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<h1>Multiple Linear Regression and Visualization in Python</h1>
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<span class="article-date">Nov 18, 2019</span>
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/* Old browsers */
display: -webkit-box;
-webkit-box-orient: vertical;
-webkit-box-align: stretch;
display: -moz-box;
-moz-box-orient: vertical;
-moz-box-align: stretch;
display: box;
box-orient: vertical;
box-align: stretch;
/* Modern browsers */
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: stretch;
border-radius: 2px;
box-sizing: border-box;
-moz-box-sizing: border-box;
-webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
border-width: 1px;
border-style: solid;
border-color: transparent;
width: 100%;
padding: 5px;
/* This acts as a spacer between cells, that is outside the border */
margin: 0px;
outline: none;
position: relative;
overflow: visible;
}
div.cell:before {
position: absolute;
display: block;
top: -1px;
left: -1px;
width: 5px;
height: calc(100% + 2px);
content: '';
background: transparent;
}
div.cell.jupyter-soft-selected {
border-left-color: #E3F2FD;
border-left-width: 1px;
padding-left: 5px;
border-right-color: #E3F2FD;
border-right-width: 1px;
background: #E3F2FD;
}
@media print {
div.cell.jupyter-soft-selected {
border-color: transparent;
}
}
div.cell.selected,
div.cell.selected.jupyter-soft-selected {
border-color: #ababab;
}
div.cell.selected:before,
div.cell.selected.jupyter-soft-selected:before {
position: absolute;
display: block;
top: -1px;
left: -1px;
width: 5px;
height: calc(100% + 2px);
content: '';
background: #42A5F5;
}
@media print {
div.cell.selected,
div.cell.selected.jupyter-soft-selected {
border-color: transparent;
}
}
.edit_mode div.cell.selected {
border-color: #66BB6A;
}
.edit_mode div.cell.selected:before {
position: absolute;
display: block;
top: -1px;
left: -1px;
width: 5px;
height: calc(100% + 2px);
content: '';
background: #66BB6A;
}
@media print {
.edit_mode div.cell.selected {
border-color: transparent;
}
}
.prompt {
/* This needs to be wide enough for 3 digit prompt numbers: In[100]: */
min-width: 14ex;
/* This padding is tuned to match the padding on the CodeMirror editor. */
padding: 0.4em;
margin: 0px;
font-family: monospace;
text-align: right;
/* This has to match that of the the CodeMirror class line-height below */
line-height: 1.21429em;
/* Don't highlight prompt number selection */
-webkit-touch-callout: none;
-webkit-user-select: none;
-khtml-user-select: none;
-moz-user-select: none;
-ms-user-select: none;
user-select: none;
/* Use default cursor */
cursor: default;
}
@media (max-width: 540px) {
.prompt {
text-align: left;
}
}
div.inner_cell {
min-width: 0;
/* Old browsers */
display: -webkit-box;
-webkit-box-orient: vertical;
-webkit-box-align: stretch;
display: -moz-box;
-moz-box-orient: vertical;
-moz-box-align: stretch;
display: box;
box-orient: vertical;
box-align: stretch;
/* Modern browsers */
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: stretch;
/* Old browsers */
-webkit-box-flex: 1;
-moz-box-flex: 1;
box-flex: 1;
/* Modern browsers */
flex: 1;
}
/* input_area and input_prompt must match in top border and margin for alignment */
div.input_area {
border: 1px solid #cfcfcf;
border-radius: 2px;
background: #f7f7f7;
line-height: 1.21429em;
}
/* This is needed so that empty prompt areas can collapse to zero height when there
is no content in the output_subarea and the prompt. The main purpose of this is
to make sure that empty JavaScript output_subareas have no height. */
div.prompt:empty {
padding-top: 0;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
div.unrecognized_cell {
padding: 5px 5px 5px 0px;
/* Old browsers */
display: -webkit-box;
-webkit-box-orient: horizontal;
-webkit-box-align: stretch;
display: -moz-box;
-moz-box-orient: horizontal;
-moz-box-align: stretch;
display: box;
box-orient: horizontal;
box-align: stretch;
/* Modern browsers */
display: flex;
flex-direction: row;
align-items: stretch;
}
div.unrecognized_cell .inner_cell {
border-radius: 2px;
padding: 5px;
font-weight: bold;
color: red;
border: 1px solid #cfcfcf;
background: #eaeaea;
}
div.unrecognized_cell .inner_cell a {
color: inherit;
text-decoration: none;
}
div.unrecognized_cell .inner_cell a:hover {
color: inherit;
text-decoration: none;
}
@media (max-width: 540px) {
div.unrecognized_cell > div.prompt {
display: none;
}
}
div.code_cell {
/* avoid page breaking on code cells when printing */
}
@media print {
div.code_cell {
page-break-inside: avoid;
}
}
/* any special styling for code cells that are currently running goes here */
div.input {
page-break-inside: avoid;
/* Old browsers */
display: -webkit-box;
-webkit-box-orient: horizontal;
-webkit-box-align: stretch;
display: -moz-box;
-moz-box-orient: horizontal;
-moz-box-align: stretch;
display: box;
box-orient: horizontal;
box-align: stretch;
/* Modern browsers */
display: flex;
flex-direction: row;
align-items: stretch;
}
@media (max-width: 540px) {
div.input {
/* Old browsers */
display: -webkit-box;
-webkit-box-orient: vertical;
-webkit-box-align: stretch;
display: -moz-box;
-moz-box-orient: vertical;
-moz-box-align: stretch;
display: box;
box-orient: vertical;
box-align: stretch;
/* Modern browsers */
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: stretch;
}
}
/* input_area and input_prompt must match in top border and margin for alignment */
div.input_prompt {
color: #303F9F;
border-top: 1px solid transparent;
}
div.input_area > div.highlight {
margin: 0.4em;
border: none;
padding: 0px;
background-color: transparent;
}
div.input_area > div.highlight > pre {
margin: 0px;
border: none;
padding: 0px;
background-color: transparent;
}
/* The following gets added to the <head> if it is detected that the user has a
* monospace font with inconsistent normal/bold/italic height. See
* notebookmain.js. Such fonts will have keywords vertically offset with
* respect to the rest of the text. The user should select a better font.
* See: https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/1503
*
* .CodeMirror span {
* vertical-align: bottom;
* }
*/
.CodeMirror {
line-height: 1.21429em;
/* Changed from 1em to our global default */
font-size: 14px;
height: auto;
/* Changed to auto to autogrow */
background: none;
/* Changed from white to allow our bg to show through */
}
.CodeMirror-scroll {
/* The CodeMirror docs are a bit fuzzy on if overflow-y should be hidden or visible.*/
/* We have found that if it is visible, vertical scrollbars appear with font size changes.*/
overflow-y: hidden;
overflow-x: auto;
}
.CodeMirror-lines {
/* In CM2, this used to be 0.4em, but in CM3 it went to 4px. We need the em value because */
/* we have set a different line-height and want this to scale with that. */
/* Note that this should set vertical padding only, since CodeMirror assumes
that horizontal padding will be set on CodeMirror pre */
padding: 0.4em 0;
}
.CodeMirror-linenumber {
padding: 0 8px 0 4px;
}
.CodeMirror-gutters {
border-bottom-left-radius: 2px;
border-top-left-radius: 2px;
}
.CodeMirror pre {
/* In CM3 this went to 4px from 0 in CM2. This sets horizontal padding only,
use .CodeMirror-lines for vertical */
padding: 0 0.4em;
border: 0;
border-radius: 0;
}
.CodeMirror-cursor {
border-left: 1.4px solid black;
}
@media screen and (min-width: 2138px) and (max-width: 4319px) {
.CodeMirror-cursor {
border-left: 2px solid black;
}
}
@media screen and (min-width: 4320px) {
.CodeMirror-cursor {
border-left: 4px solid black;
}
}
/*
Original style from softwaremaniacs.org (c) Ivan Sagalaev <[email protected]>
Adapted from GitHub theme
*/
.highlight-base {
color: #000;
}
.highlight-variable {
color: #000;
}
.highlight-variable-2 {
color: #1a1a1a;
}
.highlight-variable-3 {
color: #333333;
}
.highlight-string {
color: #BA2121;
}
.highlight-comment {
color: #408080;
font-style: italic;
}
.highlight-number {
color: #080;
}
.highlight-atom {
color: #88F;
}
.highlight-keyword {
color: #008000;
font-weight: bold;
}
.highlight-builtin {
color: #008000;
}
.highlight-error {
color: #f00;
}
.highlight-operator {
color: #AA22FF;
font-weight: bold;
}
.highlight-meta {
color: #AA22FF;
}
/* previously not defined, copying from default codemirror */
.highlight-def {
color: #00f;
}
.highlight-string-2 {
color: #f50;
}
.highlight-qualifier {
color: #555;
}
.highlight-bracket {
color: #997;
}
.highlight-tag {
color: #170;
}
.highlight-attribute {
color: #00c;
}
.highlight-header {
color: blue;
}
.highlight-quote {
color: #090;
}
.highlight-link {
color: #00c;
}
/* apply the same style to codemirror */
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-keyword {
color: #008000;
font-weight: bold;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-atom {
color: #88F;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-number {
color: #080;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-def {
color: #00f;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-variable {
color: #000;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-operator {
color: #AA22FF;
font-weight: bold;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-variable-2 {
color: #1a1a1a;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-variable-3 {
color: #333333;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-comment {
color: #408080;
font-style: italic;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-string {
color: #BA2121;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-string-2 {
color: #f50;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-meta {
color: #AA22FF;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-qualifier {
color: #555;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-builtin {
color: #008000;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-bracket {
color: #997;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-tag {
color: #170;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-attribute {
color: #00c;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-header {
color: blue;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-quote {
color: #090;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-link {
color: #00c;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-error {
color: #f00;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-tab {
background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADAAAAAMCAYAAAAkuj5RAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGFJREFUSMft1LsRQFAQheHPowAKoACx3IgEKtaEHujDjORSgWTH/ZOdnZOcM/sgk/kFFWY0qV8foQwS4MKBCS3qR6ixBJvElOobYAtivseIE120FaowJPN75GMu8j/LfMwNjh4HUpwg4LUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);
background-position: right;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
div.output_wrapper {
/* this position must be relative to enable descendents to be absolute within it */
position: relative;
/* Old browsers */
display: -webkit-box;
-webkit-box-orient: vertical;
-webkit-box-align: stretch;
display: -moz-box;
-moz-box-orient: vertical;
-moz-box-align: stretch;
display: box;
box-orient: vertical;
box-align: stretch;
/* Modern browsers */
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: stretch;
z-index: 1;
}
/* class for the output area when it should be height-limited */
div.output_scroll {
/* ideally, this would be max-height, but FF barfs all over that */
height: 24em;
/* FF needs this *and the wrapper* to specify full width, or it will shrinkwrap */
width: 100%;
overflow: auto;
border-radius: 2px;
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);
box-shadow: inset 0 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);
display: block;
}
/* output div while it is collapsed */
div.output_collapsed {
margin: 0px;
padding: 0px;
/* Old browsers */
display: -webkit-box;
-webkit-box-orient: vertical;
-webkit-box-align: stretch;
display: -moz-box;
-moz-box-orient: vertical;
-moz-box-align: stretch;
display: box;
box-orient: vertical;
box-align: stretch;
/* Modern browsers */
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: stretch;
}
div.out_prompt_overlay {
height: 100%;
padding: 0px 0.4em;
position: absolute;
border-radius: 2px;
}
div.out_prompt_overlay:hover {
/* use inner shadow to get border that is computed the same on WebKit/FF */
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 1px #000;
box-shadow: inset 0 0 1px #000;
background: rgba(240, 240, 240, 0.5);
}
div.output_prompt {
color: #D84315;
}
/* This class is the outer container of all output sections. */
div.output_area {
padding: 0px;
page-break-inside: avoid;
/* Old browsers */
display: -webkit-box;
-webkit-box-orient: horizontal;
-webkit-box-align: stretch;
display: -moz-box;
-moz-box-orient: horizontal;
-moz-box-align: stretch;
display: box;
box-orient: horizontal;
box-align: stretch;
/* Modern browsers */
display: flex;
flex-direction: row;
align-items: stretch;
}
div.output_area .MathJax_Display {
text-align: left !important;
}
div.output_area
div.output_area
div.output_area img,
div.output_area svg {
max-width: 100%;
height: auto;
}
div.output_area img.unconfined,
div.output_area svg.unconfined {
max-width: none;
}
div.output_area .mglyph > img {
max-width: none;
}
/* This is needed to protect the pre formating from global settings such
as that of bootstrap */
.output {
/* Old browsers */
display: -webkit-box;
-webkit-box-orient: vertical;
-webkit-box-align: stretch;
display: -moz-box;
-moz-box-orient: vertical;
-moz-box-align: stretch;
display: box;
box-orient: vertical;
box-align: stretch;
/* Modern browsers */
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: stretch;
}
@media (max-width: 540px) {
div.output_area {
/* Old browsers */
display: -webkit-box;
-webkit-box-orient: vertical;
-webkit-box-align: stretch;
display: -moz-box;
-moz-box-orient: vertical;
-moz-box-align: stretch;
display: box;
box-orient: vertical;
box-align: stretch;
/* Modern browsers */
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: stretch;
}
}
div.output_area pre {
margin: 0;
padding: 1px 0 1px 0;
border: 0;
vertical-align: baseline;
color: black;
background-color: transparent;
border-radius: 0;
}
/* This class is for the output subarea inside the output_area and after
the prompt div. */
div.output_subarea {
overflow-x: auto;
padding: 0.4em;
/* Old browsers */
-webkit-box-flex: 1;
-moz-box-flex: 1;
box-flex: 1;
/* Modern browsers */
flex: 1;
max-width: calc(100% - 14ex);
}
div.output_scroll div.output_subarea {
overflow-x: visible;
}
/* The rest of the output_* classes are for special styling of the different
output types */
/* all text output has this class: */
div.output_text {
text-align: left;
color: #000;
/* This has to match that of the the CodeMirror class line-height below */
line-height: 1.21429em;
}
/* stdout/stderr are 'text' as well as 'stream', but execute_result/error are *not* streams */
div.output_stderr {
background: #fdd;
/* very light red background for stderr */
}
div.output_latex {
text-align: left;
}
/* Empty output_javascript divs should have no height */
div.output_javascript:empty {
padding: 0;
}
.js-error {
color: darkred;
}
/* raw_input styles */
div.raw_input_container {
line-height: 1.21429em;