diff --git a/gitnexus/bench/scope-capture/baselines.json b/gitnexus/bench/scope-capture/baselines.json
index 0f484db28c..e9d6fb1e4b 100644
--- a/gitnexus/bench/scope-capture/baselines.json
+++ b/gitnexus/bench/scope-capture/baselines.json
@@ -16,10 +16,11 @@
     "_added": "#1956: c added to the scope-capture bench (was UNBENCHED). C has no inheritance \u2014 flat scale source. Adding it exposed + fixed a pre-existing O(n^2) findNodeAtRange root-walk in c/captures.ts (threaded c.node, byte-identical over c-* fixtures); scaling 3.475 -> 0.96."
   },
   "cpp": {
-    "fingerprint": "4022f436885d15fd2d419e38e0674115e1c5daa7dcb9578de2633160bed94446",
+    "fingerprint": "931bf7af55dc1480d1a5d3c479ea3803003a6a2e2c4406447bd96f3e312e88de",
     "scaling_budget": 1.5,
     "_added": "#1956: cpp added to the scope-capture bench (was UNBENCHED). Heritage-bearing scale source (: public Base, public Mixin) drives emitCppInheritanceCaptures at scale. Adding it exposed + fixed a pre-existing O(n^2) findNodeAtRange root-walk in cpp/captures.ts (~12 sites, threaded c.node, byte-identical over 263 cpp-* fixtures); scaling 2.30 -> 1.12.",
-    "_rebaselined": "#1965 / #1923 F4: uninitialized non-leading multi-declarators now emit @declaration.variable captures; cpp-adl-inner-callable-outer-noncallable data::Pair a, b adds the legitimate fixture drift. Linear (~1.06)."
+    "_rebaselined": "#1965 / #1923 F4: uninitialized non-leading multi-declarators now emit @declaration.variable captures; cpp-adl-inner-callable-outer-noncallable data::Pair a, b adds the legitimate fixture drift. Linear (~1.06).",
+    "_note": "#1975: + cpp-out-of-line-class fixture (out-of-line struct Outer::Inner / Other::Inner). Pure fixture-corpus drift — the fix is the legacy structure-query qualified_identifier arm, NOT the cpp scope-extractor; existing fixtures' captures byte-identical. fixture_count 263->265."
   },
   "csharp": {
     "_rebaselined": "#1956 synth-widening: + csharp-qualified-base fixture; the synth now walks record_declaration + struct_declaration base_lists and handles alias_qualified_name (matching the #1940 legacy leg), so record/struct heritage now emits. csharp-record-base gains a record inherits capture. (record->record SAME-namespace EXTENDS is a separate registry resolution gap, tracked as follow-up.) Linear (~1.00). (Earlier #1956: heritage-bearing scale source.)",
@@ -27,9 +28,10 @@
     "scaling_budget": 1.5
   },
   "rust": {
-    "fingerprint": "2ffad4ba7b1d2eb1ac407cb6d75d0eb98cbc1878260dbdfe982c0fc925b2d00c",
+    "fingerprint": "3c4b8e0a707299cc5db0af2528c72a99457859104589a7ef3cd1f377da01793e",
     "scaling_budget": 1.5,
-    "_rebaselined": "#1956 tri-review U1: rust-qualified-trait fixture (scoped + generic-of-scoped impl trait paths); bareTypeIdentifier now resolves scoped_type_identifier bases by their name: tail (additive, no existing-fixture drift); linear (~1.04)."
+    "_rebaselined": "#1956 tri-review U1: rust-qualified-trait fixture (scoped + generic-of-scoped impl trait paths); bareTypeIdentifier now resolves scoped_type_identifier bases by their name: tail (additive, no existing-fixture drift); linear (~1.04).",
+    "_note": "#1975: + rust-scoped-impl fixture (impl a::Inner / b::Inner inherent scoped impls). Pure fixture-corpus drift — the fix is the legacy @definition.impl scoped arm + findEnclosingClassInfo inherent-impl scoped target, NOT the rust scope-extractor; existing fixtures' captures byte-identical. fixture_count 120->121."
   },
   "php": {
     "fingerprint": "f9c8eaf6d1084f9b95a9fb97ccce5e618a24d936c85fb8af4b96c73a560f7a7f",
@@ -37,10 +39,10 @@
     "_rebaselined": "#1956: heritage-bearing scale source (class extends Base + use trait); both forms gated at scale; linear (~1.04)."
   },
   "ruby": {
-    "fingerprint": "c3e9eec6ed152eae1f7d9759c08041d7d6230a4c532ec07d33f3c9f1ff7b9588",
+    "fingerprint": "ee81145cf0af796878e8e048192b87c8c8dc445a3e3fcdff6c6e26c179e97232",
     "scaling_budget": 1.5,
     "_rebaselined": "#1956 synth-widening: + ruby-qualified-base fixture; synth now reduces a scope_resolution superclass (class C < Mod::Super) to its trailing constant (matching the #1940 legacy leg), at parity. Linear (~1.03). (Earlier #1956: heritage-bearing scale source.)",
-    "_note": "F62: + scope_resolution class/module declaration captures — fixture count 78→81, fingerprint drift expected."
+    "_note": "F62: + scope_resolution class/module declaration captures — fixture count 78→81, fingerprint drift expected. #1975: + ruby-tail-collision fixture (Foo::Bar vs Baz::Bar stay distinct nodes) — pure fixture-corpus drift, scope-extractor captures unchanged; 81→82."
   },
   "swift": {
     "fingerprint": "53325c6345161c5a495f997297af5a24fb718fd3e6647040160f8ab2a2c8e4c0",
diff --git a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/tree-sitter-queries.ts b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/tree-sitter-queries.ts
index b9f8f3c658..91881f4af4 100644
--- a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/tree-sitter-queries.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/tree-sitter-queries.ts
@@ -980,6 +980,12 @@ export const CPP_QUERIES = `
   name: (template_type
     (type_identifier) @name
     (template_argument_list) @template-arguments)) @definition.class
+; Out-of-line nested definition: class Outer::Inner { ... } / struct Outer::Inner { ... }.
+; Key the node by the full qualified_identifier text so the def materializes a
+; node that matches the HAS_METHOD owner id (also the full qualified text) and
+; stays distinct from a same-tail type in another scope (#1975, #1978).
+(class_specifier name: (qualified_identifier) @name) @definition.class
+(struct_specifier name: (qualified_identifier) @name) @definition.struct
 (struct_specifier name: (type_identifier) @name) @definition.struct
 (struct_specifier
   name: (template_type
@@ -1213,6 +1219,10 @@ export const RUST_QUERIES = `
 (trait_item name: (type_identifier) @name) @definition.trait
 (impl_item type: (type_identifier) @name !trait) @definition.impl
 (impl_item type: (generic_type type: (type_identifier) @name) !trait) @definition.impl
+; Scoped inherent impl: impl path::Type { ... }. Key the Impl node by the full
+; scoped_type_identifier text so it matches the owner id (also full text) and
+; stays distinct from a same-tail type in another module (#1975).
+(impl_item type: (scoped_type_identifier) @name !trait) @definition.impl
 (mod_item name: (identifier) @name) @definition.module
 
 ; Type aliases, const, static, macros
@@ -1396,10 +1406,21 @@ export const RUBY_QUERIES = `
 (module
   name: (constant) @name) @definition.module
 
+; Namespaced module: module Baz::Qux (name field is a scope_resolution node).
+; Separate top-level pattern (not a [...] alternation) so neither branch is
+; silently dropped — see #1975. The full scope_resolution text keys the node so
+; it matches the HAS_METHOD owner id derived from the same name field.
+(module
+  name: (scope_resolution) @name) @definition.module
+
 ; ── Classes ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 (class
   name: (constant) @name) @definition.class
 
+; Namespaced class: class Foo::Bar (name field is a scope_resolution node).
+(class
+  name: (scope_resolution) @name) @definition.class
+
 ; ── Instance methods ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 (method
   name: (identifier) @name) @definition.method
diff --git a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/utils/ast-helpers.ts b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/utils/ast-helpers.ts
index 85526721be..f7e7917ea6 100644
--- a/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/utils/ast-helpers.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/src/core/ingestion/utils/ast-helpers.ts
@@ -420,8 +420,8 @@ export const findEnclosingClassInfo = (
       }
 
       // Rust impl_item: for `impl Trait for Struct {}`, pick the type after `for`
-      // NOTE: This impl_item ownership logic is duplicated in rust.ts:extractOwnerName.
-      // If modifying this block, update the other location too.
+      // NOTE: This impl_item ownership logic is mirrored in
+      // method-extractors/configs/rust.ts (extractOwnerName, metadata only).
       if (current.type === 'impl_item') {
         const children = current.children ?? [];
         const forIdx = children.findIndex((c: SyntaxNode) => c.text === 'for');
@@ -435,13 +435,22 @@ export const findEnclosingClassInfo = (
                 c.type === 'identifier',
             );
           if (nameNode) {
+            // `for` target keeps its raw text. A scoped path (impl T for a::Inner)
+            // therefore owns through `a::Inner`, which only resolves once the
+            // referenced struct is keyed by its qualified path — deferred to #1978.
             return {
               classId: generateId('Struct', `${filePath}:${nameNode.text}`),
               className: nameNode.text,
             };
           }
         }
-        const firstType = children.find((c: SyntaxNode) => c.type === 'type_identifier');
+        // Inherent impl target. Accept a scoped path (`impl a::Inner { ... }`) and
+        // key the Impl node by its FULL text — matching the @definition.impl
+        // scoped arm — so methods own through a node that exists and stays
+        // distinct from a same-tail type in another module (#1975).
+        const firstType = children.find(
+          (c: SyntaxNode) => c.type === 'type_identifier' || c.type === 'scoped_type_identifier',
+        );
         if (firstType) {
           return {
             classId: generateId('Impl', `${filePath}:${firstType.text}`),
diff --git a/gitnexus/test/fixtures/lang-resolution/cpp-out-of-line-class/shapes.cpp b/gitnexus/test/fixtures/lang-resolution/cpp-out-of-line-class/shapes.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ddc33534dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gitnexus/test/fixtures/lang-resolution/cpp-out-of-line-class/shapes.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+struct Outer { struct Inner; };
+struct Other { struct Inner; };
+
+struct Outer::Inner {
+  void from_outer() {}
+};
+
+struct Other::Inner {
+  void from_other() {}
+};
diff --git a/gitnexus/test/fixtures/lang-resolution/ruby-tail-collision/collision.rb b/gitnexus/test/fixtures/lang-resolution/ruby-tail-collision/collision.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e82c918787
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gitnexus/test/fixtures/lang-resolution/ruby-tail-collision/collision.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+module Foo; end
+module Baz; end
+
+class Foo::Bar
+  def from_foo; end
+end
+
+class Baz::Bar
+  def from_baz; end
+end
diff --git a/gitnexus/test/fixtures/lang-resolution/rust-scoped-impl/lib.rs b/gitnexus/test/fixtures/lang-resolution/rust-scoped-impl/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5fe977d154
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gitnexus/test/fixtures/lang-resolution/rust-scoped-impl/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+pub mod a {
+    pub struct Inner;
+}
+pub mod b {
+    pub struct Inner;
+}
+
+impl a::Inner {
+    pub fn from_a(&self) {}
+}
+
+impl b::Inner {
+    pub fn from_b(&self) {}
+}
diff --git a/gitnexus/test/fixtures/ruby-captures-golden/expected-captures.json b/gitnexus/test/fixtures/ruby-captures-golden/expected-captures.json
index a7ed5142a9..006142b14b 100644
--- a/gitnexus/test/fixtures/ruby-captures-golden/expected-captures.json
+++ b/gitnexus/test/fixtures/ruby-captures-golden/expected-captures.json
@@ -295,6 +295,10 @@
     "captureGroups": 9,
     "digest": "73c8b1725670e841d01fefa807b6148017e181e6bb34d8f5110d970f4292eaff"
   },
+  "ruby-tail-collision/collision.rb": {
+    "captureGroups": 15,
+    "digest": "c071370701e4d8d4046ea2466192648cf72352cfb66e2e08ad15e320e850c683"
+  },
   "ruby-write-access/models.rb": {
     "captureGroups": 13,
     "digest": "106fe23a380801055a2ef642f0b92d4552ce074321ebe831601f2cb89a8d8529"
diff --git a/gitnexus/test/fixtures/rust-captures-golden/expected-captures.json b/gitnexus/test/fixtures/rust-captures-golden/expected-captures.json
index 187ade0a72..23aefaf5a7 100644
--- a/gitnexus/test/fixtures/rust-captures-golden/expected-captures.json
+++ b/gitnexus/test/fixtures/rust-captures-golden/expected-captures.json
@@ -391,6 +391,10 @@
     "captureGroups": 17,
     "digest": "0e3826200f2e6f5b948313369e85ee3a08f18bc8d51fbd1f7283b19a8e01aac8"
   },
+  "rust-scoped-impl/lib.rs": {
+    "captureGroups": 17,
+    "digest": "7bae61e3bde8ce20eade29ce06b13f0a57b7da631d81604218bd07b881a7b754"
+  },
   "rust-scoped-multi-file/src/main.rs": {
     "captureGroups": 17,
     "digest": "cbb0ad90a6a6ddcb71afb98a98a172bede7f5c06b5c1d31484a11315a264b311"
diff --git a/gitnexus/test/integration/resolvers/cpp.test.ts b/gitnexus/test/integration/resolvers/cpp.test.ts
index 43fcfd7386..da62a243a5 100644
--- a/gitnexus/test/integration/resolvers/cpp.test.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/test/integration/resolvers/cpp.test.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
   getNodesByLabel,
   getNodesByLabelFull,
   getResolutionOutcomes,
+  findDanglingEdges,
   edgeSet,
   runPipelineFromRepo,
   createResolverParityIt,
@@ -3728,3 +3729,39 @@ describe('C++ SFINAE filter — arity gate runs before constraint filter', () =>
     expect(calls.length).toBe(1);
   });
 });
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Out-of-line nested definitions — method ownership + collision (issue #1975)
+//
+// `struct Outer::Inner { ... }` (name = qualified_identifier) now materializes a
+// node keyed by the full scoped text, so its methods own through a real node.
+// Crucially, a same-tail type in another scope (Other::Inner) stays a DISTINCT
+// node — no merge, no method mis-attribution. (A redundant forward-decl node
+// `Inner` also exists; the pre-existing inline same-tail node collision is
+// tracked separately in #1978.)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('C++ out-of-line nested definitions — ownership + collision (issue #1975)', () => {
+  let result: PipelineResult;
+
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    result = await runPipelineFromRepo(path.join(FIXTURES, 'cpp-out-of-line-class'), () => {});
+  }, 60000);
+
+  it('owns each out-of-line method with no dangling HAS_METHOD edges', () => {
+    expect(findDanglingEdges(result, ['HAS_METHOD'])).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  // R3: same-tail types in different scopes must NOT merge — each method owns
+  // through its own distinct node (positive owner-identity, not just dangle-free).
+  it('keeps Outer::Inner and Other::Inner distinct (no cross-wired methods)', () => {
+    const hasMethod = getRelationships(result, 'HAS_METHOD');
+    const outer = hasMethod.find((e) => e.target === 'from_outer');
+    const other = hasMethod.find((e) => e.target === 'from_other');
+    expect(outer).toBeDefined();
+    expect(other).toBeDefined();
+    expect(outer!.source).toBe('Outer::Inner');
+    expect(other!.source).toBe('Other::Inner');
+    expect(outer!.source).not.toBe(other!.source);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/gitnexus/test/integration/resolvers/helpers.ts b/gitnexus/test/integration/resolvers/helpers.ts
index 2060ff3e71..b45de25e8c 100644
--- a/gitnexus/test/integration/resolvers/helpers.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/test/integration/resolvers/helpers.ts
@@ -564,6 +564,43 @@ export function getResolutionOutcomes(result: PipelineResult) {
   return result.resolutionOutcomes ?? [];
 }
 
+/**
+ * Relationships whose source or target id does not resolve to a live graph node.
+ * A non-empty result means the graph has dangling edges (an endpoint that was
+ * never materialized) — e.g. a HAS_METHOD edge owned by a class node that the
+ * structure phase failed to create. Pass `types` to scope the check to specific
+ * relationship types (e.g. `['HAS_METHOD']`).
+ */
+export function findDanglingEdges(
+  result: PipelineResult,
+  types?: string[],
+): Array<{
+  type: string;
+  sourceId: string;
+  targetId: string;
+  missing: 'source' | 'target' | 'both';
+}> {
+  const out: Array<{
+    type: string;
+    sourceId: string;
+    targetId: string;
+    missing: 'source' | 'target' | 'both';
+  }> = [];
+  for (const rel of result.graph.iterRelationships()) {
+    if (types && !types.includes(rel.type)) continue;
+    const src = result.graph.getNode(rel.sourceId);
+    const tgt = result.graph.getNode(rel.targetId);
+    if (src && tgt) continue;
+    out.push({
+      type: rel.type,
+      sourceId: rel.sourceId,
+      targetId: rel.targetId,
+      missing: !src && !tgt ? 'both' : !src ? 'source' : 'target',
+    });
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
 export function getNodesByLabel(result: PipelineResult, label: string): string[] {
   const names: string[] = [];
   result.graph.forEachNode((n) => {
diff --git a/gitnexus/test/integration/resolvers/ruby.test.ts b/gitnexus/test/integration/resolvers/ruby.test.ts
index 6f7c4fac09..cd0ea77485 100644
--- a/gitnexus/test/integration/resolvers/ruby.test.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/test/integration/resolvers/ruby.test.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
   getRelationships,
   getNodesByLabel,
   getNodesByLabelFull,
+  findDanglingEdges,
   edgeSet,
   runPipelineFromRepo,
   type PipelineResult,
@@ -1429,3 +1430,81 @@ describe('Ruby Child extends Parent — inherited method resolution (SM-9)', ()
     expect(parentMethodCall!.source).toBe('run');
   });
 });
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Namespaced class/module declarations — GRAPH NODE materialization (issue #1975)
+//
+// Follow-up to PR #1972 (F62): the scope query captures the tail constant for
+// `class Foo::Bar` / `module Baz::Qux`, but the legacy structure query never
+// matched the scope_resolution name, so no Class/Trait node was created and the
+// declaration's methods got dangling HAS_METHOD edges. These pipeline-level
+// tests assert the target behavior (a real node + a resolving HAS_METHOD edge).
+// They fail on the pre-fix base — see plan docs/plans/2026-06-02-002-*.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('Ruby namespaced class/module definitions — graph nodes (issue #1975)', () => {
+  let result: PipelineResult;
+
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    result = await runPipelineFromRepo(path.join(FIXTURES, 'ruby-namespaced'), () => {});
+  }, 60000);
+
+  // R1/R3: a distinct Class node is materialized for the namespaced class,
+  // keyed by its full scoped name (so Foo::Bar and Baz::Bar never collide).
+  // The node id matches the HAS_METHOD owner id derived from the same name field;
+  // qualifiedName carries the dotted path (Foo.Bar).
+  pit('materializes a Class node for class Foo::Bar', () => {
+    const classes = getNodesByLabelFull(result, 'Class');
+    expect(classes.some((c) => c.properties.qualifiedName === 'Foo.Bar')).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  // R1: deep chain Outer::Middle::Inner → qualifiedName Outer.Middle.Inner.
+  pit('materializes a Class node for class Outer::Middle::Inner', () => {
+    const classes = getNodesByLabelFull(result, 'Class');
+    expect(classes.some((c) => c.properties.qualifiedName === 'Outer.Middle.Inner')).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  // R1: module → Trait (Ruby modules are relabeled Trait for class-like lookup).
+  pit('materializes a Trait node for module Baz::Qux', () => {
+    expect(getNodesByLabel(result, 'Trait')).toContain('Baz::Qux');
+  });
+
+  // R2: methods of namespaced declarations must not produce dangling HAS_METHOD edges.
+  pit('emits no dangling HAS_METHOD edges for namespaced declarations', () => {
+    expect(findDanglingEdges(result, ['HAS_METHOD'])).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  // R2: the method resolves to a real owner node (not an 'unknown' dangling source).
+  pit('owns bar_method under a resolving namespaced class node', () => {
+    const hasMethod = getRelationships(result, 'HAS_METHOD');
+    const edge = hasMethod.find((e) => e.target === 'bar_method');
+    expect(edge).toBeDefined();
+    expect(edge!.sourceLabel).toBe('Class');
+  });
+});
+
+describe('Ruby cross-namespace tail collision — distinct nodes (issue #1975)', () => {
+  let result: PipelineResult;
+
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    result = await runPipelineFromRepo(path.join(FIXTURES, 'ruby-tail-collision'), () => {});
+  }, 60000);
+
+  // R3: Foo::Bar and Baz::Bar share the tail `Bar` but must NOT merge — keying by
+  // the full scoped name keeps them two distinct Class nodes.
+  pit('keeps Foo::Bar and Baz::Bar as two distinct Class nodes', () => {
+    const qns = getNodesByLabelFull(result, 'Class')
+      .map((c) => c.properties.qualifiedName)
+      .filter((q) => q === 'Foo.Bar' || q === 'Baz.Bar')
+      .sort();
+    expect(qns).toEqual(['Baz.Bar', 'Foo.Bar']);
+  });
+
+  // R2/R3: each namespaced class owns its own method through a resolving node.
+  pit('owns each method under its own namespaced class (no dangling, no cross-wire)', () => {
+    expect(findDanglingEdges(result, ['HAS_METHOD'])).toEqual([]);
+    const hasMethod = getRelationships(result, 'HAS_METHOD');
+    expect(hasMethod.some((e) => e.target === 'from_foo' && e.sourceLabel === 'Class')).toBe(true);
+    expect(hasMethod.some((e) => e.target === 'from_baz' && e.sourceLabel === 'Class')).toBe(true);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/gitnexus/test/integration/resolvers/rust.test.ts b/gitnexus/test/integration/resolvers/rust.test.ts
index b2f7de90cd..bcfa4200d9 100644
--- a/gitnexus/test/integration/resolvers/rust.test.ts
+++ b/gitnexus/test/integration/resolvers/rust.test.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
   getRelationships,
   getNodesByLabel,
   getNodesByLabelFull,
+  findDanglingEdges,
   edgeSet,
   runPipelineFromRepo,
   type PipelineResult,
@@ -2012,3 +2013,37 @@ describe('Rust Child extends Parent — qualified-syntax MRO (SM-11)', () => {
     expect(traitCall).toBeUndefined();
   });
 });
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Scoped inherent impl targets — ownership + collision (issue #1975)
+//
+// `impl a::Inner { ... }` (scoped_type_identifier target) now materializes an
+// Impl node keyed by the full scoped text, so its methods own through a real
+// node. A same-tail target in another module (`impl b::Inner`) stays a DISTINCT
+// Impl node — no merge, no mis-attribution. (Trait impls on a scoped struct path
+// — `impl T for a::Inner` — need qualified struct-node identity, deferred to #1978.)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('Rust scoped inherent impl — ownership + collision (issue #1975)', () => {
+  let result: PipelineResult;
+
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    result = await runPipelineFromRepo(path.join(FIXTURES, 'rust-scoped-impl'), () => {});
+  }, 60000);
+
+  it('owns each scoped inherent-impl method with no dangling HAS_METHOD edges', () => {
+    expect(findDanglingEdges(result, ['HAS_METHOD'])).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  // R3: a::Inner and b::Inner share a tail but must own through distinct Impl nodes.
+  it('keeps a::Inner and b::Inner impls distinct (no cross-wired methods)', () => {
+    const hasMethod = getRelationships(result, 'HAS_METHOD');
+    const fromA = hasMethod.find((e) => e.target === 'from_a');
+    const fromB = hasMethod.find((e) => e.target === 'from_b');
+    expect(fromA).toBeDefined();
+    expect(fromB).toBeDefined();
+    expect(fromA!.source).toBe('a::Inner');
+    expect(fromB!.source).toBe('b::Inner');
+    expect(fromA!.source).not.toBe(fromB!.source);
+  });
+});