[Web] Support web indexDB cache for larger model storage (#16733)

* Support IndexDB for Larger model, modify artifact cache template

* Minor formatting

* Rename indexdb to indexeddb

* Modify addToCache and fetchWithCache logics

- We make addToCache not return anything, see new specification
- This allows us to skip downloaded files in fetchNDArrayCache instead of running into DOMException: Key already exists
- Call addToCache in fetchWithCache, so we only need to retrieve afterwards
- Remove cacheOnly for callback, use loading instead (since we separated download and loading)
- Fix responseTostoretype bug in ArtifactCache

* Move all cache related code to artifact_cache

* Fix lint

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Co-authored-by: Charlie Ruan <[email protected]>

Author: DiegoCao