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+# vGPU Monitor Metrics
+
+## Summary
+
+The HAMi vGPU monitor (`vGPUmonitor`) runs as a DaemonSet with one pod per GPU
+node. It reads GPU usage from NVML and per-container usage from the HAMi shared
+memory region, and exposes them as Prometheus metrics.
+
+## Accessing the metrics
+
+The monitor serves the metrics on the `/metrics` endpoint:
+
+- Default bind address: `:9394`
+- The bind address is configurable with the `--metrics-bind-address` flag, for
+  example `--metrics-bind-address=127.0.0.1:9394`.
+- When installed with the helm chart, the metrics are reachable through the
+  device-plugin Service (`monitorport`, default node port `31992`, forwarding
+  to container port `9394`). The chart also installs a ServiceMonitor when
+  `prometheus.enabled` is true and the `monitoring.coreos.com/v1` CRD is
+  available.
+
+To verify the monitor is exposing metrics on a node:
+
+```bash
+curl http://localhost:9394/metrics
+```
+
+An example `scrape_config` for Prometheus that scrapes each node's monitor pod
+directly:
+
+```yaml
+scrape_configs:
+- job_name: hami-vgpu-monitor
+  kubernetes_sd_configs:
+  - role: pod
+  relabel_configs:
+  - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_label_app_kubernetes_io_component]
+    regex: hami-device-plugin
+    action: keep
+  - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_container_port_name]
+    regex: metrics
+    action: keep
+  - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_ip]
+    target_label: __address__
+  - action: replace
+    target_label: __address__
+    regex: (.*)
+    replacement: $1:9394
+```
+
+If you scrape the device-plugin Service instead, note that its default type is
+`NodePort` and it does not set `externalTrafficPolicy: Local`, so a request to
+a node's address may be served by a monitor pod on a different node. To
+guarantee per-node scraping, set `externalTrafficPolicy: Local` on the Service
+or rely on the ServiceMonitor generated by the helm chart when
+`prometheus.enabled` is true.
+
+All metrics collected by the monitor are registered with a constant `zone`
+label. The `hami_build_info` metric is registered separately and does not
+carry the `zone` label.
+
+## Metrics
+
+### Build metadata
+
+| Metric | Type | Description | Labels |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `hami_build_info` | Gauge | HAMi build metadata, always `1` | `version`, `revision`, `build_date`, `go_version`, `compiler`, `platform` |
+
+### Host (physical GPU) metrics
+
+These metrics describe the physical GPUs on the node the monitor runs on.
+
+| Metric | Type | Description | Labels |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `hami_host_gpu_memory_used_bytes` | Gauge | GPU device memory usage in bytes | `device_index`, `device_uuid`, `device_type` |
+| `hami_host_gpu_utilization_ratio` | Gauge | GPU core utilization ratio (`0-100`) | `device_index`, `device_uuid`, `device_type` |
+
+Note that `hami_host_gpu_memory_used_bytes` is not emitted for devices with a
+unified memory architecture, where NVML does not report memory usage.
+
+### Container (vGPU) metrics
+
+These metrics describe the per-container share of a vGPU device. All of them
+share the labels `namespace`, `pod`, `container`, `vdevice_index` and
+`device_uuid`.
+
+| Metric | Type | Description |
+|---|---|---|
+| `hami_vgpu_memory_used_bytes` | Gauge | vGPU device memory usage in bytes |
+| `hami_vgpu_memory_limit_bytes` | Gauge | vGPU device memory limit in bytes |
+| `hami_container_device_memory_bytes` | Gauge | Container device memory usage in bytes |
+| `hami_container_device_utilization_ratio` | Gauge | Container device SM utilization ratio |
+| `hami_container_last_kernel_elapsed_seconds` | Gauge | Seconds since the last kernel execution in the container |
+| `hami_vgpu_memory_context_bytes` | Gauge | Container device memory context size in bytes |
+| `hami_vgpu_memory_module_bytes` | Gauge | Container device memory module size in bytes |
+| `hami_vgpu_memory_buffer_bytes` | Gauge | Container device memory buffer size in bytes |
+| `hami_mig_device_info` | Gauge | MIG device information for the container, always `1`; only emitted for MIG devices and carries the extra `instance_id` label |
+
+Notes:
+
+- `hami_vgpu_memory_used_bytes` and `hami_container_device_memory_bytes`
+  currently report the same underlying value.
+- `hami_container_last_kernel_elapsed_seconds` is only emitted after the
+  container has executed at least one kernel.
+
+### Legacy metrics
+
+When the monitor is started with `--legacy-metrics=true`, the legacy metric
+names below are emitted alongside the ones above for backward compatibility.
+
+| Legacy metric | Description |
+|---|---|
+| `HostGPUMemoryUsage` | GPU device memory usage |
+| `HostCoreUtilization` | GPU core utilization |
+| `vGPU_device_memory_usage_in_bytes` | vGPU device usage |
+| `vGPU_device_memory_limit_in_bytes` | vGPU device limit |
+| `Device_memory_desc_of_container` | Container device memory description |
+| `Device_utilization_desc_of_container` | Container device utilization description |
+| `Device_last_kernel_of_container` | Container device last kernel description |
+| `MigInfo` | MIG device information for container |
+
+## Example PromQL queries
+
+Per-GPU memory usage on a node:
+
+```promql
+hami_host_gpu_memory_used_bytes
+```
+
+GPUs with the highest utilization on a node:
+
+```promql
+topk(5, hami_host_gpu_utilization_ratio)
+```
+
+Per-GPU memory usage grouped by device type on a node:
+
+```promql
+sum by (device_type) (hami_host_gpu_memory_used_bytes)
+```
+
+vGPU memory usage of every container:
+
+```promql
+hami_vgpu_memory_used_bytes
+```
+
+vGPU memory used as a fraction of the limit for every container:
+
+```promql
+hami_vgpu_memory_used_bytes / hami_vgpu_memory_limit_bytes
+```
+
+Total vGPU memory usage in the cluster:
+
+```promql
+sum(hami_vgpu_memory_used_bytes)
+```
+
+Containers using more than 80% of their vGPU memory limit:
+
+```promql
+(hami_vgpu_memory_used_bytes / hami_vgpu_memory_limit_bytes) > 0.8
+```
+
+Containers whose device utilization is above 50%:
+
+```promql
+hami_container_device_utilization_ratio > 50
+```
+
+Containers that have not run a kernel for more than 5 minutes:
+
+```promql
+hami_container_last_kernel_elapsed_seconds > 300
+```
+
+MIG instances currently in use:
+
+```promql
+hami_mig_device_info
+```