[flake8-blind-except] Fix BLE001 false-positive on raise ... from None (#19755)

## Summary

- Refactored `BLE001` logic for clarity and minor speed-up.
- Improved documentation and comments (previously, `BLE001` docs claimed
it catches bare `except:`s, but it doesn't).
- Fixed a false-positive bug with `from None` cause:

```python
# somefile.py

try:
    pass
except BaseException as e:
    raise e from None
```

### main branch
```
somefile.py:3:8: BLE001 Do not catch blind exception: `BaseException`
  |
1 | try:
2 |     pass
3 | except BaseException as e:
  |        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ BLE001
4 |     raise e from None
  |

Found 1 error.
```

### this change

```cargo run -p ruff -- check somefile.py --no-cache --select=BLE001```

```
All checks passed!
```

## Test Plan

- Added a test case to cover `raise X from Y` clause
- Added a test case to cover `raise X from None` clause

Author: deliro

crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_blind_except/BLE.py

@@ -154,6 +154,11 @@
 except Exception as e:
     raise ValueError from e
 
+try:
+    ...
+except Exception as e:
+    raise e from ValueError("hello")
+
 
 try:
     pass
@@ -245,3 +250,9 @@
     pass
 except (Exception, ValueError) as e:
     raise e
+
+# `from None` cause
+try:
+    pass
+except BaseException as e:
+    raise e from None

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/flake8_blind_except/rules/blind_except.rs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use crate::checkers::ast::Checker;
 
 /// ## What it does
 /// Checks for `except` clauses that catch all exceptions.  This includes
-/// bare `except`, `except BaseException` and `except Exception`.
+/// `except BaseException` and `except Exception`.
 ///
 ///
 /// ## Why is this bad?
@@ -149,24 +149,28 @@ impl<'a> ReraiseVisitor<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> StatementVisitor<'a> for ReraiseVisitor<'a> {
     fn visit_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &'a Stmt) {
+        if self.seen {
+            return;
+        }
         match stmt {
             Stmt::Raise(ast::StmtRaise { exc, cause, .. }) => {
-                if let Some(cause) = cause {
-                    if let Expr::Name(ast::ExprName { id, .. }) = cause.as_ref() {
-                        if self.name.is_some_and(|name| id == name) {
-                            self.seen = true;
-                        }
+                // except Exception [as <name>]:
+                //     raise [<exc> [from <cause>]]
+                let reraised = match (self.name, exc.as_deref(), cause.as_deref()) {
+                    // `raise`
+                    (_, None, None) => true,
+                    // `raise SomeExc from <name>`
+                    (Some(name), _, Some(Expr::Name(ast::ExprName { id, .. }))) if name == id => {
+                        true
                     }
-                } else {
-                    if let Some(exc) = exc {
-                        if let Expr::Name(ast::ExprName { id, .. }) = exc.as_ref() {
-                            if self.name.is_some_and(|name| id == name) {
-                                self.seen = true;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        self.seen = true;
+                    // `raise <name>` and `raise <name> from SomeCause`
+                    (Some(name), Some(Expr::Name(ast::ExprName { id, .. })), _) if name == id => {
+                        true
                     }
+                    _ => false,
+                };
+                if reraised {
+                    self.seen = true;
                 }
             }
             Stmt::Try(_) | Stmt::FunctionDef(_) | Stmt::ClassDef(_) => {}
@@ -200,6 +204,9 @@ impl<'a> LogExceptionVisitor<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> StatementVisitor<'a> for LogExceptionVisitor<'a> {
     fn visit_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &'a Stmt) {
+        if self.seen {
+            return;
+        }
         match stmt {
             Stmt::Expr(ast::StmtExpr { value, .. }) => {
                 if let Expr::Call(ast::ExprCall {

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/flake8_blind_except/snapshots/ruff_linter__rules__flake8_blind_except__tests__BLE001_BLE.py.snap

@@ -164,33 +164,23 @@ BLE001 Do not catch blind exception: `Exception`
 132 |     critical("...", exc_info=None)
     |
 
-BLE001 Do not catch blind exception: `Exception`
-   --> BLE.py:169:9
-    |
-167 | try:
-168 |     pass
-169 | except (Exception,):
-    |         ^^^^^^^^^
-170 |     pass
-    |
-
 BLE001 Do not catch blind exception: `Exception`
    --> BLE.py:174:9
     |
 172 | try:
 173 |     pass
-174 | except (Exception, ValueError):
+174 | except (Exception,):
     |         ^^^^^^^^^
 175 |     pass
     |
 
 BLE001 Do not catch blind exception: `Exception`
-   --> BLE.py:179:21
+   --> BLE.py:179:9
     |
 177 | try:
 178 |     pass
-179 | except (ValueError, Exception):
-    |                     ^^^^^^^^^
+179 | except (Exception, ValueError):
+    |         ^^^^^^^^^
 180 |     pass
     |
 
@@ -199,67 +189,77 @@ BLE001 Do not catch blind exception: `Exception`
     |
 182 | try:
 183 |     pass
-184 | except (ValueError, Exception) as e:
+184 | except (ValueError, Exception):
     |                     ^^^^^^^^^
-185 |     print(e)
+185 |     pass
     |
 
-BLE001 Do not catch blind exception: `BaseException`
-   --> BLE.py:189:9
+BLE001 Do not catch blind exception: `Exception`
+   --> BLE.py:189:21
     |
 187 | try:
 188 |     pass
-189 | except (BaseException, TypeError):
-    |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-190 |     pass
+189 | except (ValueError, Exception) as e:
+    |                     ^^^^^^^^^
+190 |     print(e)
     |
 
 BLE001 Do not catch blind exception: `BaseException`
-   --> BLE.py:194:20
+   --> BLE.py:194:9
     |
 192 | try:
 193 |     pass
-194 | except (TypeError, BaseException):
-    |                    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+194 | except (BaseException, TypeError):
+    |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 195 |     pass
     |
 
-BLE001 Do not catch blind exception: `Exception`
-   --> BLE.py:199:9
+BLE001 Do not catch blind exception: `BaseException`
+   --> BLE.py:199:20
     |
 197 | try:
 198 |     pass
-199 | except (Exception, BaseException):
-    |         ^^^^^^^^^
+199 | except (TypeError, BaseException):
+    |                    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 200 |     pass
     |
 
-BLE001 Do not catch blind exception: `BaseException`
+BLE001 Do not catch blind exception: `Exception`
    --> BLE.py:204:9
     |
 202 | try:
 203 |     pass
-204 | except (BaseException, Exception):
-    |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+204 | except (Exception, BaseException):
+    |         ^^^^^^^^^
 205 |     pass
     |
 
+BLE001 Do not catch blind exception: `BaseException`
+   --> BLE.py:209:9
+    |
+207 | try:
+208 |     pass
+209 | except (BaseException, Exception):
+    |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+210 |     pass
+    |
+
 BLE001 Do not catch blind exception: `Exception`
-   --> BLE.py:210:10
+   --> BLE.py:215:10
     |
-208 | try:
-209 |     pass
-210 | except ((Exception, ValueError), TypeError):
+213 | try:
+214 |     pass
+215 | except ((Exception, ValueError), TypeError):
     |          ^^^^^^^^^
-211 |     pass
+216 |     pass
     |
 
 BLE001 Do not catch blind exception: `BaseException`
-   --> BLE.py:215:22
+   --> BLE.py:220:22
     |
-213 | try:
-214 |     pass
-215 | except (ValueError, (BaseException, TypeError)):
+218 | try:
+219 |     pass
+220 | except (ValueError, (BaseException, TypeError)):
     |                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-216 |     pass
+221 |     pass
     |