diff --git a/src/languages/c.ts b/src/languages/c.ts
index 1ba059b658..1c30b389a4 100644
--- a/src/languages/c.ts
+++ b/src/languages/c.ts
@@ -37,48 +37,48 @@ export default {
 			$insertBefore: {
 				'string': {
 					char,
-				},
-				'macro': {
-					// allow for multiline macro definitions
-					// spaces after the # character compile fine with gcc
-					pattern:
-						/(^[\t ]*)#\s*[a-z](?:[^\r\n\\/]|\/(?!\*)|\/\*(?:[^*]|\*(?!\/))*\*\/|\\(?:\r\n|[\s\S]))*/im,
-					lookbehind: true,
-					greedy: true,
-					alias: 'property',
-					inside: {
-						'string': [
-							{
-								// highlight the path of the include statement as a string
-								pattern: /^(#\s*include\s*)<[^>]+>/,
+					'macro': {
+						// allow for multiline macro definitions
+						// spaces after the # character compile fine with gcc
+						pattern:
+							/(^[\t ]*)#\s*[a-z](?:[^\r\n\\/]|\/(?!\*)|\/\*(?:[^*]|\*(?!\/))*\*\/|\\(?:\r\n|[\s\S]))*/im,
+						lookbehind: true,
+						greedy: true,
+						alias: 'property',
+						inside: {
+							'string': [
+								{
+									// highlight the path of the include statement as a string
+									pattern: /^(#\s*include\s*)<[^>]+>/,
+									lookbehind: true,
+								},
+								string,
+							],
+							'char': char,
+							'comment': comment,
+							'macro-name': [
+								{
+									pattern: /(^#\s*define\s+)\w+\b(?!\()/i,
+									lookbehind: true,
+								},
+								{
+									pattern: /(^#\s*define\s+)\w+\b(?=\()/i,
+									lookbehind: true,
+									alias: 'function',
+								},
+							],
+							// highlight macro directives as keywords
+							'directive': {
+								pattern: /^(#\s*)[a-z]+/,
 								lookbehind: true,
+								alias: 'keyword',
 							},
-							string,
-						],
-						'char': char,
-						'comment': comment,
-						'macro-name': [
-							{
-								pattern: /(^#\s*define\s+)\w+\b(?!\()/i,
-								lookbehind: true,
+							'directive-hash': /^#/,
+							'punctuation': /##|\\(?=[\r\n])/,
+							'expression': {
+								pattern: /\S[\s\S]*/,
+								inside: { $rest: 'c' },
 							},
-							{
-								pattern: /(^#\s*define\s+)\w+\b(?=\()/i,
-								lookbehind: true,
-								alias: 'function',
-							},
-						],
-						// highlight macro directives as keywords
-						'directive': {
-							pattern: /^(#\s*)[a-z]+/,
-							lookbehind: true,
-							alias: 'keyword',
-						},
-						'directive-hash': /^#/,
-						'punctuation': /##|\\(?=[\r\n])/,
-						'expression': {
-							pattern: /\S[\s\S]*/,
-							inside: { $rest: 'c' },
 						},
 					},
 				},
diff --git a/src/languages/csharp.ts b/src/languages/csharp.ts
index 548f05ff02..e8234abd3d 100644
--- a/src/languages/csharp.ts
+++ b/src/languages/csharp.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { insertBefore } from '../util/insert';
 import clike from './clike';
 import type { LanguageProto } from '../types';
 
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ function nested (pattern: string, depthLog2: number) {
 
 export default {
 	id: 'csharp',
-	require: clike,
+	base: clike,
 	alias: ['c#', 'cs', 'dotnet'],
 	grammar ({ languages }) {
 		// https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/keywords/
diff --git a/src/languages/fsharp.ts b/src/languages/fsharp.ts
index c6910bd5a9..4cec3341cd 100644
--- a/src/languages/fsharp.ts
+++ b/src/languages/fsharp.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import type { LanguageProto } from '../types';
 export default {
 	id: 'fsharp',
 	alias: 'f#',
-	require: clike,
+	base: clike,
 	optional: 'markup',
 	grammar ({ languages }) {
 		return {
diff --git a/src/languages/markdown.ts b/src/languages/markdown.ts
index 97e7ff650d..a6af63c4f4 100644
--- a/src/languages/markdown.ts
+++ b/src/languages/markdown.ts
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ export default {
 					// code block
 					// ```
 					pattern:
-						/^```(?<codeLanguage>[a-z-]+).+(?:\n|\r\n?)(?<codeBlock>[\s\S]*)?(?:\n|\r\n?)```$/i,
+						/^```(?<codeLanguage>[a-z-]+)(?:.+)?(?:\n|\r\n?)(?<codeBlock>[\s\S]*)?(?:\n|\r\n?)```$/i,
 					inside: {
 						'code-block': groups => groups.codeLanguage,
 						'punctuation': /```/,
diff --git a/src/languages/php.ts b/src/languages/php.ts
index f36651085e..81783fa44a 100644
--- a/src/languages/php.ts
+++ b/src/languages/php.ts
@@ -318,6 +318,7 @@ export default {
 
 		const embedded = embeddedIn('markup');
 		return {
+			...php,
 			'php': {
 				pattern:
 					/<\?(?:[^"'/#]|\/(?![*/])|("|')(?:\\[\s\S]|(?!\1)[^\\])*\1|(?:\/\/|#(?!\[))(?:[^?\n\r]|\?(?!>))*(?=$|\?>|[\r\n])|#\[|\/\*(?:[^*]|\*(?!\/))*(?:\*\/|$))*?(?:\?>|$)/,
diff --git a/src/languages/vbnet.ts b/src/languages/vbnet.ts
index 2cede4693d..0fd8045824 100644
--- a/src/languages/vbnet.ts
+++ b/src/languages/vbnet.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,8 @@ export default {
 				pattern: /'''.*/,
 				greedy: true,
 				alias: 'comment',
-				// TODO do better
-				get inside () {
-					if (languages.markup) {
-						return languages.markup.tag;
-					}
+				inside: {
+					'tag': languages.markup?.tag,
 				},
 			},
 			'comment': [
diff --git a/src/util/extend.ts b/src/util/extend.ts
index 89e41458e5..b0490e8232 100644
--- a/src/util/extend.ts
+++ b/src/util/extend.ts
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ export function extend (base: Grammar, grammar: Grammar): Grammar {
 				}
 			}
 			else if (relToken) {
-				lang[all][relToken][tokenName] = token;
+				(lang[all][relToken] ??= {})[tokenName] = token;
 			}
 			else {
 				lang[tokenName] = token;