Move to ruff linter in pre-commit and CI

[jakobkruse1]

As discussed in #530, we should use the new ruff linter to achieve significant speedups.
ruff is meant to replace all other linters in the current pre-commit and CI definitions.
ruff also should be used for formatting instead of black.
Linter rules are up for discussion while implementing.

[AnesBenmerzoug]

Having used it a bit in another project, I have to admit that I like ruff. It's fast and automatically resolves many of the issues instead of just complaining about them.

I think this issue is missing some details. Could you please answer these questions in the description?

• Would ruff be added to the existing hooks or would it replace them?
• Should we also use ruff's formatting instead of black's formatting? If so, we should be careful to ignore the specific commit that reformats the code in the git history.
• What new linter options would be enabled? I would also err on the side of too little rather than too much.