diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/service.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/service.py
index 40f94841b2304..7c4074021caba 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/service.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/service.py
@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ class Service(service.ChromiumService):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        executable_path=None,
+        executable_path: Optional[str] = None,
         port: int = 0,
         service_args: Optional[List[str]] = None,
-        log_output: SubprocessStdAlias = None,
+        log_output: Optional[SubprocessStdAlias] = None,
         env: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> None:
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/webdriver.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/webdriver.py
index 5fb9583b6817c..15f4aeaf6094e 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/webdriver.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/webdriver.py
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
+from typing import Optional
+
 from selenium.webdriver.chromium.webdriver import ChromiumDriver
 from selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities import DesiredCapabilities
 
@@ -27,8 +29,8 @@ class WebDriver(ChromiumDriver):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        options: Options = None,
-        service: Service = None,
+        options: Optional[Options] = None,
+        service: Optional[Service] = None,
         keep_alive: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
         """Creates a new instance of the chrome driver. Starts the service and
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/service.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/service.py
index 621b86051a886..f520d1d86db89 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/service.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/service.py
@@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ class ChromiumService(service.Service):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        executable_path: str = None,
+        executable_path: Optional[str] = None,
         port: int = 0,
         service_args: Optional[List[str]] = None,
-        log_output: SubprocessStdAlias = None,
+        log_output: Optional[SubprocessStdAlias] = None,
         env: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
-        driver_path_env_key: str = None,
+        driver_path_env_key: Optional[str] = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> None:
         self.service_args = service_args or []
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/webdriver.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/webdriver.py
index a7721e4de0bdf..0ec4ec61e4574 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/webdriver.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/webdriver.py
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
+from typing import Optional
+
 from selenium.webdriver.chromium.remote_connection import ChromiumRemoteConnection
 from selenium.webdriver.common.driver_finder import DriverFinder
 from selenium.webdriver.common.options import ArgOptions
@@ -29,10 +31,10 @@ class ChromiumDriver(RemoteWebDriver):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        browser_name: str = None,
-        vendor_prefix: str = None,
+        browser_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        vendor_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
         options: ArgOptions = ArgOptions(),
-        service: Service = None,
+        service: Optional[Service] = None,
         keep_alive: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
         """Creates a new WebDriver instance of the ChromiumDriver. Starts the
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/key_actions.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/key_actions.py
index 5f29d724f8d38..94caed9bdd192 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/key_actions.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/key_actions.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 class KeyActions(Interaction):
     def __init__(self, source: KeyInput | PointerInput | WheelInput | None = None) -> None:
-        if not source:
+        if source is None:
             source = KeyInput(KEY)
         self.source = source
         super().__init__(source)
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/pointer_actions.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/pointer_actions.py
index 7a231fe7f04ef..2a8b19d339315 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/pointer_actions.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/pointer_actions.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def __init__(self, source: Optional[PointerInput] = None, duration: int = 250):
         - source: PointerInput instance
         - duration: override the default 250 msecs of DEFAULT_MOVE_DURATION in source
         """
-        if not source:
+        if source is None:
             source = PointerInput(interaction.POINTER_MOUSE, "mouse")
         self.source = source
         self._duration = duration
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/wheel_actions.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/wheel_actions.py
index 43c080dfa69ba..f258f293a6d76 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/wheel_actions.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/actions/wheel_actions.py
@@ -14,13 +14,16 @@
 # KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
+
+from typing import Optional
+
 from .interaction import Interaction
 from .wheel_input import WheelInput
 
 
 class WheelActions(Interaction):
-    def __init__(self, source: WheelInput = None):
-        if not source:
+    def __init__(self, source: Optional[WheelInput] = None):
+        if source is None:
             source = WheelInput("wheel")
         super().__init__(source)
 
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/options.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/options.py
index 111fd32eb5673..c43e0fb0a912e 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/options.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/options.py
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 from abc import ABCMeta
 from abc import abstractmethod
 from enum import Enum
+from typing import List
 from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.common.exceptions import InvalidArgumentException
@@ -475,14 +476,14 @@ class ArgOptions(BaseOptions):
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         super().__init__()
-        self._arguments = []
+        self._arguments: List[str] = []
 
     @property
     def arguments(self):
         """:Returns: A list of arguments needed for the browser."""
         return self._arguments
 
-    def add_argument(self, argument) -> None:
+    def add_argument(self, argument: str) -> None:
         """Adds an argument to the list.
 
         :Args:
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/service.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/service.py
index d74b55ef3be18..5d60aba6bd75a 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/service.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/service.py
@@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ class Service(ABC):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        executable_path: str = None,
+        executable_path: Optional[str] = None,
         port: int = 0,
-        log_output: SubprocessStdAlias = None,
+        log_output: Optional[SubprocessStdAlias] = None,
         env: Optional[Mapping[Any, Any]] = None,
-        driver_path_env_key: str = None,
+        driver_path_env_key: Optional[str] = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> None:
         if isinstance(log_output, str):
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/edge/service.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/edge/service.py
index 8d7b6b2fbc371..8834a63d50846 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/edge/service.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/edge/service.py
@@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ class Service(service.ChromiumService):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        executable_path: str = None,
+        executable_path: Optional[str] = None,
         port: int = 0,
-        log_output: SubprocessStdAlias = None,
+        log_output: Optional[SubprocessStdAlias] = None,
         service_args: Optional[List[str]] = None,
         env: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
-        driver_path_env_key: str = None,
+        driver_path_env_key: Optional[str] = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> None:
         self.service_args = service_args or []
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/edge/webdriver.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/edge/webdriver.py
index a40e723627138..5b7b1856dfc08 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/edge/webdriver.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/edge/webdriver.py
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
+from typing import Optional
+
 from selenium.webdriver.chromium.webdriver import ChromiumDriver
 from selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities import DesiredCapabilities
 
@@ -27,8 +29,8 @@ class WebDriver(ChromiumDriver):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        options: Options = None,
-        service: Service = None,
+        options: Optional[Options] = None,
+        service: Optional[Service] = None,
         keep_alive: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
         """Creates a new instance of the edge driver. Starts the service and
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/service.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/service.py
index d9a715a5d22e0..9f45e74699ede 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/service.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/service.py
@@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ class Service(service.Service):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        executable_path: str = None,
+        executable_path: Optional[str] = None,
         port: int = 0,
         service_args: Optional[List[str]] = None,
-        log_output: SubprocessStdAlias = None,
+        log_output: Optional[SubprocessStdAlias] = None,
         env: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
-        driver_path_env_key: str = None,
+        driver_path_env_key: Optional[str] = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> None:
         self.service_args = service_args or []
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/webdriver.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/webdriver.py
index b11936914b5e9..8167b30d3d573 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/webdriver.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/firefox/webdriver.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 import zipfile
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from io import BytesIO
+from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.driver_finder import DriverFinder
 from selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver import WebDriver as RemoteWebDriver
@@ -37,8 +38,8 @@ class WebDriver(RemoteWebDriver):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        options: Options = None,
-        service: Service = None,
+        options: Optional[Options] = None,
+        service: Optional[Service] = None,
         keep_alive: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
         """Creates a new instance of the Firefox driver. Starts the service and
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/ie/service.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/ie/service.py
index bd9c116ced459..537c42138b5f7 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/ie/service.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/ie/service.py
@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ class Service(service.Service):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        executable_path: str = None,
+        executable_path: Optional[str] = None,
         port: int = 0,
         host: Optional[str] = None,
         service_args: Optional[List[str]] = None,
         log_level: Optional[str] = None,
-        log_output: SubprocessStdAlias = None,
-        driver_path_env_key: str = None,
+        log_output: Optional[SubprocessStdAlias] = None,
+        driver_path_env_key: Optional[str] = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> None:
         """Creates a new instance of the Service.
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/ie/webdriver.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/ie/webdriver.py
index 4df2c989a5813..5eade176c1589 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/ie/webdriver.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/ie/webdriver.py
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
+from typing import Optional
+
 from selenium.webdriver.common.driver_finder import DriverFinder
 from selenium.webdriver.remote.client_config import ClientConfig
 from selenium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection import RemoteConnection
@@ -30,8 +32,8 @@ class WebDriver(RemoteWebDriver):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        options: Options = None,
-        service: Service = None,
+        options: Optional[Options] = None,
+        service: Optional[Service] = None,
         keep_alive: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
         """Creates a new instance of the Ie driver.
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/remote_connection.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/remote_connection.py
index 4c3eaa1ec11c6..4997b3b7c0bf6 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/remote_connection.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/remote_connection.py
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ class RemoteConnection:
 
     _timeout = socket.getdefaulttimeout()
     _ca_certs = os.getenv("REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE") if "REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE" in os.environ else certifi.where()
-    _client_config: ClientConfig = None
+    _client_config: Optional[ClientConfig] = None
 
     system = platform.system().lower()
     if system == "darwin":
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/webdriver.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/webdriver.py
index ca7940967562b..336b05ea0107f 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/webdriver.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/remote/webdriver.py
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from importlib import import_module
+from typing import Any
 from typing import Dict
 from typing import List
 from typing import Optional
@@ -422,7 +423,7 @@ def execute_cdp_cmd(self, cmd: str, cmd_args: dict):
         """
         return self.execute("executeCdpCommand", {"cmd": cmd, "params": cmd_args})["value"]
 
-    def execute(self, driver_command: str, params: dict = None) -> dict:
+    def execute(self, driver_command: str, params: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """Sends a command to be executed by a command.CommandExecutor.
 
         Parameters:
@@ -518,7 +519,7 @@ def get_pinned_scripts(self) -> List[str]:
         """
         return list(self.pinned_scripts)
 
-    def execute_script(self, script, *args):
+    def execute_script(self, script: str, *args):
         """Synchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame.
 
         Parameters:
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/safari/service.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/safari/service.py
index 79448b9789a26..c6132aaddafad 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/safari/service.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/safari/service.py
@@ -37,13 +37,13 @@ class Service(service.Service):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        executable_path: str = None,
+        executable_path: Optional[str] = None,
         port: int = 0,
         service_args: Optional[List[str]] = None,
         env: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
         reuse_service=False,
         enable_logging: bool = False,
-        driver_path_env_key: str = None,
+        driver_path_env_key: Optional[str] = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> None:
         self.service_args = service_args or []
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/safari/webdriver.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/safari/webdriver.py
index 2c37a4bd7abde..17cc615794a21 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/safari/webdriver.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/safari/webdriver.py
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
+from typing import Optional
+
 from selenium.common.exceptions import WebDriverException
 from selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver import WebDriver as RemoteWebDriver
 
@@ -30,8 +32,8 @@ class WebDriver(RemoteWebDriver):
     def __init__(
         self,
         keep_alive=True,
-        options: Options = None,
-        service: Service = None,
+        options: Optional[Options] = None,
+        service: Optional[Service] = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Creates a new Safari driver instance and launches or finds a running
         safaridriver service.
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/support/event_firing_webdriver.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/support/event_firing_webdriver.py
index 6cfdf7b9fb93b..1118bb7c19727 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/support/event_firing_webdriver.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/support/event_firing_webdriver.py
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ def back(self) -> None:
     def forward(self) -> None:
         self._dispatch("navigate_forward", (self._driver,), "forward", ())
 
-    def execute_script(self, script, *args):
+    def execute_script(self, script: str, *args):
         unwrapped_args = (script,) + self._unwrap_element_args(args)
         return self._dispatch("execute_script", (script, self._driver), "execute_script", unwrapped_args)
 
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/webkitgtk/webdriver.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/webkitgtk/webdriver.py
index 02fb6291ce818..ba1c03a18c945 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/webkitgtk/webdriver.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/webkitgtk/webdriver.py
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 # under the License.
 
 import http.client as http_client
+from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.driver_finder import DriverFinder
 from selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver import WebDriver as RemoteWebDriver
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ class WebDriver(RemoteWebDriver):
     def __init__(
         self,
         options=None,
-        service: Service = None,
+        service: Optional[Service] = None,
     ):
         """Creates a new instance of the WebKitGTK driver.
 
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/wpewebkit/webdriver.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/wpewebkit/webdriver.py
index ff2f5531fe312..5019b512d3173 100644
--- a/py/selenium/webdriver/wpewebkit/webdriver.py
+++ b/py/selenium/webdriver/wpewebkit/webdriver.py
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 # under the License.
 
 import http.client as http_client
+from typing import Optional
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.driver_finder import DriverFinder
 from selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver import WebDriver as RemoteWebDriver
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ class WebDriver(RemoteWebDriver):
     def __init__(
         self,
         options=None,
-        service: Service = None,
+        service: Optional[Service] = None,
     ):
         """Creates a new instance of the WPEWebKit driver.