Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide that plays a crucial role in various physiological functions, including the regulation of the gastrointestinal tract, vascular system, and immune system.
Key points:
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Receptors: VIP receptors are present on various cell types, including smooth muscle cells, immune cells, and glandular cells.
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Gastrointestinal Effects: In the gastrointestinal tract, VIP has several effects, including the relaxation of smooth muscle, stimulation of secretion from glands, and modulation of nutrient absorption.
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Vasodilation: VIP acts as a vasodilator, meaning it relaxes blood vessels, leading to an increase in blood flow.
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Effects: VIP has immunomodulatory properties, influencing the activity of immune cells. It can suppress inflammation and enhance anti-inflammatory responses.
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Neurotransmitter Function: VIP acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in the central nervous system. It is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, sleep-wake cycles, and various neuroendocrine functions.
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VIPoma: In rare cases, tumors called VIPomas can develop, leading to excessive production of VIP.
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Therapeutic Applications: VIP, and synthetic analogs such as CirsVIP, have been potential therapeutic applications in conditions such as Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (CIRS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis, and septic shock.