 		}
@@ -1337,7 +1345,7 @@ LOOP:
 		newTxsNum := 0
 		// stopTimer was the maximum delay for each fillTransactions
 		// but now it is used to wait until (head.Time - DelayLeftOver) is reached.
-		stopTimer.Reset(time.Until(time.Unix(int64(work.header.Time), 0)) - w.config.DelayLeftOver)
+		stopTimer.Reset(time.Until(time.UnixMilli(int64(work.header.MilliTimestamp()))) - w.config.DelayLeftOver)
 	LOOP_WAIT:
 		for {
 			select {
@@ -1400,11 +1408,12 @@ LOOP:
 	// when in-turn, compare with remote work.
 	from := bestWork.coinbase
 	if w.bidFetcher != nil && bestWork.header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffInTurn) == 0 {
+		inturnBlocksGauge.Inc(1)
 		// We want to start sealing the block as late as possible here if mev is enabled, so we could give builder the chance to send their final bid.
 		// Time left till sealing the block.
-		tillSealingTime := time.Until(time.Unix(int64(bestWork.header.Time), 0)) - w.config.DelayLeftOver
-		if tillSealingTime > max(100*time.Millisecond, w.config.DelayLeftOver) {
-			// Still a lot of time left, wait for the best bid.
+		tillSealingTime := time.Until(time.UnixMilli(int64(bestWork.header.MilliTimestamp()))) - w.config.DelayLeftOver
+		if tillSealingTime > 0 {
+			// Still some time left, wait for the best bid.
 			// This happens during the peak time of the network, the local block building LOOP would break earlier than
 			// the final sealing time by meeting the errBlockInterruptedByOutOfGas criteria.
 
@@ -1418,18 +1427,13 @@ LOOP:
 			}
 		}
 
-		if pendingBid := w.bidFetcher.GetSimulatingBid(bestWork.header.ParentHash); pendingBid != nil {
-			waitBidTimer := time.NewTimer(waitMEVMinerEndTimeLimit)
-			defer waitBidTimer.Stop()
-			select {
-			case <-waitBidTimer.C:
-			case <-pendingBid.finished:
-			}
-		}
-
 		bestBid := w.bidFetcher.GetBestBid(bestWork.header.ParentHash)
 
 		if bestBid != nil {
+			bidExistGauge.Inc(1)
+			bestBidGasUsedGauge.Update(int64(bestBid.bid.GasUsed) / 1_000_000)
+			bestWorkGasUsedGauge.Update(int64(bestWork.header.GasUsed) / 1_000_000)
+
 			log.Debug("BidSimulator: final compare", "block", bestWork.header.Number.Uint64(),
 				"localBlockReward", bestReward.String(),
 				"bidBlockReward", bestBid.packedBlockReward.String())
@@ -1446,6 +1450,8 @@ LOOP:
 
 			// blockReward(benefits delegators) and validatorReward(benefits the validator) are both optimal
 			if localValidatorReward.CmpBig(bestBid.packedValidatorReward) < 0 {
+				bidWinGauge.Inc(1)
+
 				bestWork = bestBid.env
 				from = bestBid.bid.Builder
 
@@ -1514,7 +1520,7 @@ func (w *worker) commit(env *environment, interval func(), update bool, start ti
 		block = block.WithSidecars(env.sidecars)
 
 		select {
-		case w.taskCh <- &task{receipts: receipts, state: env.state, block: block, createdAt: time.Now()}:
+		case w.taskCh <- &task{receipts: receipts, state: env.state, block: block, createdAt: time.Now(), miningStartAt: start}:
 			log.Info("Commit new sealing work", "number", block.Number(), "sealhash", w.engine.SealHash(block.Header()),
 				"txs", env.tcount, "blobs", env.blobs, "gas", block.GasUsed(), "fees", feesInEther, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 
@@ -1545,15 +1551,15 @@ func (w *worker) getSealingBlock(params *generateParams) *newPayloadResult {
 }
 
 func (w *worker) tryWaitProposalDoneWhenStopping() {
-	posa, ok := w.engine.(consensus.PoSA)
-	// if the consensus is not PoSA, just skip waiting
+	parlia, ok := w.engine.(*parlia.Parlia)
+	// if the consensus is not parlia, just skip waiting
 	if !ok {
 		return
 	}
 
 	currentHeader := w.chain.CurrentBlock()
 	currentBlock := currentHeader.Number.Uint64()
-	startBlock, endBlock, err := posa.NextProposalBlock(w.chain, currentHeader, w.coinbase)
+	startBlock, endBlock, err := parlia.NextProposalBlock(w.chain, currentHeader, w.coinbase)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Warn("Failed to get next proposal block, skip waiting", "err", err)
 		return
@@ -1565,13 +1571,17 @@ func (w *worker) tryWaitProposalDoneWhenStopping() {
 		log.Warn("next proposal end block has passed, ignore")
 		return
 	}
-	if startBlock > currentBlock && (startBlock-currentBlock)*posa.BlockInterval() > w.config.MaxWaitProposalInSecs {
+	blockInterval, err := parlia.BlockInterval(w.chain, currentHeader)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Debug("failed to get BlockInterval when tryWaitProposalDoneWhenStopping")
+	}
+	if startBlock > currentBlock && ((startBlock-currentBlock)*blockInterval/1000) > w.config.MaxWaitProposalInSecs {
 		log.Warn("the next proposal start block is too far, just skip waiting")
 		return
 	}
 
 	// wait one more block for safety
-	waitSecs := (endBlock - currentBlock + 1) * posa.BlockInterval()
+	waitSecs := (endBlock - currentBlock + 1) * blockInterval / 1000
 	log.Info("The miner will propose in later, waiting for the proposal to be done",
 		"currentBlock", currentBlock, "nextProposalStart", startBlock, "nextProposalEnd", endBlock, "waitTime", waitSecs)
 	time.Sleep(time.Duration(waitSecs) * time.Second)
diff --git a/p2p/metrics.go b/p2p/metrics.go
index d713a2fc8d..493acbf035 100644
--- a/p2p/metrics.go
+++ b/p2p/metrics.go
@@ -68,6 +68,8 @@ var (
 	serveUnexpectedIdentity  = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("p2p/serves/error/id/unexpected", nil)
 	serveEncHandshakeError   = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("p2p/serves/error/rlpx/enc", nil)
 	serveProtoHandshakeError = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("p2p/serves/error/rlpx/proto", nil)
+
+	peerLatencyStat = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("p2p/peers/latency", nil)
 )
 
 // markDialError matches errors that occur while setting up a dial connection
diff --git a/p2p/peer.go b/p2p/peer.go
index bd45dba5cf..8e561a978d 100644
--- a/p2p/peer.go
+++ b/p2p/peer.go
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"slices"
 	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/mclock"
@@ -46,6 +47,8 @@ const (
 	snappyProtocolVersion = 5
 
 	pingInterval = 15 * time.Second
+
+	slowPeerLatencyThreshold = 500
 )
 
 const (
@@ -113,12 +116,15 @@ type Peer struct {
 	protoErr chan error
 	closed   chan struct{}
 	pingRecv chan struct{}
+	pongRecv chan struct{}
 	disc     chan DiscReason
 
 	// events receives message send / receive events if set
 	events         *event.Feed
 	testPipe       *MsgPipeRW // for testing
 	testRemoteAddr string     // for testing
+
+	latency atomic.Int64 // mill second latency, estimated by ping msg
 }
 
 // NewPeer returns a peer for testing purposes.
@@ -268,6 +274,7 @@ func newPeer(log log.Logger, conn *conn, protocols []Protocol) *Peer {
 		protoErr: make(chan error, len(protomap)+1), // protocols + pingLoop
 		closed:   make(chan struct{}),
 		pingRecv: make(chan struct{}, 16),
+		pongRecv: make(chan struct{}, 16),
 		log:      log.New("id", conn.node.ID(), "conn", conn.flags),
 	}
 	return p
@@ -333,9 +340,11 @@ func (p *Peer) pingLoop() {
 	ping := time.NewTimer(pingInterval)
 	defer ping.Stop()
 
+	var startPing atomic.Int64
 	for {
 		select {
 		case <-ping.C:
+			startPing.Store(time.Now().UnixMilli())
 			if err := SendItems(p.rw, pingMsg); err != nil {
 				p.protoErr <- err
 				return
@@ -345,6 +354,16 @@ func (p *Peer) pingLoop() {
 		case <-p.pingRecv:
 			SendItems(p.rw, pongMsg)
 
+		case <-p.pongRecv:
+			// estimate latency here, it also includes tiny msg encode/decode, io wait time
+			latency := (time.Now().UnixMilli() - startPing.Load()) / 2
+			if latency > 0 {
+				p.latency.Store(latency)
+				peerLatencyStat.Update(time.Duration(latency))
+				if latency > slowPeerLatencyThreshold {
+					log.Warn("find a too slow peer", "id", p.ID(), "peer", p.RemoteAddr(), "latency", latency)
+				}
+			}
 		case <-p.closed:
 			return
 		}
@@ -375,6 +394,12 @@ func (p *Peer) handle(msg Msg) error {
 		case p.pingRecv <- struct{}{}:
 		case <-p.closed:
 		}
+	case msg.Code == pongMsg:
+		msg.Discard()
+		select {
+		case p.pongRecv <- struct{}{}:
+		case <-p.closed:
+		}
 	case msg.Code == discMsg:
 		// This is the last message. We don't need to discard or
 		// check errors because, the connection will be closed after it.
@@ -557,6 +582,7 @@ type PeerInfo struct {
 		Static        bool   `json:"static"`
 	} `json:"network"`
 	Protocols map[string]interface{} `json:"protocols"` // Sub-protocol specific metadata fields
+	Latency   int64                  `json:"latency"`   // the estimate latency from ping msg
 }
 
 // Info gathers and returns a collection of metadata known about a peer.
@@ -573,6 +599,7 @@ func (p *Peer) Info() *PeerInfo {
 		Name:      p.Fullname(),
 		Caps:      caps,
 		Protocols: make(map[string]interface{}, len(p.running)),
+		Latency:   p.latency.Load(),
 	}
 	if p.Node().Seq() > 0 {
 		info.ENR = p.Node().String()
diff --git a/params/config.go b/params/config.go
index a5dd62808f..fca8e918c1 100644
--- a/params/config.go
+++ b/params/config.go
@@ -191,10 +191,7 @@ var (
 		PragueTime:          newUint64(1742436600),
 		LorentzTime:         nil,
 
-		Parlia: &ParliaConfig{
-			Period: 3,
-			Epoch:  200,
-		},
+		Parlia: &ParliaConfig{},
 		BlobScheduleConfig: &BlobScheduleConfig{
 			Cancun: DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
 			Prague: DefaultPragueBlobConfigBSC,
@@ -237,13 +234,9 @@ var (
 		BohrTime:            newUint64(1724116996), // 2024-08-20 01:23:16 AM UTC
 		PascalTime:          newUint64(1740452880), // 2025-02-25 03:08:00 AM UTC
 		PragueTime:          newUint64(1740452880), // 2025-02-25 03:08:00 AM UTC
-		// TODO
-		LorentzTime: nil,
+		LorentzTime:         newUint64(1744097580), // 2025-04-08 07:33:00 AM UTC
 
-		Parlia: &ParliaConfig{
-			Period: 3,
-			Epoch:  200,
-		},
+		Parlia: &ParliaConfig{},
 		BlobScheduleConfig: &BlobScheduleConfig{
 			Cancun: DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
 			Prague: DefaultPragueBlobConfigBSC,
@@ -290,10 +283,7 @@ var (
 		PragueTime:  nil,
 		LorentzTime: nil,
 
-		Parlia: &ParliaConfig{
-			Period: 3,
-			Epoch:  200,
-		},
+		Parlia: &ParliaConfig{},
 		BlobScheduleConfig: &BlobScheduleConfig{
 			Cancun: DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
 			Prague: DefaultPragueBlobConfigBSC,
@@ -332,10 +322,7 @@ var (
 		FeynmanFixTime:      newUint64(0),
 		CancunTime:          newUint64(0),
 
-		Parlia: &ParliaConfig{
-			Period: 3,
-			Epoch:  200,
-		},
+		Parlia: &ParliaConfig{},
 		BlobScheduleConfig: &BlobScheduleConfig{
 			Cancun: DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
 		},
@@ -557,8 +544,6 @@ var (
 	}
 
 	DefaultPragueBlobConfigBSC = DefaultCancunBlobConfig
-	// for bsc, only DefaultCancunBlobConfig is used, so we can define MaxBlobsPerBlockForBSC more directly
-	MaxBlobsPerBlockForBSC = DefaultCancunBlobConfig.Max
 )
 
 // NetworkNames are user friendly names to use in the chain spec banner.
@@ -680,8 +665,6 @@ func (c CliqueConfig) String() string {
 
 // ParliaConfig is the consensus engine configs for proof-of-staked-authority based sealing.
 type ParliaConfig struct {
-	Period uint64 `json:"period"` // Number of seconds between blocks to enforce
-	Epoch  uint64 `json:"epoch"`  // Epoch length to update validatorSet
 }
 
 // String implements the stringer interface, returning the consensus engine details.
@@ -1501,6 +1484,8 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) LatestFork(time uint64) forks.Fork {
 	switch {
 	case c.IsOsaka(london, time):
 		return forks.Osaka
+	case c.IsLorentz(london, time):
+		return forks.Lorentz
 	case c.IsPrague(london, time):
 		return forks.Prague
 	case c.IsCancun(london, time):
diff --git a/params/forks/forks.go b/params/forks/forks.go
index 2d44e13b04..de6ffa4d26 100644
--- a/params/forks/forks.go
+++ b/params/forks/forks.go
@@ -39,5 +39,6 @@ const (
 	Shanghai
 	Cancun
 	Prague
+	Lorentz
 	Osaka
 )
diff --git a/params/protocol_params.go b/params/protocol_params.go
index 800c8578cd..74a9ec3fb9 100644
--- a/params/protocol_params.go
+++ b/params/protocol_params.go
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	GasLimitBoundDivisor uint64 = 256                // The bound divisor of the gas limit, used in update calculations.
+	GasLimitBoundDivisor uint64 = 1024               // The bound divisor of the gas limit, used in update calculations.
 	MinGasLimit          uint64 = 5000               // Minimum the gas limit may ever be.
 	MaxGasLimit          uint64 = 0x7fffffffffffffff // Maximum the gas limit (2^63-1).
 	GenesisGasLimit      uint64 = 4712388            // Gas limit of the Genesis block.
@@ -194,9 +194,13 @@ const (
 )
 
 var (
-	MinBlocksForBlobRequests           uint64 = 524288              // it keeps blob data available for ~18.2 days in local, ref: https://github.com/bnb-chain/BEPs/blob/master/BEPs/BEP-336.md#51-parameters.
-	DefaultExtraReserveForBlobRequests uint64 = 1 * (24 * 3600) / 3 // it adds more time for expired blobs for some request cases, like expiry blob when remote peer is syncing, default 1 day.
-	BreatheBlockInterval               uint64 = 86400               // Controls the interval for updateValidatorSetV2
+	// lorentzBlockInterval                      = 1.5
+	MinTimeDurationForBlobRequests     uint64 = uint64(float64(24*3600) * 18.2)                       // it keeps blob data available for 18.2 days in local
+	MinBlocksForBlobRequests           uint64 = uint64(float64(MinTimeDurationForBlobRequests) / 1.5) // ref: https://github.com/bnb-chain/BEPs/blob/master/BEPs/BEP-524.md#421-change-table.
+	DefaultExtraReserveForBlobRequests uint64 = uint64(24 * 3600 / 1.5)                               // it adds more time for expired blobs for some request cases, like expiry blob when remote peer is syncing, default 1 day.
+
+	BreatheBlockInterval uint64 = 24 * 3600 // Controls the interval for updateValidatorSetV2
+
 	// used for testing:
 	//     [1,9] except 2 --> used as turn length directly
 	//                  2 --> use random values to test switching turn length
diff --git a/rpc/handler.go b/rpc/handler.go
index 24310a373e..5b4399d6a6 100644
--- a/rpc/handler.go
+++ b/rpc/handler.go
@@ -481,9 +481,6 @@ func (h *handler) handleCallMsg(ctx *callProc, reqCtx context.Context, msg *json
 		var logctx []any
 		logctx = append(logctx, "reqid", idForLog{msg.ID}, "duration", time.Since(start))
 		if resp.Error != nil {
-			xForward := reqCtx.Value("X-Forwarded-For")
-			h.log.Warn("Served "+msg.Method, "reqid", idForLog{msg.ID}, "t", time.Since(start), "err", resp.Error.Message, "X-Forwarded-For", xForward)
-
 			monitoredError := "sender or to in black list" // using legacypool.ErrInBlackList.Error() will cause `import cycle`
 			if strings.Contains(resp.Error.Message, monitoredError) {
 				accountBlacklistRpcCounter.Inc(1)
@@ -493,6 +490,9 @@ func (h *handler) handleCallMsg(ctx *callProc, reqCtx context.Context, msg *json
 			if resp.Error.Data != nil {
 				logctx = append(logctx, "errdata", formatErrorData(resp.Error.Data))
 			}
+
+			xForward := reqCtx.Value("X-Forwarded-For")
+			logctx = append(logctx, "X-Forwarded-For", xForward)
 			h.log.Warn("Served "+msg.Method, logctx...)
 		} else {
 			h.log.Debug("Served "+msg.Method, logctx...)
diff --git a/tests/0001-diff-go-ethereum.patch b/tests/0001-diff-go-ethereum.patch
index 10a946c6bd..176f79e9af 100644
--- a/tests/0001-diff-go-ethereum.patch
+++ b/tests/0001-diff-go-ethereum.patch
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-From dba05084d6425657211702dd690ebef0c9c45448 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+0001-diff-go-ethereum.patch
+bdaa06d694bf10297 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
 From: buddh0 <galaxystroller@gmail.com>
-Date: Wed, 5 Feb 2025 20:34:36 +0800
+Date: Tue, 4 Mar 2025 11:22:17 +0800
 Subject: [PATCH] diff go ethereum
 
 ---
- core/vm/contracts.go      | 19 -------------------
- core/vm/jump_table.go     |  2 +-
- params/protocol_params.go |  2 +-
- 3 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)
+ core/vm/contracts.go  | 19 -------------------
+ core/vm/jump_table.go |  2 +-
+ 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 20 deletions(-)
 
 diff --git a/core/vm/contracts.go b/core/vm/contracts.go
 index ddde8b0c9..39065b2f7 100644
@@ -66,19 +66,6 @@ index 299ee4c55..6610fa7f9 100644
  	enable3855(&instructionSet) // PUSH0 instruction
  	enable3860(&instructionSet) // Limit and meter initcode
  
-diff --git a/params/protocol_params.go b/params/protocol_params.go
-index c83e330a8..903e758df 100644
---- a/params/protocol_params.go
-+++ b/params/protocol_params.go
-@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import (
- )
- 
- const (
--	GasLimitBoundDivisor uint64 = 256                // The bound divisor of the gas limit, used in update calculations.
-+	GasLimitBoundDivisor uint64 = 1024               // The bound divisor of the gas limit, used in update calculations.
- 	MinGasLimit          uint64 = 5000               // Minimum the gas limit may ever be.
- 	MaxGasLimit          uint64 = 0x7fffffffffffffff // Maximum the gas limit (2^63-1).
- 	GenesisGasLimit      uint64 = 4712388            // Gas limit of the Genesis block.
 -- 
 2.41.0
 
diff --git a/version/version.go b/version/version.go
index ef23218d31..bdd38d8ceb 100644
--- a/version/version.go
+++ b/version/version.go
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ package version
 const (
 	Major = 1  // Major version component of the current release
 	Minor = 5  // Minor version component of the current release
-	Patch = 7  // Patch version component of the current release
+	Patch = 9  // Patch version component of the current release
 	Meta  = "" // Version metadata to append to the version string
 )