From 4be015b9696ed6cbc4a0597c9f2ed705cc3f83d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stephen Buttolph <stephen@avalabs.org>
Date: Fri, 8 Mar 2024 10:55:34 -0500
Subject: [PATCH] Combine AppGossip and AppGossipSpecific (#2836)

---
 network/network.go                            | 115 ++++---
 network/network_test.go                       |  29 +-
 network/p2p/client.go                         |  21 +-
 network/p2p/gossip/gossip.go                  |   9 +-
 network/p2p/network_test.go                   |  22 +-
 proto/appsender/appsender.proto               |  16 +-
 proto/pb/appsender/appsender.pb.go            | 306 +++++++-----------
 proto/pb/appsender/appsender_grpc.pb.go       |  37 ---
 .../common/appsender/appsender_client.go      |  34 +-
 .../common/appsender/appsender_server.go      |  22 +-
 snow/engine/common/mock_sender.go             |  22 +-
 snow/engine/common/sender.go                  |  13 +-
 snow/engine/common/test_sender.go             |  47 +--
 snow/networking/sender/external_sender.go     |  15 +-
 .../networking/sender/mock_external_sender.go |  23 +-
 snow/networking/sender/sender.go              | 125 ++++---
 snow/networking/sender/sender_test.go         |  74 +++--
 .../networking/sender/test_external_sender.go |  39 +--
 snow/networking/sender/traced_sender.go       |  24 +-
 vms/avm/network/network_test.go               |   4 +-
 vms/platformvm/block/builder/helpers_test.go  |   2 +-
 vms/platformvm/network/network_test.go        |   2 +-
 vms/platformvm/validator_set_property_test.go |   2 +-
 vms/platformvm/vm_test.go                     |  22 +-
 24 files changed, 403 insertions(+), 622 deletions(-)

diff --git a/network/network.go b/network/network.go
index c487d8244b6..a6ac6fdd28b 100644
--- a/network/network.go
+++ b/network/network.go
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/network/dialer"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/network/peer"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/network/throttling"
+	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/snow/engine/common"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/snow/networking/router"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/snow/networking/sender"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/subnets"
@@ -47,8 +48,7 @@ const (
 )
 
 var (
-	_ sender.ExternalSender = (*network)(nil)
-	_ Network               = (*network)(nil)
+	_ Network = (*network)(nil)
 
 	errNotValidator        = errors.New("node is not a validator")
 	errNotTracked          = errors.New("subnet is not tracked")
@@ -310,25 +310,42 @@ func NewNetwork(
 	return n, nil
 }
 
-func (n *network) Send(msg message.OutboundMessage, nodeIDs set.Set[ids.NodeID], subnetID ids.ID, allower subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
-	peers := n.getPeers(nodeIDs, subnetID, allower)
-	n.peerConfig.Metrics.MultipleSendsFailed(
-		msg.Op(),
-		nodeIDs.Len()-len(peers),
-	)
-	return n.send(msg, peers)
-}
-
-func (n *network) Gossip(
+func (n *network) Send(
 	msg message.OutboundMessage,
+	config common.SendConfig,
 	subnetID ids.ID,
-	numValidatorsToSend int,
-	numNonValidatorsToSend int,
-	numPeersToSend int,
 	allower subnets.Allower,
 ) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
-	peers := n.samplePeers(subnetID, numValidatorsToSend, numNonValidatorsToSend, numPeersToSend, allower)
-	return n.send(msg, peers)
+	namedPeers := n.getPeers(config.NodeIDs, subnetID, allower)
+	n.peerConfig.Metrics.MultipleSendsFailed(
+		msg.Op(),
+		config.NodeIDs.Len()-len(namedPeers),
+	)
+
+	var (
+		sampledPeers = n.samplePeers(config, subnetID, allower)
+		sentTo       = set.NewSet[ids.NodeID](len(namedPeers) + len(sampledPeers))
+		now          = n.peerConfig.Clock.Time()
+	)
+
+	// send to peers and update metrics
+	//
+	// Note: It is guaranteed that namedPeers and sampledPeers are disjoint.
+	for _, peers := range [][]peer.Peer{namedPeers, sampledPeers} {
+		for _, peer := range peers {
+			if peer.Send(n.onCloseCtx, msg) {
+				sentTo.Add(peer.ID())
+
+				// TODO: move send fail rate calculations into the peer metrics
+				// record metrics for success
+				n.sendFailRateCalculator.Observe(0, now)
+			} else {
+				// record metrics for failure
+				n.sendFailRateCalculator.Observe(1, now)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return sentTo
 }
 
 // HealthCheck returns information about several network layer health checks.
@@ -695,25 +712,24 @@ func (n *network) getPeers(
 	return peers
 }
 
+// samplePeers samples connected peers attempting to align with the number of
+// requested validators, non-validators, and peers. This function will
+// explicitly ignore nodeIDs already included in the send config.
 func (n *network) samplePeers(
+	config common.SendConfig,
 	subnetID ids.ID,
-	numValidatorsToSample,
-	numNonValidatorsToSample int,
-	numPeersToSample int,
 	allower subnets.Allower,
 ) []peer.Peer {
-	// If there are fewer validators than [numValidatorsToSample], then only
-	// sample [numValidatorsToSample] validators.
-	subnetValidatorsLen := n.config.Validators.Count(subnetID)
-	if subnetValidatorsLen < numValidatorsToSample {
-		numValidatorsToSample = subnetValidatorsLen
-	}
+	// As an optimization, if there are fewer validators than
+	// [numValidatorsToSample], only attempt to sample [numValidatorsToSample]
+	// validators to potentially avoid iterating over the entire peer set.
+	numValidatorsToSample := min(config.Validators, n.config.Validators.Count(subnetID))
 
 	n.peersLock.RLock()
 	defer n.peersLock.RUnlock()
 
 	return n.connectedPeers.Sample(
-		numValidatorsToSample+numNonValidatorsToSample+numPeersToSample,
+		numValidatorsToSample+config.NonValidators+config.Peers,
 		func(p peer.Peer) bool {
 			// Only return peers that are tracking [subnetID]
 			trackedSubnets := p.TrackedSubnets()
@@ -722,14 +738,20 @@ func (n *network) samplePeers(
 			}
 
 			peerID := p.ID()
+			// if the peer was already explicitly included, don't include in the
+			// sample
+			if config.NodeIDs.Contains(peerID) {
+				return false
+			}
+
 			_, isValidator := n.config.Validators.GetValidator(subnetID, peerID)
 			// check if the peer is allowed to connect to the subnet
 			if !allower.IsAllowed(peerID, isValidator) {
 				return false
 			}
 
-			if numPeersToSample > 0 {
-				numPeersToSample--
+			if config.Peers > 0 {
+				config.Peers--
 				return true
 			}
 
@@ -738,37 +760,12 @@ func (n *network) samplePeers(
 				return numValidatorsToSample >= 0
 			}
 
-			numNonValidatorsToSample--
-			return numNonValidatorsToSample >= 0
+			config.NonValidators--
+			return config.NonValidators >= 0
 		},
 	)
 }
 
-// send the message to the provided peers.
-//
-// send takes ownership of the provided message reference. So, the provided
-// message should only be inspected if the reference has been externally
-// increased.
-func (n *network) send(msg message.OutboundMessage, peers []peer.Peer) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
-	sentTo := set.NewSet[ids.NodeID](len(peers))
-	now := n.peerConfig.Clock.Time()
-
-	// send to peer and update metrics
-	for _, peer := range peers {
-		if peer.Send(n.onCloseCtx, msg) {
-			sentTo.Add(peer.ID())
-
-			// TODO: move send fail rate calculations into the peer metrics
-			// record metrics for success
-			n.sendFailRateCalculator.Observe(0, now)
-		} else {
-			// record metrics for failure
-			n.sendFailRateCalculator.Observe(1, now)
-		}
-	}
-	return sentTo
-}
-
 func (n *network) disconnectedFromConnecting(nodeID ids.NodeID) {
 	n.peersLock.Lock()
 	defer n.peersLock.Unlock()
@@ -1208,10 +1205,10 @@ func (n *network) runTimers() {
 // pullGossipPeerLists requests validators from peers in the network
 func (n *network) pullGossipPeerLists() {
 	peers := n.samplePeers(
+		common.SendConfig{
+			Validators: 1,
+		},
 		constants.PrimaryNetworkID,
-		1, // numValidatorsToSample
-		0, // numNonValidatorsToSample
-		0, // numPeersToSample
 		subnets.NoOpAllower,
 	)
 
diff --git a/network/network_test.go b/network/network_test.go
index f48b904fa1b..fb70f2966b2 100644
--- a/network/network_test.go
+++ b/network/network_test.go
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/network/peer"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/network/throttling"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/proto/pb/p2p"
+	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/snow/engine/common"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/snow/networking/router"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/snow/networking/tracker"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/snow/uptime"
@@ -327,7 +328,14 @@ func TestSend(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(err)
 
 	toSend := set.Of(nodeIDs[1])
-	sentTo := net0.Send(outboundGetMsg, toSend, constants.PrimaryNetworkID, subnets.NoOpAllower)
+	sentTo := net0.Send(
+		outboundGetMsg,
+		common.SendConfig{
+			NodeIDs: toSend,
+		},
+		constants.PrimaryNetworkID,
+		subnets.NoOpAllower,
+	)
 	require.Equal(toSend, sentTo)
 
 	inboundGetMsg := <-received
@@ -339,7 +347,7 @@ func TestSend(t *testing.T) {
 	wg.Wait()
 }
 
-func TestSendAndGossipWithFilter(t *testing.T) {
+func TestSendWithFilter(t *testing.T) {
 	require := require.New(t)
 
 	received := make(chan message.InboundMessage)
@@ -366,21 +374,20 @@ func TestSendAndGossipWithFilter(t *testing.T) {
 
 	toSend := set.Of(nodeIDs...)
 	validNodeID := nodeIDs[1]
-	sentTo := net0.Send(outboundGetMsg, toSend, constants.PrimaryNetworkID, newNodeIDConnector(validNodeID))
+	sentTo := net0.Send(
+		outboundGetMsg,
+		common.SendConfig{
+			NodeIDs: toSend,
+		},
+		constants.PrimaryNetworkID,
+		newNodeIDConnector(validNodeID),
+	)
 	require.Len(sentTo, 1)
 	require.Contains(sentTo, validNodeID)
 
 	inboundGetMsg := <-received
 	require.Equal(message.GetOp, inboundGetMsg.Op())
 
-	// Test Gossip now
-	sentTo = net0.Gossip(outboundGetMsg, constants.PrimaryNetworkID, 0, 0, len(nodeIDs), newNodeIDConnector(validNodeID))
-	require.Len(sentTo, 1)
-	require.Contains(sentTo, validNodeID)
-
-	inboundGetMsg = <-received
-	require.Equal(message.GetOp, inboundGetMsg.Op())
-
 	for _, net := range networks {
 		net.StartClose()
 	}
diff --git a/network/p2p/client.go b/network/p2p/client.go
index 3d14e5684ed..80d0118513e 100644
--- a/network/p2p/client.go
+++ b/network/p2p/client.go
@@ -108,29 +108,12 @@ func (c *Client) AppRequest(
 // AppGossip sends a gossip message to a random set of peers.
 func (c *Client) AppGossip(
 	ctx context.Context,
+	config common.SendConfig,
 	appGossipBytes []byte,
-	numValidators int,
-	numNonValidators int,
-	numPeers int,
 ) error {
 	return c.sender.SendAppGossip(
 		ctx,
-		PrefixMessage(c.handlerPrefix, appGossipBytes),
-		numValidators,
-		numNonValidators,
-		numPeers,
-	)
-}
-
-// AppGossipSpecific sends a gossip message to a predetermined set of peers.
-func (c *Client) AppGossipSpecific(
-	ctx context.Context,
-	nodeIDs set.Set[ids.NodeID],
-	appGossipBytes []byte,
-) error {
-	return c.sender.SendAppGossipSpecific(
-		ctx,
-		nodeIDs,
+		config,
 		PrefixMessage(c.handlerPrefix, appGossipBytes),
 	)
 }
diff --git a/network/p2p/gossip/gossip.go b/network/p2p/gossip/gossip.go
index 32d77a32bab..c6950f9871f 100644
--- a/network/p2p/gossip/gossip.go
+++ b/network/p2p/gossip/gossip.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/cache"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/ids"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/network/p2p"
+	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/snow/engine/common"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/utils"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/utils/bloom"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/utils/buffer"
@@ -462,10 +463,12 @@ func (p *PushGossiper[T]) gossip(
 
 	return p.client.AppGossip(
 		ctx,
+		common.SendConfig{
+			Validators:    gossipParams.Validators,
+			NonValidators: gossipParams.NonValidators,
+			Peers:         gossipParams.Peers,
+		},
 		msgBytes,
-		gossipParams.Validators,
-		gossipParams.NonValidators,
-		gossipParams.Peers,
 	)
 }
 
diff --git a/network/p2p/network_test.go b/network/p2p/network_test.go
index 9d5a4cacd0d..ff826d65577 100644
--- a/network/p2p/network_test.go
+++ b/network/p2p/network_test.go
@@ -68,7 +68,13 @@ func TestMessageRouting(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(network.AddHandler(1, testHandler))
 	client := network.NewClient(1)
 
-	require.NoError(client.AppGossip(ctx, wantMsg, 0, 0, 1))
+	require.NoError(client.AppGossip(
+		ctx,
+		common.SendConfig{
+			Peers: 1,
+		},
+		wantMsg,
+	))
 	require.NoError(network.AppGossip(ctx, wantNodeID, <-sender.SentAppGossip))
 	require.True(appGossipCalled)
 
@@ -89,7 +95,6 @@ func TestClientPrefixesMessages(t *testing.T) {
 	sender := common.FakeSender{
 		SentAppRequest:           make(chan []byte, 1),
 		SentAppGossip:            make(chan []byte, 1),
-		SentAppGossipSpecific:    make(chan []byte, 1),
 		SentCrossChainAppRequest: make(chan []byte, 1),
 	}
 
@@ -129,15 +134,16 @@ func TestClientPrefixesMessages(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(handlerPrefix, gotCrossChainAppRequest[0])
 	require.Equal(want, gotCrossChainAppRequest[1:])
 
-	require.NoError(client.AppGossip(ctx, want, 0, 0, 1))
+	require.NoError(client.AppGossip(
+		ctx,
+		common.SendConfig{
+			Peers: 1,
+		},
+		want,
+	))
 	gotAppGossip := <-sender.SentAppGossip
 	require.Equal(handlerPrefix, gotAppGossip[0])
 	require.Equal(want, gotAppGossip[1:])
-
-	require.NoError(client.AppGossipSpecific(ctx, set.Of(ids.EmptyNodeID), want))
-	gotAppGossip = <-sender.SentAppGossipSpecific
-	require.Equal(handlerPrefix, gotAppGossip[0])
-	require.Equal(want, gotAppGossip[1:])
 }
 
 // Tests that the Client callback is called on a successful response
diff --git a/proto/appsender/appsender.proto b/proto/appsender/appsender.proto
index 93fdee7b073..5a03d449359 100644
--- a/proto/appsender/appsender.proto
+++ b/proto/appsender/appsender.proto
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ service AppSender {
   rpc SendAppResponse(SendAppResponseMsg) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
   rpc SendAppError(SendAppErrorMsg) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
   rpc SendAppGossip(SendAppGossipMsg) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
-  rpc SendAppGossipSpecific(SendAppGossipSpecificMsg) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
 
   rpc SendCrossChainAppRequest(SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
   rpc SendCrossChainAppResponse(SendCrossChainAppResponseMsg) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
@@ -48,18 +47,13 @@ message SendAppErrorMsg {
 }
 
 message SendAppGossipMsg {
-  // The message body
-  bytes msg = 1;
-  uint64 num_validators = 2;
-  uint64 num_non_validators = 3;
-  uint64 num_peers = 4;
-}
-
-message SendAppGossipSpecificMsg {
-  // The nodes to send this request to
+  // Who to send this message to
   repeated bytes node_ids = 1;
+  uint64 validators = 2;
+  uint64 non_validators = 3;
+  uint64 peers = 4;
   // The message body
-  bytes msg = 2;
+  bytes msg = 5;
 }
 
 message SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg {
diff --git a/proto/pb/appsender/appsender.pb.go b/proto/pb/appsender/appsender.pb.go
index a3437f287cd..16ccb35821e 100644
--- a/proto/pb/appsender/appsender.pb.go
+++ b/proto/pb/appsender/appsender.pb.go
@@ -233,11 +233,13 @@ type SendAppGossipMsg struct {
 	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
 	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
 
+	// Who to send this message to
+	NodeIds       [][]byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=node_ids,json=nodeIds,proto3" json:"node_ids,omitempty"`
+	Validators    uint64   `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=validators,proto3" json:"validators,omitempty"`
+	NonValidators uint64   `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=non_validators,json=nonValidators,proto3" json:"non_validators,omitempty"`
+	Peers         uint64   `protobuf:"varint,4,opt,name=peers,proto3" json:"peers,omitempty"`
 	// The message body
-	Msg              []byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=msg,proto3" json:"msg,omitempty"`
-	NumValidators    uint64 `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=num_validators,json=numValidators,proto3" json:"num_validators,omitempty"`
-	NumNonValidators uint64 `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=num_non_validators,json=numNonValidators,proto3" json:"num_non_validators,omitempty"`
-	NumPeers         uint64 `protobuf:"varint,4,opt,name=num_peers,json=numPeers,proto3" json:"num_peers,omitempty"`
+	Msg []byte `protobuf:"bytes,5,opt,name=msg,proto3" json:"msg,omitempty"`
 }
 
 func (x *SendAppGossipMsg) Reset() {
@@ -272,85 +274,35 @@ func (*SendAppGossipMsg) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
 	return file_appsender_appsender_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{3}
 }
 
-func (x *SendAppGossipMsg) GetMsg() []byte {
+func (x *SendAppGossipMsg) GetNodeIds() [][]byte {
 	if x != nil {
-		return x.Msg
+		return x.NodeIds
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (x *SendAppGossipMsg) GetNumValidators() uint64 {
+func (x *SendAppGossipMsg) GetValidators() uint64 {
 	if x != nil {
-		return x.NumValidators
+		return x.Validators
 	}
 	return 0
 }
 
-func (x *SendAppGossipMsg) GetNumNonValidators() uint64 {
+func (x *SendAppGossipMsg) GetNonValidators() uint64 {
 	if x != nil {
-		return x.NumNonValidators
+		return x.NonValidators
 	}
 	return 0
 }
 
-func (x *SendAppGossipMsg) GetNumPeers() uint64 {
+func (x *SendAppGossipMsg) GetPeers() uint64 {
 	if x != nil {
-		return x.NumPeers
+		return x.Peers
 	}
 	return 0
 }
 
-type SendAppGossipSpecificMsg struct {
-	state         protoimpl.MessageState
-	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
-	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
-
-	// The nodes to send this request to
-	NodeIds [][]byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=node_ids,json=nodeIds,proto3" json:"node_ids,omitempty"`
-	// The message body
-	Msg []byte `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=msg,proto3" json:"msg,omitempty"`
-}
-
-func (x *SendAppGossipSpecificMsg) Reset() {
-	*x = SendAppGossipSpecificMsg{}
-	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes[4]
-		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
-		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
-	}
-}
-
-func (x *SendAppGossipSpecificMsg) String() string {
-	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
-}
-
-func (*SendAppGossipSpecificMsg) ProtoMessage() {}
-
-func (x *SendAppGossipSpecificMsg) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes[4]
-	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
-		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
-		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
-			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
-		}
-		return ms
-	}
-	return mi.MessageOf(x)
-}
-
-// Deprecated: Use SendAppGossipSpecificMsg.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
-func (*SendAppGossipSpecificMsg) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_appsender_appsender_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{4}
-}
-
-func (x *SendAppGossipSpecificMsg) GetNodeIds() [][]byte {
-	if x != nil {
-		return x.NodeIds
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (x *SendAppGossipSpecificMsg) GetMsg() []byte {
+func (x *SendAppGossipMsg) GetMsg() []byte {
 	if x != nil {
 		return x.Msg
 	}
@@ -373,7 +325,7 @@ type SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg struct {
 func (x *SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg) Reset() {
 	*x = SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes[5]
+		mi := &file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes[4]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -386,7 +338,7 @@ func (x *SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg) String() string {
 func (*SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg) ProtoMessage() {}
 
 func (x *SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes[5]
+	mi := &file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes[4]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -399,7 +351,7 @@ func (x *SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
 
 // Deprecated: Use SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
 func (*SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_appsender_appsender_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{5}
+	return file_appsender_appsender_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{4}
 }
 
 func (x *SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg) GetChainId() []byte {
@@ -439,7 +391,7 @@ type SendCrossChainAppResponseMsg struct {
 func (x *SendCrossChainAppResponseMsg) Reset() {
 	*x = SendCrossChainAppResponseMsg{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes[6]
+		mi := &file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes[5]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -452,7 +404,7 @@ func (x *SendCrossChainAppResponseMsg) String() string {
 func (*SendCrossChainAppResponseMsg) ProtoMessage() {}
 
 func (x *SendCrossChainAppResponseMsg) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes[6]
+	mi := &file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes[5]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -465,7 +417,7 @@ func (x *SendCrossChainAppResponseMsg) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
 
 // Deprecated: Use SendCrossChainAppResponseMsg.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
 func (*SendCrossChainAppResponseMsg) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_appsender_appsender_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{6}
+	return file_appsender_appsender_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{5}
 }
 
 func (x *SendCrossChainAppResponseMsg) GetChainId() []byte {
@@ -507,7 +459,7 @@ type SendCrossChainAppErrorMsg struct {
 func (x *SendCrossChainAppErrorMsg) Reset() {
 	*x = SendCrossChainAppErrorMsg{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes[7]
+		mi := &file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes[6]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -520,7 +472,7 @@ func (x *SendCrossChainAppErrorMsg) String() string {
 func (*SendCrossChainAppErrorMsg) ProtoMessage() {}
 
 func (x *SendCrossChainAppErrorMsg) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes[7]
+	mi := &file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes[6]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -533,7 +485,7 @@ func (x *SendCrossChainAppErrorMsg) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
 
 // Deprecated: Use SendCrossChainAppErrorMsg.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
 func (*SendCrossChainAppErrorMsg) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_appsender_appsender_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{7}
+	return file_appsender_appsender_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{6}
 }
 
 func (x *SendCrossChainAppErrorMsg) GetChainId() []byte {
@@ -593,90 +545,81 @@ var file_appsender_appsender_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
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+	0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x33,
 }
 
 var (
@@ -691,37 +634,34 @@ func file_appsender_appsender_proto_rawDescGZIP() []byte {
 	return file_appsender_appsender_proto_rawDescData
 }
 
-var file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 8)
+var file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 7)
 var file_appsender_appsender_proto_goTypes = []interface{}{
 	(*SendAppRequestMsg)(nil),            // 0: appsender.SendAppRequestMsg
 	(*SendAppResponseMsg)(nil),           // 1: appsender.SendAppResponseMsg
 	(*SendAppErrorMsg)(nil),              // 2: appsender.SendAppErrorMsg
 	(*SendAppGossipMsg)(nil),             // 3: appsender.SendAppGossipMsg
-	(*SendAppGossipSpecificMsg)(nil),     // 4: appsender.SendAppGossipSpecificMsg
-	(*SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg)(nil),  // 5: appsender.SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg
-	(*SendCrossChainAppResponseMsg)(nil), // 6: appsender.SendCrossChainAppResponseMsg
-	(*SendCrossChainAppErrorMsg)(nil),    // 7: appsender.SendCrossChainAppErrorMsg
-	(*emptypb.Empty)(nil),                // 8: google.protobuf.Empty
+	(*SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg)(nil),  // 4: appsender.SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg
+	(*SendCrossChainAppResponseMsg)(nil), // 5: appsender.SendCrossChainAppResponseMsg
+	(*SendCrossChainAppErrorMsg)(nil),    // 6: appsender.SendCrossChainAppErrorMsg
+	(*emptypb.Empty)(nil),                // 7: google.protobuf.Empty
 }
 var file_appsender_appsender_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
 	0, // 0: appsender.AppSender.SendAppRequest:input_type -> appsender.SendAppRequestMsg
 	1, // 1: appsender.AppSender.SendAppResponse:input_type -> appsender.SendAppResponseMsg
 	2, // 2: appsender.AppSender.SendAppError:input_type -> appsender.SendAppErrorMsg
 	3, // 3: appsender.AppSender.SendAppGossip:input_type -> appsender.SendAppGossipMsg
-	4, // 4: appsender.AppSender.SendAppGossipSpecific:input_type -> appsender.SendAppGossipSpecificMsg
-	5, // 5: appsender.AppSender.SendCrossChainAppRequest:input_type -> appsender.SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg
-	6, // 6: appsender.AppSender.SendCrossChainAppResponse:input_type -> appsender.SendCrossChainAppResponseMsg
-	7, // 7: appsender.AppSender.SendCrossChainAppError:input_type -> appsender.SendCrossChainAppErrorMsg
-	8, // 8: appsender.AppSender.SendAppRequest:output_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
-	8, // 9: appsender.AppSender.SendAppResponse:output_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
-	8, // 10: appsender.AppSender.SendAppError:output_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
-	8, // 11: appsender.AppSender.SendAppGossip:output_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
-	8, // 12: appsender.AppSender.SendAppGossipSpecific:output_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
-	8, // 13: appsender.AppSender.SendCrossChainAppRequest:output_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
-	8, // 14: appsender.AppSender.SendCrossChainAppResponse:output_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
-	8, // 15: appsender.AppSender.SendCrossChainAppError:output_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
-	8, // [8:16] is the sub-list for method output_type
-	0, // [0:8] is the sub-list for method input_type
+	4, // 4: appsender.AppSender.SendCrossChainAppRequest:input_type -> appsender.SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg
+	5, // 5: appsender.AppSender.SendCrossChainAppResponse:input_type -> appsender.SendCrossChainAppResponseMsg
+	6, // 6: appsender.AppSender.SendCrossChainAppError:input_type -> appsender.SendCrossChainAppErrorMsg
+	7, // 7: appsender.AppSender.SendAppRequest:output_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
+	7, // 8: appsender.AppSender.SendAppResponse:output_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
+	7, // 9: appsender.AppSender.SendAppError:output_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
+	7, // 10: appsender.AppSender.SendAppGossip:output_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
+	7, // 11: appsender.AppSender.SendCrossChainAppRequest:output_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
+	7, // 12: appsender.AppSender.SendCrossChainAppResponse:output_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
+	7, // 13: appsender.AppSender.SendCrossChainAppError:output_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
+	7, // [7:14] is the sub-list for method output_type
+	0, // [0:7] is the sub-list for method input_type
 	0, // [0:0] is the sub-list for extension type_name
 	0, // [0:0] is the sub-list for extension extendee
 	0, // [0:0] is the sub-list for field type_name
@@ -782,18 +722,6 @@ func file_appsender_appsender_proto_init() {
 			}
 		}
 		file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes[4].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
-			switch v := v.(*SendAppGossipSpecificMsg); i {
-			case 0:
-				return &v.state
-			case 1:
-				return &v.sizeCache
-			case 2:
-				return &v.unknownFields
-			default:
-				return nil
-			}
-		}
-		file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes[5].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
 			switch v := v.(*SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
@@ -805,7 +733,7 @@ func file_appsender_appsender_proto_init() {
 				return nil
 			}
 		}
-		file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes[6].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+		file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes[5].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
 			switch v := v.(*SendCrossChainAppResponseMsg); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
@@ -817,7 +745,7 @@ func file_appsender_appsender_proto_init() {
 				return nil
 			}
 		}
-		file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes[7].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+		file_appsender_appsender_proto_msgTypes[6].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
 			switch v := v.(*SendCrossChainAppErrorMsg); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
@@ -836,7 +764,7 @@ func file_appsender_appsender_proto_init() {
 			GoPackagePath: reflect.TypeOf(x{}).PkgPath(),
 			RawDescriptor: file_appsender_appsender_proto_rawDesc,
 			NumEnums:      0,
-			NumMessages:   8,
+			NumMessages:   7,
 			NumExtensions: 0,
 			NumServices:   1,
 		},
diff --git a/proto/pb/appsender/appsender_grpc.pb.go b/proto/pb/appsender/appsender_grpc.pb.go
index 6873c7768fb..2bd4c9cf664 100644
--- a/proto/pb/appsender/appsender_grpc.pb.go
+++ b/proto/pb/appsender/appsender_grpc.pb.go
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ const (
 	AppSender_SendAppResponse_FullMethodName           = "/appsender.AppSender/SendAppResponse"
 	AppSender_SendAppError_FullMethodName              = "/appsender.AppSender/SendAppError"
 	AppSender_SendAppGossip_FullMethodName             = "/appsender.AppSender/SendAppGossip"
-	AppSender_SendAppGossipSpecific_FullMethodName     = "/appsender.AppSender/SendAppGossipSpecific"
 	AppSender_SendCrossChainAppRequest_FullMethodName  = "/appsender.AppSender/SendCrossChainAppRequest"
 	AppSender_SendCrossChainAppResponse_FullMethodName = "/appsender.AppSender/SendCrossChainAppResponse"
 	AppSender_SendCrossChainAppError_FullMethodName    = "/appsender.AppSender/SendCrossChainAppError"
@@ -38,7 +37,6 @@ type AppSenderClient interface {
 	SendAppResponse(ctx context.Context, in *SendAppResponseMsg, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
 	SendAppError(ctx context.Context, in *SendAppErrorMsg, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
 	SendAppGossip(ctx context.Context, in *SendAppGossipMsg, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	SendAppGossipSpecific(ctx context.Context, in *SendAppGossipSpecificMsg, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
 	SendCrossChainAppRequest(ctx context.Context, in *SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
 	SendCrossChainAppResponse(ctx context.Context, in *SendCrossChainAppResponseMsg, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
 	SendCrossChainAppError(ctx context.Context, in *SendCrossChainAppErrorMsg, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
@@ -88,15 +86,6 @@ func (c *appSenderClient) SendAppGossip(ctx context.Context, in *SendAppGossipMs
 	return out, nil
 }
 
-func (c *appSenderClient) SendAppGossipSpecific(ctx context.Context, in *SendAppGossipSpecificMsg, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	out := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, AppSender_SendAppGossipSpecific_FullMethodName, in, out, opts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
 func (c *appSenderClient) SendCrossChainAppRequest(ctx context.Context, in *SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
 	out := new(emptypb.Empty)
 	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, AppSender_SendCrossChainAppRequest_FullMethodName, in, out, opts...)
@@ -132,7 +121,6 @@ type AppSenderServer interface {
 	SendAppResponse(context.Context, *SendAppResponseMsg) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
 	SendAppError(context.Context, *SendAppErrorMsg) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
 	SendAppGossip(context.Context, *SendAppGossipMsg) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	SendAppGossipSpecific(context.Context, *SendAppGossipSpecificMsg) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
 	SendCrossChainAppRequest(context.Context, *SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
 	SendCrossChainAppResponse(context.Context, *SendCrossChainAppResponseMsg) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
 	SendCrossChainAppError(context.Context, *SendCrossChainAppErrorMsg) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
@@ -155,9 +143,6 @@ func (UnimplementedAppSenderServer) SendAppError(context.Context, *SendAppErrorM
 func (UnimplementedAppSenderServer) SendAppGossip(context.Context, *SendAppGossipMsg) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
 	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method SendAppGossip not implemented")
 }
-func (UnimplementedAppSenderServer) SendAppGossipSpecific(context.Context, *SendAppGossipSpecificMsg) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method SendAppGossipSpecific not implemented")
-}
 func (UnimplementedAppSenderServer) SendCrossChainAppRequest(context.Context, *SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
 	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method SendCrossChainAppRequest not implemented")
 }
@@ -252,24 +237,6 @@ func _AppSender_SendAppGossip_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec
 	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
 }
 
-func _AppSender_SendAppGossipSpecific_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
-	in := new(SendAppGossipSpecificMsg)
-	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if interceptor == nil {
-		return srv.(AppSenderServer).SendAppGossipSpecific(ctx, in)
-	}
-	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
-		Server:     srv,
-		FullMethod: AppSender_SendAppGossipSpecific_FullMethodName,
-	}
-	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-		return srv.(AppSenderServer).SendAppGossipSpecific(ctx, req.(*SendAppGossipSpecificMsg))
-	}
-	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
-}
-
 func _AppSender_SendCrossChainAppRequest_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
 	in := new(SendCrossChainAppRequestMsg)
 	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
@@ -347,10 +314,6 @@ var AppSender_ServiceDesc = grpc.ServiceDesc{
 			MethodName: "SendAppGossip",
 			Handler:    _AppSender_SendAppGossip_Handler,
 		},
-		{
-			MethodName: "SendAppGossipSpecific",
-			Handler:    _AppSender_SendAppGossipSpecific_Handler,
-		},
 		{
 			MethodName: "SendCrossChainAppRequest",
 			Handler:    _AppSender_SendCrossChainAppRequest_Handler,
diff --git a/snow/engine/common/appsender/appsender_client.go b/snow/engine/common/appsender/appsender_client.go
index 0513fa9d940..dcf2ef3dc55 100644
--- a/snow/engine/common/appsender/appsender_client.go
+++ b/snow/engine/common/appsender/appsender_client.go
@@ -107,35 +107,23 @@ func (c *Client) SendAppError(ctx context.Context, nodeID ids.NodeID, requestID
 
 func (c *Client) SendAppGossip(
 	ctx context.Context,
+	config common.SendConfig,
 	msg []byte,
-	numValidators int,
-	numNonValidators int,
-	numPeers int,
 ) error {
-	_, err := c.client.SendAppGossip(
-		ctx,
-		&appsenderpb.SendAppGossipMsg{
-			Msg:              msg,
-			NumValidators:    uint64(numValidators),
-			NumNonValidators: uint64(numNonValidators),
-			NumPeers:         uint64(numPeers),
-		},
-	)
-	return err
-}
-
-func (c *Client) SendAppGossipSpecific(ctx context.Context, nodeIDs set.Set[ids.NodeID], msg []byte) error {
-	nodeIDsBytes := make([][]byte, nodeIDs.Len())
+	nodeIDs := make([][]byte, config.NodeIDs.Len())
 	i := 0
-	for nodeID := range nodeIDs {
-		nodeIDsBytes[i] = nodeID.Bytes()
+	for nodeID := range config.NodeIDs {
+		nodeIDs[i] = nodeID.Bytes()
 		i++
 	}
-	_, err := c.client.SendAppGossipSpecific(
+	_, err := c.client.SendAppGossip(
 		ctx,
-		&appsenderpb.SendAppGossipSpecificMsg{
-			NodeIds: nodeIDsBytes,
-			Msg:     msg,
+		&appsenderpb.SendAppGossipMsg{
+			NodeIds:       nodeIDs,
+			Validators:    uint64(config.Validators),
+			NonValidators: uint64(config.NonValidators),
+			Peers:         uint64(config.Peers),
+			Msg:           msg,
 		},
 	)
 	return err
diff --git a/snow/engine/common/appsender/appsender_server.go b/snow/engine/common/appsender/appsender_server.go
index 455fc7498dc..2a3734d8934 100644
--- a/snow/engine/common/appsender/appsender_server.go
+++ b/snow/engine/common/appsender/appsender_server.go
@@ -87,17 +87,6 @@ func (s *Server) SendAppError(ctx context.Context, req *appsenderpb.SendAppError
 }
 
 func (s *Server) SendAppGossip(ctx context.Context, req *appsenderpb.SendAppGossipMsg) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	err := s.appSender.SendAppGossip(
-		ctx,
-		req.Msg,
-		int(req.NumValidators),
-		int(req.NumNonValidators),
-		int(req.NumPeers),
-	)
-	return &emptypb.Empty{}, err
-}
-
-func (s *Server) SendAppGossipSpecific(ctx context.Context, req *appsenderpb.SendAppGossipSpecificMsg) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
 	nodeIDs := set.NewSet[ids.NodeID](len(req.NodeIds))
 	for _, nodeIDBytes := range req.NodeIds {
 		nodeID, err := ids.ToNodeID(nodeIDBytes)
@@ -106,6 +95,15 @@ func (s *Server) SendAppGossipSpecific(ctx context.Context, req *appsenderpb.Sen
 		}
 		nodeIDs.Add(nodeID)
 	}
-	err := s.appSender.SendAppGossipSpecific(ctx, nodeIDs, req.Msg)
+	err := s.appSender.SendAppGossip(
+		ctx,
+		common.SendConfig{
+			NodeIDs:       nodeIDs,
+			Validators:    int(req.Validators),
+			NonValidators: int(req.NonValidators),
+			Peers:         int(req.Peers),
+		},
+		req.Msg,
+	)
 	return &emptypb.Empty{}, err
 }
diff --git a/snow/engine/common/mock_sender.go b/snow/engine/common/mock_sender.go
index ecc4a4f851b..d1d3d1a68e5 100644
--- a/snow/engine/common/mock_sender.go
+++ b/snow/engine/common/mock_sender.go
@@ -104,31 +104,17 @@ func (mr *MockSenderMockRecorder) SendAppError(ctx, nodeID, requestID, errorCode
 }
 
 // SendAppGossip mocks base method.
-func (m *MockSender) SendAppGossip(ctx context.Context, appGossipBytes []byte, numValidators, numNonValidators, numPeers int) error {
+func (m *MockSender) SendAppGossip(ctx context.Context, config SendConfig, appGossipBytes []byte) error {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "SendAppGossip", ctx, appGossipBytes, numValidators, numNonValidators, numPeers)
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "SendAppGossip", ctx, config, appGossipBytes)
 	ret0, _ := ret[0].(error)
 	return ret0
 }
 
 // SendAppGossip indicates an expected call of SendAppGossip.
-func (mr *MockSenderMockRecorder) SendAppGossip(ctx, appGossipBytes, numValidators, numNonValidators, numPeers any) *gomock.Call {
+func (mr *MockSenderMockRecorder) SendAppGossip(ctx, config, appGossipBytes any) *gomock.Call {
 	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "SendAppGossip", reflect.TypeOf((*MockSender)(nil).SendAppGossip), ctx, appGossipBytes, numValidators, numNonValidators, numPeers)
-}
-
-// SendAppGossipSpecific mocks base method.
-func (m *MockSender) SendAppGossipSpecific(ctx context.Context, nodeIDs set.Set[ids.NodeID], appGossipBytes []byte) error {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "SendAppGossipSpecific", ctx, nodeIDs, appGossipBytes)
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(error)
-	return ret0
-}
-
-// SendAppGossipSpecific indicates an expected call of SendAppGossipSpecific.
-func (mr *MockSenderMockRecorder) SendAppGossipSpecific(ctx, nodeIDs, appGossipBytes any) *gomock.Call {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "SendAppGossipSpecific", reflect.TypeOf((*MockSender)(nil).SendAppGossipSpecific), ctx, nodeIDs, appGossipBytes)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "SendAppGossip", reflect.TypeOf((*MockSender)(nil).SendAppGossip), ctx, config, appGossipBytes)
 }
 
 // SendAppRequest mocks base method.
diff --git a/snow/engine/common/sender.go b/snow/engine/common/sender.go
index adb4be513c6..09389061985 100644
--- a/snow/engine/common/sender.go
+++ b/snow/engine/common/sender.go
@@ -10,6 +10,14 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/utils/set"
 )
 
+// SendConfig is used to specify who to send messages to over the p2p network.
+type SendConfig struct {
+	NodeIDs       set.Set[ids.NodeID]
+	Validators    int
+	NonValidators int
+	Peers         int
+}
+
 // Sender defines how a consensus engine sends messages and requests to other
 // validators.
 //
@@ -174,12 +182,9 @@ type NetworkAppSender interface {
 	// Gossip an application-level message.
 	SendAppGossip(
 		ctx context.Context,
+		config SendConfig,
 		appGossipBytes []byte,
-		numValidators int,
-		numNonValidators int,
-		numPeers int,
 	) error
-	SendAppGossipSpecific(ctx context.Context, nodeIDs set.Set[ids.NodeID], appGossipBytes []byte) error
 }
 
 // CrossChainAppSender sends local VM-level messages to another VM.
diff --git a/snow/engine/common/test_sender.go b/snow/engine/common/test_sender.go
index cbec25f33f6..e3cb44165c5 100644
--- a/snow/engine/common/test_sender.go
+++ b/snow/engine/common/test_sender.go
@@ -17,11 +17,10 @@ var (
 	_ Sender    = (*SenderTest)(nil)
 	_ AppSender = (*FakeSender)(nil)
 
-	errSendAppRequest        = errors.New("unexpectedly called SendAppRequest")
-	errSendAppResponse       = errors.New("unexpectedly called SendAppResponse")
-	errSendAppError          = errors.New("unexpectedly called SendAppError")
-	errSendAppGossip         = errors.New("unexpectedly called SendAppGossip")
-	errSendAppGossipSpecific = errors.New("unexpectedly called SendAppGossipSpecific")
+	errSendAppRequest  = errors.New("unexpectedly called SendAppRequest")
+	errSendAppResponse = errors.New("unexpectedly called SendAppResponse")
+	errSendAppError    = errors.New("unexpectedly called SendAppError")
+	errSendAppGossip   = errors.New("unexpectedly called SendAppGossip")
 )
 
 // SenderTest is a test sender
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ type SenderTest struct {
 	CantSendGet, CantSendGetAncestors, CantSendPut, CantSendAncestors,
 	CantSendPullQuery, CantSendPushQuery, CantSendChits,
 	CantSendAppRequest, CantSendAppResponse, CantSendAppError,
-	CantSendAppGossip, CantSendAppGossipSpecific,
+	CantSendAppGossip,
 	CantSendCrossChainAppRequest, CantSendCrossChainAppResponse, CantSendCrossChainAppError bool
 
 	SendGetStateSummaryFrontierF func(context.Context, set.Set[ids.NodeID], uint32)
@@ -56,8 +55,7 @@ type SenderTest struct {
 	SendAppRequestF              func(context.Context, set.Set[ids.NodeID], uint32, []byte) error
 	SendAppResponseF             func(context.Context, ids.NodeID, uint32, []byte) error
 	SendAppErrorF                func(context.Context, ids.NodeID, uint32, int32, string) error
-	SendAppGossipF               func(context.Context, []byte, int, int, int) error
-	SendAppGossipSpecificF       func(context.Context, set.Set[ids.NodeID], []byte) error
+	SendAppGossipF               func(context.Context, SendConfig, []byte) error
 	SendCrossChainAppRequestF    func(context.Context, ids.ID, uint32, []byte)
 	SendCrossChainAppResponseF   func(context.Context, ids.ID, uint32, []byte)
 	SendCrossChainAppErrorF      func(context.Context, ids.ID, uint32, int32, string)
@@ -83,7 +81,6 @@ func (s *SenderTest) Default(cant bool) {
 	s.CantSendAppRequest = cant
 	s.CantSendAppResponse = cant
 	s.CantSendAppGossip = cant
-	s.CantSendAppGossipSpecific = cant
 	s.CantSendCrossChainAppRequest = cant
 	s.CantSendCrossChainAppResponse = cant
 }
@@ -333,37 +330,22 @@ func (s *SenderTest) SendAppError(ctx context.Context, nodeID ids.NodeID, reques
 // initialized, then testing will fail.
 func (s *SenderTest) SendAppGossip(
 	ctx context.Context,
+	config SendConfig,
 	appGossipBytes []byte,
-	numValidators int,
-	numNonValidators int,
-	numPeers int,
 ) error {
 	switch {
 	case s.SendAppGossipF != nil:
-		return s.SendAppGossipF(ctx, appGossipBytes, numValidators, numNonValidators, numPeers)
+		return s.SendAppGossipF(ctx, config, appGossipBytes)
 	case s.CantSendAppGossip && s.T != nil:
 		require.FailNow(s.T, errSendAppGossip.Error())
 	}
 	return errSendAppGossip
 }
 
-// SendAppGossipSpecific calls SendAppGossipSpecificF if it was initialized. If it wasn't
-// initialized and this function shouldn't be called and testing was
-// initialized, then testing will fail.
-func (s *SenderTest) SendAppGossipSpecific(ctx context.Context, nodeIDs set.Set[ids.NodeID], appGossipBytes []byte) error {
-	switch {
-	case s.SendAppGossipSpecificF != nil:
-		return s.SendAppGossipSpecificF(ctx, nodeIDs, appGossipBytes)
-	case s.CantSendAppGossipSpecific && s.T != nil:
-		require.FailNow(s.T, errSendAppGossipSpecific.Error())
-	}
-	return errSendAppGossipSpecific
-}
-
 // FakeSender is used for testing
 type FakeSender struct {
 	SentAppRequest, SentAppResponse,
-	SentAppGossip, SentAppGossipSpecific,
+	SentAppGossip,
 	SentCrossChainAppRequest, SentCrossChainAppResponse chan []byte
 
 	SentAppError, SentCrossChainAppError chan *AppError
@@ -399,7 +381,7 @@ func (f FakeSender) SendAppError(_ context.Context, _ ids.NodeID, _ uint32, erro
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (f FakeSender) SendAppGossip(_ context.Context, bytes []byte, _ int, _ int, _ int) error {
+func (f FakeSender) SendAppGossip(_ context.Context, _ SendConfig, bytes []byte) error {
 	if f.SentAppGossip == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -408,15 +390,6 @@ func (f FakeSender) SendAppGossip(_ context.Context, bytes []byte, _ int, _ int,
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (f FakeSender) SendAppGossipSpecific(_ context.Context, _ set.Set[ids.NodeID], bytes []byte) error {
-	if f.SentAppGossipSpecific == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	f.SentAppGossipSpecific <- bytes
-	return nil
-}
-
 func (f FakeSender) SendCrossChainAppRequest(_ context.Context, _ ids.ID, _ uint32, bytes []byte) error {
 	if f.SentCrossChainAppRequest == nil {
 		return nil
diff --git a/snow/networking/sender/external_sender.go b/snow/networking/sender/external_sender.go
index 7d279889e3a..f8f90a2cce4 100644
--- a/snow/networking/sender/external_sender.go
+++ b/snow/networking/sender/external_sender.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package sender
 import (
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/ids"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/message"
+	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/snow/engine/common"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/subnets"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/utils/set"
 )
@@ -13,22 +14,10 @@ import (
 // ExternalSender sends consensus messages to other validators
 // Right now this is implemented in the networking package
 type ExternalSender interface {
-	// Send a message to a specific set of nodes
 	Send(
 		msg message.OutboundMessage,
-		nodeIDs set.Set[ids.NodeID],
+		config common.SendConfig,
 		subnetID ids.ID,
 		allower subnets.Allower,
 	) set.Set[ids.NodeID]
-
-	// Send a message to a random group of nodes in a subnet.
-	// Nodes are sampled based on their validator status.
-	Gossip(
-		msg message.OutboundMessage,
-		subnetID ids.ID,
-		numValidatorsToSend int,
-		numNonValidatorsToSend int,
-		numPeersToSend int,
-		allower subnets.Allower,
-	) set.Set[ids.NodeID]
 }
diff --git a/snow/networking/sender/mock_external_sender.go b/snow/networking/sender/mock_external_sender.go
index 9dc0a50d1af..420f3b79fc4 100644
--- a/snow/networking/sender/mock_external_sender.go
+++ b/snow/networking/sender/mock_external_sender.go
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 
 	ids "github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/ids"
 	message "github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/message"
+	common "github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/snow/engine/common"
 	subnets "github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/subnets"
 	set "github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/utils/set"
 	gomock "go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
@@ -42,30 +43,16 @@ func (m *MockExternalSender) EXPECT() *MockExternalSenderMockRecorder {
 	return m.recorder
 }
 
-// Gossip mocks base method.
-func (m *MockExternalSender) Gossip(msg message.OutboundMessage, subnetID ids.ID, numValidatorsToSend, numNonValidatorsToSend, numPeersToSend int, allower subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Gossip", msg, subnetID, numValidatorsToSend, numNonValidatorsToSend, numPeersToSend, allower)
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(set.Set[ids.NodeID])
-	return ret0
-}
-
-// Gossip indicates an expected call of Gossip.
-func (mr *MockExternalSenderMockRecorder) Gossip(msg, subnetID, numValidatorsToSend, numNonValidatorsToSend, numPeersToSend, allower any) *gomock.Call {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Gossip", reflect.TypeOf((*MockExternalSender)(nil).Gossip), msg, subnetID, numValidatorsToSend, numNonValidatorsToSend, numPeersToSend, allower)
-}
-
 // Send mocks base method.
-func (m *MockExternalSender) Send(msg message.OutboundMessage, nodeIDs set.Set[ids.NodeID], subnetID ids.ID, allower subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
+func (m *MockExternalSender) Send(msg message.OutboundMessage, config common.SendConfig, subnetID ids.ID, allower subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Send", msg, nodeIDs, subnetID, allower)
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Send", msg, config, subnetID, allower)
 	ret0, _ := ret[0].(set.Set[ids.NodeID])
 	return ret0
 }
 
 // Send indicates an expected call of Send.
-func (mr *MockExternalSenderMockRecorder) Send(msg, nodeIDs, subnetID, allower any) *gomock.Call {
+func (mr *MockExternalSenderMockRecorder) Send(msg, config, subnetID, allower any) *gomock.Call {
 	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Send", reflect.TypeOf((*MockExternalSender)(nil).Send), msg, nodeIDs, subnetID, allower)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Send", reflect.TypeOf((*MockExternalSender)(nil).Send), msg, config, subnetID, allower)
 }
diff --git a/snow/networking/sender/sender.go b/snow/networking/sender/sender.go
index eeef6f72248..b7fa9bd395d 100644
--- a/snow/networking/sender/sender.go
+++ b/snow/networking/sender/sender.go
@@ -145,7 +145,9 @@ func (s *sender) SendGetStateSummaryFrontier(ctx context.Context, nodeIDs set.Se
 	if err == nil {
 		sentTo = s.sender.Send(
 			outMsg,
-			nodeIDs,
+			common.SendConfig{
+				NodeIDs: nodeIDs,
+			},
 			s.ctx.SubnetID,
 			s.subnet,
 		)
@@ -207,7 +209,9 @@ func (s *sender) SendStateSummaryFrontier(ctx context.Context, nodeID ids.NodeID
 	nodeIDs := set.Of(nodeID)
 	sentTo := s.sender.Send(
 		outMsg,
-		nodeIDs,
+		common.SendConfig{
+			NodeIDs: nodeIDs,
+		},
 		s.ctx.SubnetID,
 		s.subnet,
 	)
@@ -288,7 +292,9 @@ func (s *sender) SendGetAcceptedStateSummary(ctx context.Context, nodeIDs set.Se
 	if err == nil {
 		sentTo = s.sender.Send(
 			outMsg,
-			nodeIDs,
+			common.SendConfig{
+				NodeIDs: nodeIDs,
+			},
 			s.ctx.SubnetID,
 			s.subnet,
 		)
@@ -350,7 +356,9 @@ func (s *sender) SendAcceptedStateSummary(ctx context.Context, nodeID ids.NodeID
 	nodeIDs := set.Of(nodeID)
 	sentTo := s.sender.Send(
 		outMsg,
-		nodeIDs,
+		common.SendConfig{
+			NodeIDs: nodeIDs,
+		},
 		s.ctx.SubnetID,
 		s.subnet,
 	)
@@ -423,7 +431,9 @@ func (s *sender) SendGetAcceptedFrontier(ctx context.Context, nodeIDs set.Set[id
 	if err == nil {
 		sentTo = s.sender.Send(
 			outMsg,
-			nodeIDs,
+			common.SendConfig{
+				NodeIDs: nodeIDs,
+			},
 			s.ctx.SubnetID,
 			s.subnet,
 		)
@@ -485,7 +495,9 @@ func (s *sender) SendAcceptedFrontier(ctx context.Context, nodeID ids.NodeID, re
 	nodeIDs := set.Of(nodeID)
 	sentTo := s.sender.Send(
 		outMsg,
-		nodeIDs,
+		common.SendConfig{
+			NodeIDs: nodeIDs,
+		},
 		s.ctx.SubnetID,
 		s.subnet,
 	)
@@ -560,7 +572,9 @@ func (s *sender) SendGetAccepted(ctx context.Context, nodeIDs set.Set[ids.NodeID
 	if err == nil {
 		sentTo = s.sender.Send(
 			outMsg,
-			nodeIDs,
+			common.SendConfig{
+				NodeIDs: nodeIDs,
+			},
 			s.ctx.SubnetID,
 			s.subnet,
 		)
@@ -618,7 +632,9 @@ func (s *sender) SendAccepted(ctx context.Context, nodeID ids.NodeID, requestID
 	nodeIDs := set.Of(nodeID)
 	sentTo := s.sender.Send(
 		outMsg,
-		nodeIDs,
+		common.SendConfig{
+			NodeIDs: nodeIDs,
+		},
 		s.ctx.SubnetID,
 		s.subnet,
 	)
@@ -698,7 +714,9 @@ func (s *sender) SendGetAncestors(ctx context.Context, nodeID ids.NodeID, reques
 	nodeIDs := set.Of(nodeID)
 	sentTo := s.sender.Send(
 		outMsg,
-		nodeIDs,
+		common.SendConfig{
+			NodeIDs: nodeIDs,
+		},
 		s.ctx.SubnetID,
 		s.subnet,
 	)
@@ -734,7 +752,9 @@ func (s *sender) SendAncestors(_ context.Context, nodeID ids.NodeID, requestID u
 	nodeIDs := set.Of(nodeID)
 	sentTo := s.sender.Send(
 		outMsg,
-		nodeIDs,
+		common.SendConfig{
+			NodeIDs: nodeIDs,
+		},
 		s.ctx.SubnetID,
 		s.subnet,
 	)
@@ -804,7 +824,9 @@ func (s *sender) SendGet(ctx context.Context, nodeID ids.NodeID, requestID uint3
 		nodeIDs := set.Of(nodeID)
 		sentTo = s.sender.Send(
 			outMsg,
-			nodeIDs,
+			common.SendConfig{
+				NodeIDs: nodeIDs,
+			},
 			s.ctx.SubnetID,
 			s.subnet,
 		)
@@ -851,7 +873,9 @@ func (s *sender) SendPut(_ context.Context, nodeID ids.NodeID, requestID uint32,
 	nodeIDs := set.Of(nodeID)
 	sentTo := s.sender.Send(
 		outMsg,
-		nodeIDs,
+		common.SendConfig{
+			NodeIDs: nodeIDs,
+		},
 		s.ctx.SubnetID,
 		s.subnet,
 	)
@@ -965,7 +989,9 @@ func (s *sender) SendPushQuery(
 	if err == nil {
 		sentTo = s.sender.Send(
 			outMsg,
-			nodeIDs,
+			common.SendConfig{
+				NodeIDs: nodeIDs,
+			},
 			s.ctx.SubnetID,
 			s.subnet,
 		)
@@ -1102,7 +1128,9 @@ func (s *sender) SendPullQuery(
 	if err == nil {
 		sentTo = s.sender.Send(
 			outMsg,
-			nodeIDs,
+			common.SendConfig{
+				NodeIDs: nodeIDs,
+			},
 			s.ctx.SubnetID,
 			s.subnet,
 		)
@@ -1186,7 +1214,9 @@ func (s *sender) SendChits(
 	nodeIDs := set.Of(nodeID)
 	sentTo := s.sender.Send(
 		outMsg,
-		nodeIDs,
+		common.SendConfig{
+			NodeIDs: nodeIDs,
+		},
 		s.ctx.SubnetID,
 		s.subnet,
 	)
@@ -1349,7 +1379,9 @@ func (s *sender) SendAppRequest(ctx context.Context, nodeIDs set.Set[ids.NodeID]
 	if err == nil {
 		sentTo = s.sender.Send(
 			outMsg,
-			nodeIDs,
+			common.SendConfig{
+				NodeIDs: nodeIDs,
+			},
 			s.ctx.SubnetID,
 			s.subnet,
 		)
@@ -1432,7 +1464,9 @@ func (s *sender) SendAppResponse(ctx context.Context, nodeID ids.NodeID, request
 	nodeIDs := set.Of(nodeID)
 	sentTo := s.sender.Send(
 		outMsg,
-		nodeIDs,
+		common.SendConfig{
+			NodeIDs: nodeIDs,
+		},
 		s.ctx.SubnetID,
 		s.subnet,
 	)
@@ -1495,7 +1529,9 @@ func (s *sender) SendAppError(ctx context.Context, nodeID ids.NodeID, requestID
 	// Send the message over the network.
 	sentTo := s.sender.Send(
 		outMsg,
-		set.Of(nodeID),
+		common.SendConfig{
+			NodeIDs: set.Of(nodeID),
+		},
 		s.ctx.SubnetID,
 		s.subnet,
 	)
@@ -1523,55 +1559,10 @@ func (s *sender) SendAppError(ctx context.Context, nodeID ids.NodeID, requestID
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *sender) SendAppGossipSpecific(_ context.Context, nodeIDs set.Set[ids.NodeID], appGossipBytes []byte) error {
-	// Create the outbound message.
-	outMsg, err := s.msgCreator.AppGossip(s.ctx.ChainID, appGossipBytes)
-	if err != nil {
-		s.ctx.Log.Error("failed to build message",
-			zap.Stringer("messageOp", message.AppGossipOp),
-			zap.Stringer("chainID", s.ctx.ChainID),
-			zap.Binary("payload", appGossipBytes),
-			zap.Error(err),
-		)
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	// Send the message over the network.
-	sentTo := s.sender.Send(
-		outMsg,
-		nodeIDs,
-		s.ctx.SubnetID,
-		s.subnet,
-	)
-	if sentTo.Len() == 0 {
-		for nodeID := range nodeIDs {
-			if !sentTo.Contains(nodeID) {
-				if s.ctx.Log.Enabled(logging.Verbo) {
-					s.ctx.Log.Verbo("failed to send message",
-						zap.Stringer("messageOp", message.AppGossipOp),
-						zap.Stringer("nodeID", nodeID),
-						zap.Stringer("chainID", s.ctx.ChainID),
-						zap.Binary("payload", appGossipBytes),
-					)
-				} else {
-					s.ctx.Log.Debug("failed to send message",
-						zap.Stringer("messageOp", message.AppGossipOp),
-						zap.Stringer("nodeID", nodeID),
-						zap.Stringer("chainID", s.ctx.ChainID),
-					)
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 func (s *sender) SendAppGossip(
 	_ context.Context,
+	config common.SendConfig,
 	appGossipBytes []byte,
-	numValidators int,
-	numNonValidators int,
-	numPeers int,
 ) error {
 	// Create the outbound message.
 	outMsg, err := s.msgCreator.AppGossip(s.ctx.ChainID, appGossipBytes)
@@ -1585,12 +1576,10 @@ func (s *sender) SendAppGossip(
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	sentTo := s.sender.Gossip(
+	sentTo := s.sender.Send(
 		outMsg,
+		config,
 		s.ctx.SubnetID,
-		numValidators,
-		numNonValidators,
-		numPeers,
 		s.subnet,
 	)
 	if sentTo.Len() == 0 {
diff --git a/snow/networking/sender/sender_test.go b/snow/networking/sender/sender_test.go
index 3f369c26ef4..d48d347176d 100644
--- a/snow/networking/sender/sender_test.go
+++ b/snow/networking/sender/sender_test.go
@@ -288,14 +288,14 @@ func TestTimeout(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Send messages to disconnected peers
-	externalSender.SendF = func(message.OutboundMessage, set.Set[ids.NodeID], ids.ID, subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
+	externalSender.SendF = func(message.OutboundMessage, common.SendConfig, ids.ID, subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
 		return nil
 	}
 	sendAll()
 
 	// Send messages to connected peers
-	externalSender.SendF = func(_ message.OutboundMessage, nodeIDs set.Set[ids.NodeID], _ ids.ID, _ subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
-		return nodeIDs
+	externalSender.SendF = func(_ message.OutboundMessage, config common.SendConfig, _ ids.ID, _ subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
+		return config.NodeIDs
 	}
 	sendAll()
 
@@ -649,8 +649,10 @@ func TestSender_Bootstrap_Requests(t *testing.T) {
 			setExternalSenderExpect: func(externalSender *MockExternalSender) {
 				externalSender.EXPECT().Send(
 					gomock.Any(), // Outbound message
-					// Note [myNodeID] is not in this set
-					set.Of(successNodeID, failedNodeID),
+					common.SendConfig{
+						// Note [myNodeID] is not in this set
+						NodeIDs: set.Of(successNodeID, failedNodeID),
+					},
 					ctx.SubnetID, // Subnet ID
 					gomock.Any(),
 				).Return(set.Of(successNodeID))
@@ -692,8 +694,10 @@ func TestSender_Bootstrap_Requests(t *testing.T) {
 			setExternalSenderExpect: func(externalSender *MockExternalSender) {
 				externalSender.EXPECT().Send(
 					gomock.Any(), // Outbound message
-					// Note [myNodeID] is not in this set
-					set.Of(successNodeID, failedNodeID),
+					common.SendConfig{
+						// Note [myNodeID] is not in this set
+						NodeIDs: set.Of(successNodeID, failedNodeID),
+					},
 					ctx.SubnetID, // Subnet ID
 					gomock.Any(),
 				).Return(set.Of(successNodeID))
@@ -732,8 +736,10 @@ func TestSender_Bootstrap_Requests(t *testing.T) {
 			setExternalSenderExpect: func(externalSender *MockExternalSender) {
 				externalSender.EXPECT().Send(
 					gomock.Any(), // Outbound message
-					// Note [myNodeID] is not in this set
-					set.Of(successNodeID, failedNodeID),
+					common.SendConfig{
+						// Note [myNodeID] is not in this set
+						NodeIDs: set.Of(successNodeID, failedNodeID),
+					},
 					ctx.SubnetID, // Subnet ID
 					gomock.Any(),
 				).Return(set.Of(successNodeID))
@@ -774,8 +780,10 @@ func TestSender_Bootstrap_Requests(t *testing.T) {
 			setExternalSenderExpect: func(externalSender *MockExternalSender) {
 				externalSender.EXPECT().Send(
 					gomock.Any(), // Outbound message
-					// Note [myNodeID] is not in this set
-					set.Of(successNodeID, failedNodeID),
+					common.SendConfig{
+						// Note [myNodeID] is not in this set
+						NodeIDs: set.Of(successNodeID, failedNodeID),
+					},
 					ctx.SubnetID, // Subnet ID
 					gomock.Any(),
 				).Return(set.Of(successNodeID))
@@ -901,9 +909,11 @@ func TestSender_Bootstrap_Responses(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			setExternalSenderExpect: func(externalSender *MockExternalSender) {
 				externalSender.EXPECT().Send(
-					gomock.Any(),              // Outbound message
-					set.Of(destinationNodeID), // Node IDs
-					ctx.SubnetID,              // Subnet ID
+					gomock.Any(), // Outbound message
+					common.SendConfig{
+						NodeIDs: set.Of(destinationNodeID),
+					},
+					ctx.SubnetID, // Subnet ID
 					gomock.Any(),
 				).Return(nil)
 			},
@@ -931,9 +941,11 @@ func TestSender_Bootstrap_Responses(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			setExternalSenderExpect: func(externalSender *MockExternalSender) {
 				externalSender.EXPECT().Send(
-					gomock.Any(),              // Outbound message
-					set.Of(destinationNodeID), // Node IDs
-					ctx.SubnetID,              // Subnet ID
+					gomock.Any(), // Outbound message
+					common.SendConfig{
+						NodeIDs: set.Of(destinationNodeID),
+					},
+					ctx.SubnetID, // Subnet ID
 					gomock.Any(),
 				).Return(nil)
 			},
@@ -959,9 +971,11 @@ func TestSender_Bootstrap_Responses(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			setExternalSenderExpect: func(externalSender *MockExternalSender) {
 				externalSender.EXPECT().Send(
-					gomock.Any(),              // Outbound message
-					set.Of(destinationNodeID), // Node IDs
-					ctx.SubnetID,              // Subnet ID
+					gomock.Any(), // Outbound message
+					common.SendConfig{
+						NodeIDs: set.Of(destinationNodeID),
+					},
+					ctx.SubnetID, // Subnet ID
 					gomock.Any(),
 				).Return(nil)
 			},
@@ -989,9 +1003,11 @@ func TestSender_Bootstrap_Responses(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			setExternalSenderExpect: func(externalSender *MockExternalSender) {
 				externalSender.EXPECT().Send(
-					gomock.Any(),              // Outbound message
-					set.Of(destinationNodeID), // Node IDs
-					ctx.SubnetID,              // Subnet ID
+					gomock.Any(), // Outbound message
+					common.SendConfig{
+						NodeIDs: set.Of(destinationNodeID),
+					},
+					ctx.SubnetID, // Subnet ID
 					gomock.Any(),
 				).Return(nil)
 			},
@@ -1111,8 +1127,10 @@ func TestSender_Single_Request(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			setExternalSenderExpect: func(externalSender *MockExternalSender, sentTo set.Set[ids.NodeID]) {
 				externalSender.EXPECT().Send(
-					gomock.Any(),              // Outbound message
-					set.Of(destinationNodeID), // Node IDs
+					gomock.Any(), // Outbound message
+					common.SendConfig{
+						NodeIDs: set.Of(destinationNodeID),
+					},
 					ctx.SubnetID,
 					gomock.Any(),
 				).Return(sentTo)
@@ -1150,8 +1168,10 @@ func TestSender_Single_Request(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			setExternalSenderExpect: func(externalSender *MockExternalSender, sentTo set.Set[ids.NodeID]) {
 				externalSender.EXPECT().Send(
-					gomock.Any(),              // Outbound message
-					set.Of(destinationNodeID), // Node IDs
+					gomock.Any(), // Outbound message
+					common.SendConfig{
+						NodeIDs: set.Of(destinationNodeID),
+					},
 					ctx.SubnetID,
 					gomock.Any(),
 				).Return(sentTo)
diff --git a/snow/networking/sender/test_external_sender.go b/snow/networking/sender/test_external_sender.go
index ae06187216b..3d5e688492b 100644
--- a/snow/networking/sender/test_external_sender.go
+++ b/snow/networking/sender/test_external_sender.go
@@ -9,39 +9,39 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/ids"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/message"
+	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/snow/engine/common"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/subnets"
 	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/utils/set"
 )
 
 var (
-	errSend   = errors.New("unexpectedly called Send")
-	errGossip = errors.New("unexpectedly called Gossip")
+	_ ExternalSender = (*ExternalSenderTest)(nil)
+
+	errSend = errors.New("unexpectedly called Send")
 )
 
 // ExternalSenderTest is a test sender
 type ExternalSenderTest struct {
 	TB testing.TB
 
-	CantSend, CantGossip bool
+	CantSend bool
 
-	SendF   func(msg message.OutboundMessage, nodeIDs set.Set[ids.NodeID], subnetID ids.ID, allower subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID]
-	GossipF func(msg message.OutboundMessage, subnetID ids.ID, numValidatorsToSend, numNonValidatorsToSend, numPeersToSend int, allower subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID]
+	SendF func(msg message.OutboundMessage, config common.SendConfig, subnetID ids.ID, allower subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID]
 }
 
 // Default set the default callable value to [cant]
 func (s *ExternalSenderTest) Default(cant bool) {
 	s.CantSend = cant
-	s.CantGossip = cant
 }
 
 func (s *ExternalSenderTest) Send(
 	msg message.OutboundMessage,
-	nodeIDs set.Set[ids.NodeID],
+	config common.SendConfig,
 	subnetID ids.ID,
 	allower subnets.Allower,
 ) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
 	if s.SendF != nil {
-		return s.SendF(msg, nodeIDs, subnetID, allower)
+		return s.SendF(msg, config, subnetID, allower)
 	}
 	if s.CantSend {
 		if s.TB != nil {
@@ -51,26 +51,3 @@ func (s *ExternalSenderTest) Send(
 	}
 	return nil
 }
-
-// Given a msg type, the corresponding mock function is called if it was initialized.
-// If it wasn't initialized and this function shouldn't be called and testing was
-// initialized, then testing will fail.
-func (s *ExternalSenderTest) Gossip(
-	msg message.OutboundMessage,
-	subnetID ids.ID,
-	numValidatorsToSend int,
-	numNonValidatorsToSend int,
-	numPeersToSend int,
-	allower subnets.Allower,
-) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
-	if s.GossipF != nil {
-		return s.GossipF(msg, subnetID, numValidatorsToSend, numNonValidatorsToSend, numPeersToSend, allower)
-	}
-	if s.CantGossip {
-		if s.TB != nil {
-			s.TB.Helper()
-			s.TB.Fatal(errGossip)
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
diff --git a/snow/networking/sender/traced_sender.go b/snow/networking/sender/traced_sender.go
index 5157b59c8b3..0e25602c84c 100644
--- a/snow/networking/sender/traced_sender.go
+++ b/snow/networking/sender/traced_sender.go
@@ -258,35 +258,23 @@ func (s *tracedSender) SendAppError(ctx context.Context, nodeID ids.NodeID, requ
 	return s.sender.SendAppError(ctx, nodeID, requestID, errorCode, errorMessage)
 }
 
-func (s *tracedSender) SendAppGossipSpecific(ctx context.Context, nodeIDs set.Set[ids.NodeID], appGossipBytes []byte) error {
-	_, span := s.tracer.Start(ctx, "tracedSender.SendAppGossipSpecific", oteltrace.WithAttributes(
-		attribute.Int("gossipLen", len(appGossipBytes)),
-	))
-	defer span.End()
-
-	return s.sender.SendAppGossipSpecific(ctx, nodeIDs, appGossipBytes)
-}
-
 func (s *tracedSender) SendAppGossip(
 	ctx context.Context,
+	config common.SendConfig,
 	appGossipBytes []byte,
-	numValidators int,
-	numNonValidators int,
-	numPeers int,
 ) error {
 	_, span := s.tracer.Start(ctx, "tracedSender.SendAppGossip", oteltrace.WithAttributes(
+		attribute.Int("numNodeIDs", config.NodeIDs.Len()),
+		attribute.Int("numValidators", config.Validators),
+		attribute.Int("numNonValidators", config.NonValidators),
+		attribute.Int("numPeers", config.Peers),
 		attribute.Int("gossipLen", len(appGossipBytes)),
-		attribute.Int("numValidators", numValidators),
-		attribute.Int("numNonValidators", numNonValidators),
-		attribute.Int("numPeers", numPeers),
 	))
 	defer span.End()
 
 	return s.sender.SendAppGossip(
 		ctx,
+		config,
 		appGossipBytes,
-		numValidators,
-		numNonValidators,
-		numPeers,
 	)
 }
diff --git a/vms/avm/network/network_test.go b/vms/avm/network/network_test.go
index 4fdd09b9230..f107b8b389c 100644
--- a/vms/avm/network/network_test.go
+++ b/vms/avm/network/network_test.go
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ func TestNetworkIssueTxFromRPC(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			appSenderFunc: func(ctrl *gomock.Controller) common.AppSender {
 				appSender := common.NewMockSender(ctrl)
-				appSender.EXPECT().SendAppGossip(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Return(nil)
+				appSender.EXPECT().SendAppGossip(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Return(nil)
 				return appSender
 			},
 			expectedErr: nil,
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ func TestNetworkIssueTxFromRPCWithoutVerification(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			appSenderFunc: func(ctrl *gomock.Controller) common.AppSender {
 				appSender := common.NewMockSender(ctrl)
-				appSender.EXPECT().SendAppGossip(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Return(nil)
+				appSender.EXPECT().SendAppGossip(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Return(nil)
 				return appSender
 			},
 			expectedErr: nil,
diff --git a/vms/platformvm/block/builder/helpers_test.go b/vms/platformvm/block/builder/helpers_test.go
index 05164aff296..4fdf634a190 100644
--- a/vms/platformvm/block/builder/helpers_test.go
+++ b/vms/platformvm/block/builder/helpers_test.go
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ func newEnvironment(t *testing.T, f fork) *environment { //nolint:unparam
 
 	registerer := prometheus.NewRegistry()
 	res.sender = &common.SenderTest{T: t}
-	res.sender.SendAppGossipF = func(context.Context, []byte, int, int, int) error {
+	res.sender.SendAppGossipF = func(context.Context, common.SendConfig, []byte) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
diff --git a/vms/platformvm/network/network_test.go b/vms/platformvm/network/network_test.go
index 98b92801c84..822a4b47878 100644
--- a/vms/platformvm/network/network_test.go
+++ b/vms/platformvm/network/network_test.go
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ func TestNetworkIssueTxFromRPC(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			appSenderFunc: func(ctrl *gomock.Controller) common.AppSender {
 				appSender := common.NewMockSender(ctrl)
-				appSender.EXPECT().SendAppGossip(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Return(nil)
+				appSender.EXPECT().SendAppGossip(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Return(nil)
 				return appSender
 			},
 			expectedErr: nil,
diff --git a/vms/platformvm/validator_set_property_test.go b/vms/platformvm/validator_set_property_test.go
index 4242fa5f8bd..4ade828c33e 100644
--- a/vms/platformvm/validator_set_property_test.go
+++ b/vms/platformvm/validator_set_property_test.go
@@ -646,7 +646,7 @@ func buildVM(t *testing.T) (*VM, ids.ID, error) {
 	defer ctx.Lock.Unlock()
 	appSender := &common.SenderTest{}
 	appSender.CantSendAppGossip = true
-	appSender.SendAppGossipF = func(context.Context, []byte, int, int, int) error {
+	appSender.SendAppGossipF = func(context.Context, common.SendConfig, []byte) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
diff --git a/vms/platformvm/vm_test.go b/vms/platformvm/vm_test.go
index 23c1c45ba7f..b753f42626c 100644
--- a/vms/platformvm/vm_test.go
+++ b/vms/platformvm/vm_test.go
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ func defaultVM(t *testing.T, f fork) (*VM, database.Database, *mutableSharedMemo
 	_, genesisBytes := defaultGenesis(t, ctx.AVAXAssetID)
 	appSender := &common.SenderTest{}
 	appSender.CantSendAppGossip = true
-	appSender.SendAppGossipF = func(context.Context, []byte, int, int, int) error {
+	appSender.SendAppGossipF = func(context.Context, common.SendConfig, []byte) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
@@ -1503,7 +1503,7 @@ func TestBootstrapPartiallyAccepted(t *testing.T) {
 
 	ctx.Lock.Lock()
 	var reqID uint32
-	externalSender.SendF = func(msg message.OutboundMessage, nodeIDs set.Set[ids.NodeID], _ ids.ID, _ subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
+	externalSender.SendF = func(msg message.OutboundMessage, config common.SendConfig, _ ids.ID, _ subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
 		inMsg, err := mc.Parse(msg.Bytes(), ctx.NodeID, func() {})
 		require.NoError(err)
 		require.Equal(message.GetAcceptedFrontierOp, inMsg.Op())
@@ -1512,24 +1512,24 @@ func TestBootstrapPartiallyAccepted(t *testing.T) {
 		require.True(ok)
 
 		reqID = requestID
-		return nodeIDs
+		return config.NodeIDs
 	}
 
 	require.NoError(bootstrapper.Connected(context.Background(), peerID, version.CurrentApp))
 
-	externalSender.SendF = func(msg message.OutboundMessage, nodeIDs set.Set[ids.NodeID], _ ids.ID, _ subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
+	externalSender.SendF = func(msg message.OutboundMessage, config common.SendConfig, _ ids.ID, _ subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
 		inMsgIntf, err := mc.Parse(msg.Bytes(), ctx.NodeID, func() {})
 		require.NoError(err)
 		require.Equal(message.GetAcceptedOp, inMsgIntf.Op())
 		inMsg := inMsgIntf.Message().(*p2p.GetAccepted)
 
 		reqID = inMsg.RequestId
-		return nodeIDs
+		return config.NodeIDs
 	}
 
 	require.NoError(bootstrapper.AcceptedFrontier(context.Background(), peerID, reqID, advanceTimeBlkID))
 
-	externalSender.SendF = func(msg message.OutboundMessage, nodeIDs set.Set[ids.NodeID], _ ids.ID, _ subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
+	externalSender.SendF = func(msg message.OutboundMessage, config common.SendConfig, _ ids.ID, _ subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
 		inMsgIntf, err := mc.Parse(msg.Bytes(), ctx.NodeID, func() {})
 		require.NoError(err)
 		require.Equal(message.GetAncestorsOp, inMsgIntf.Op())
@@ -1540,13 +1540,13 @@ func TestBootstrapPartiallyAccepted(t *testing.T) {
 		containerID, err := ids.ToID(inMsg.ContainerId)
 		require.NoError(err)
 		require.Equal(advanceTimeBlkID, containerID)
-		return nodeIDs
+		return config.NodeIDs
 	}
 
 	frontier := set.Of(advanceTimeBlkID)
 	require.NoError(bootstrapper.Accepted(context.Background(), peerID, reqID, frontier))
 
-	externalSender.SendF = func(msg message.OutboundMessage, nodeIDs set.Set[ids.NodeID], _ ids.ID, _ subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
+	externalSender.SendF = func(msg message.OutboundMessage, config common.SendConfig, _ ids.ID, _ subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
 		inMsg, err := mc.Parse(msg.Bytes(), ctx.NodeID, func() {})
 		require.NoError(err)
 		require.Equal(message.GetAcceptedFrontierOp, inMsg.Op())
@@ -1555,19 +1555,19 @@ func TestBootstrapPartiallyAccepted(t *testing.T) {
 		require.True(ok)
 
 		reqID = requestID
-		return nodeIDs
+		return config.NodeIDs
 	}
 
 	require.NoError(bootstrapper.Ancestors(context.Background(), peerID, reqID, [][]byte{advanceTimeBlkBytes}))
 
-	externalSender.SendF = func(msg message.OutboundMessage, nodeIDs set.Set[ids.NodeID], _ ids.ID, _ subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
+	externalSender.SendF = func(msg message.OutboundMessage, config common.SendConfig, _ ids.ID, _ subnets.Allower) set.Set[ids.NodeID] {
 		inMsgIntf, err := mc.Parse(msg.Bytes(), ctx.NodeID, func() {})
 		require.NoError(err)
 		require.Equal(message.GetAcceptedOp, inMsgIntf.Op())
 		inMsg := inMsgIntf.Message().(*p2p.GetAccepted)
 
 		reqID = inMsg.RequestId
-		return nodeIDs
+		return config.NodeIDs
 	}
 
 	require.NoError(bootstrapper.AcceptedFrontier(context.Background(), peerID, reqID, advanceTimeBlkID))