-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
index.html
636 lines (607 loc) · 35.7 KB
/
index.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<script>
// Immediately ensure the presence of the query string that is necessary for the Google Programmable/Custom Search Engine results
if (!document.location.search.match(/q=.*?together.*?with.*?the.*?reasons.*?therefor/)) {
history.replaceState(
null,
"",
document.location.protocol +
"//" +
document.location.hostname +
document.location.pathname +
(document.location.search.length ? "&" : "?") +
"q=%22together%20with%20the%20reasons%20therefor%22" +
document.location.hash
);
}
</script>
<!-- Required meta tags (particularly for Bootstrap) -->
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<!-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Analytics -->
<script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-49QXPQX235"></script>
<script>
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
function gtag() {
dataLayer.push(arguments);
}
gtag("js", new Date());
gtag("config", "G-49QXPQX235");
</script>
<!-- favicon -->
<link rel="icon" href="king-john-in-ron-anderson-s-the-signing-of-the-magna-carta.png" />
<!-- Bootstrap CSS -->
<link
href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css"
rel="stylesheet"
integrity="sha384-eOJMYsd53ii+scO/bJGFsiCZc+5NDVN2yr8+0RDqr0Ql0h+rP48ckxlpbzKgwra6"
crossorigin="anonymous"
/>
<!-- Additional, custom CSS -->
<style id="css-for-anchor-scroll-margin-top">
/* Do not manually modify this style tag or its contents. It is set dynamically in the JavaScript below */
h2 {
scroll-margin-top: undefined;
}
</style>
<style>
body,
.navbar {
background-color: black;
font-size: 1.125rem;
line-height: 1.8rem;
font-weight: 200;
color: #333447;
}
.nav-pills .nav-link.active,
.nav-pills .show > .nav-link {
background-color: #faebd7;
color: #333447;
}
a.nav-link {
color: #faebd7;
}
main {
background-color: #fcf5eb;
padding-bottom: 10rem;
padding-left: 2rem;
padding-right: 2rem;
}
h1 {
margin-bottom: 1rem;
}
h2 {
margin-top: 1rem;
margin-bottom: 1rem;
}
/* unvisited link */
main a:link {
color: #522974;
}
/* visited link */
main a:visited {
color: #6d3746;
}
/* mouse over link */
main a:hover {
color: #1b0ed1;
}
/* selected link */
main a:active {
color: blue;
}
blockquote {
display: block;
line-height: 1.5rem;
margin-block-start: 1em;
margin-block-end: 1em;
margin-inline-start: 40px;
margin-inline-end: 40px;
}
</style>
<!-- JavaScript to do dynamic, custom CSS -->
<script>
const marginTopForNavItemAnchors = 75;
function onBodyLoad() {
var navBar = document.querySelector("nav.navbar");
setBodyPaddingTop(navBar);
/* Prevent the sticky navbar from covering items upon click-navigation */
navBar.addEventListener("mouseenter", (evt) => {
setAnchorsScrollMarginTop(evt.target);
});
setActiveNavItem(navBar);
}
function setBodyPaddingTop(navBar) {
document.querySelector("#top").style.height = navBar.clientHeight + "px";
}
function setAnchorsScrollMarginTop(navBar) {
document.querySelector("#css-for-anchor-scroll-margin-top").sheet.cssRules[0].style.scrollMarginTop =
navBar.clientHeight + marginTopForNavItemAnchors + "px";
}
function setActiveNavItem(navBar) {
// workaround for scrollspy not working.
const navLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.nav-link[href^="#"');
var activeNavLinkNum = 0;
for (var n = 0; n < navLinks.length; n++) {
if (
document.querySelector(navLinks[n].hash).getBoundingClientRect().top <=
navBar.clientHeight + marginTopForNavItemAnchors
) {
continue;
}
activeNavLinkNum = n - 1;
break;
}
for (var n = 0; n < navLinks.length; n++) {
if (n == activeNavLinkNum) {
navLinks[n].classList.add("active");
} else {
navLinks[n].classList.remove("active");
}
}
}
document.addEventListener("scroll", function () {
setActiveNavItem(document.querySelector("nav.navbar"));
});
function onBodyResize() {
var navBar = document.querySelector("nav.navbar");
setBodyPaddingTop(navBar);
setAnchorsScrollMarginTop(navBar);
setActiveNavItem(navBar);
}
</script>
<!-- fonts -->
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" />
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Tangerine:wght@400;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" />
<!-- Luxon Javascript library for date work -->
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/build/global/luxon.min.js"></script>
<title>Ohio Supreme Court "Reasons Therefor" Project</title>
</head>
<body onload="onBodyLoad()" onresize="onBodyResize()">
<!-- background color fcf5eb is a tint of the antique white used in the boxes; see https://www.color-hex.com/color/faebd7 -->
<div id="top" style="height: 60px" class="d-print-none"></div>
<!-- Note: Bootstrap scrollspy is not working. https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/issues/32496 -->
<nav id="mainnavbar" class="navbar fixed-top navbar-dark d-print-none">
<div class="container">
<ul class="nav nav-pills">
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link active" href="#top">⌂</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" href="#summaryhistory">Summary History</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" href="#researchinitiatives">Research Initiatives</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" href="#relatednews">Related News</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" href="#recentreferencesonthecourtswebsite">Recent References</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" href="#acknowledgments">Acknowledgments</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" href="#disclaimer">Disclaimer</a>
<a class="nav-link" href="#end"></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav>
<main class="container">
<h1 style="padding-top: 15px">Ohio Supreme Court "Reasons Therefor" Project</h1>
<p>Our project is to research the origins and observance of Ohio voters' mandate to their state Supreme Court in 1912:</p>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-1"></div>
<div class="col-10">
<div
class="card"
style="
margin: 15px 15px 15px 15px;
background-color: #faebd7;
font-family: 'Tangerine', cursive;
text-align: center;
"
>
<div class="card-body">
<blockquote
class="text-center"
style="
font-size: 2.5rem;
margin-bottom: 0px;
line-height: 2.9rem;
margin-block-start: 0px;
margin-block-end: 0px;
"
>
The decisions in all cases in the Supreme Court shall be reported,<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Tangerine', cursive; font-weight: 700"
>together with the reasons therefor</span
>.
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-1"></div>
</div>
<p>
That mandate is in the Ohio Constitution's Article IV,
<a href="https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-constitution/section-4.2">Section 2</a>(C).
</p>
<p>
In recent years, the mandate has been contentious. A related case even
<a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-954.html">reached</a>
the U.S. Supreme Court in 2021.
</p>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-7">
<h2 id="summaryhistory">Summary History</h2>
<p>
After a constitutional convention in 1912, Ohio voters
<a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Ohio_Judicial_System_Changes,_Amendment_19_(September_1912)">approved</a> a mandate
for their Supreme Court to report decisions "with the reasons therefor".
</p>
<p>
In 1925, the mandate appeared for the first time in a report.
<a href="https://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/SCO/formerjustices/bios/wanamaker.asp">Justice Wanamaker</a> stressed its
wisdom while dissenting in
<i
>State, ex. rel Durbin, v. Smith, Secretary of State,
<a
href="https://cite.case.law/ohio-st/102/591/?highlight=The+Constitution+of+Ohio%2C+as+amended+in+1912%2C+wisely+provided+that+%E2%80%9CThe+decisions+in+all+cases+in+the+supreme+court+shall+be+reported%2C+together+with+the+reasons+therefor.%E2%80%9D+Prior+to+that+time+the+majority+of+the+cases%2C+often+the+big+and+most+embarrassing+ones%2C+were+decided+without+any+opinion%2C+or+without+any+%E2%80%9Creasons+therefor.%E2%80%9D+The+people+of+Ohio+realized+that+the+best+test+of+reasonable+judgments+was+sound+%E2%80%9Creasons+therefor.%E2%80%9D#b697-5"
>102 Ohio St. 591</a
></i
>, 651:
</p>
<blockquote>
The Constitution of Ohio, as amended in 1912, wisely provided that "The decisions in all cases in the supreme court
shall be reported together with the reasons therefor." Prior to that time the majority of the cases, often the big
and most embarrassing ones, were decided without any opinion or without any "reasons therefor." The people of Ohio
realized that the best test of reasonable judgments was sound "reasons therefor".
</blockquote>
<p>
In 1968, Ohio voters moved the mandate to its own emphatic subsection, 2(C), through the
<a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Ohio_Judicial_System_Reorganization,_Amendment_3_(May_1968)"
>Ohio Judicial System Reorganization Amendment</a
>, which is more commonly known as the
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=ohio+modern+courts+amendment+1968">Modern Courts Amendment</a>.
</p>
<p>
Despite the mandate, Ohio's Supreme Court has frequently reported decisions without reporting "reasons therefor".
For example, when a candidate in the March 2020 primary election
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Speweik+march+2020+primary+election">asked</a> the Court to mandate the
election be held as scheduled despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the Court's reported decision text was merely this: "In
Mandamus. Writ denied." <i>State ex rel. Speweik v. Wood Cty. Bd. of Elections</i>, No.
<a href="https://supremecourt.ohio.gov/Clerk/ecms/#/caseinfo/2020/0382">2020-0382</a>,
<a href="https://supremecourt.ohio.gov/rod/docs/pdf/0/2020/2020-ohio-997.pdf">2020-Ohio-997</a>. When a member of
Ohio's House of Representatives then
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=brinkman+justices+%22reasons+therefor%22">asked</a> the Court to mandate
that the reasons be provided, the Court denied the request and, again, reported its decision without any "reasons
therefor". <i>State ex rel. Brinkman v. O’Connor, et al.</i>, No.
<a href="https://supremecourt.ohio.gov/Clerk/ecms/#/caseinfo/2020/0389">2020-0389</a>,
<a href="https://supremecourt.ohio.gov/rod/docs/pdf/0/2020/2020-ohio-4053.pdf">2020-Ohio-4053</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-5">
<div class="card" style="margin: 15px 10px 15px 10px; background-color: #faebd7; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5rem">
<div class="card-body">
<p style="text-align: center">
<img src="king-john-in-ron-anderson-s-the-signing-of-the-magna-carta.png" />
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=king+john+of+england">King John of England</a> in
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/ron-anderson-a2443832/">Ron Anderson</a>'s
<i>The Signing of the Magna Carta</i>, which is part of the Ohio Supreme Court's
<a href="http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/Publications/RonAnderson.pdf">Rule of Law Gallery</a>.
</p>
<p>
The importance of reported "reasons therefor" may be traced to the
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=magna+carta">Magna Carta</a>. Approved by King John in 1215, it
established the primacy of the "law of the land". However, that "law" was not statutory law. Parliament and
the first statutory law, the
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=statute+of+merton"><i>Statute of Merton</i></a> of 1235, were still
decades away. Instead, the "law of the land" was largely what judges had created to fill gaps in the limited
written law that existed, like
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=forest+law+charter+of+the+forest">forest law</a>. The "law of the
land" was as different as the many different judges and
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=different+courts+of+england+henry+ii+royal+tribunals+assizes"
>courts</a
>
that existed. Reasons for decisions began to be gathered and reported in "<a
href="https://www.google.com/search?q=england+court+year+books"
>Year Books</a
>", starting around 1268. Over time, the Magna Carta's "law of the land" became synonymous with reported
reasons for common decisions. What was descriptive became prescriptive.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="researchinitiatives">Research Initiatives</h2>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6">
<ul>
<li>Completed:</li>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://www.kaggle.com/jfreed/ohio-supreme-court-docket-words-phrases"
>Docket Item Metadata Words & Phrases Analysis</a
>
@ Kaggle
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-6">
<ul>
<li>In Progress:</li>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/2424402/ohio_supreme_courts_reasons_therefor_research"
>Annotated Bibliography</a
>
@ Zotero
</li>
<li>
Analysis of relevant information made available through the Harvard Law School's
<a href="https://case.law/">Caselaw Access Project.</a> (<i
>That project has named this effort's senior researcher, Jon Freed, a "Research Scholar".</i
>)
</li>
<li>
Analysis of other states' similar constitutional provisions, identified via the Constitution Project
<a
href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/2424402/ohio_supreme_court_reasons_therefor_research/tags/Section-1-0-Introduction/items/KZZVGKVA/library"
>🔗</a
>:
<ul>
<li>
Louisiana, 1845 - 1973. In pertinent part: “The judges of all courts shall refer to the law and
adduce the reasons on which every definitive judgment is founded.”
<a
href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/2424402/ohio_supreme_court_reasons_therefor_research/tags/Section-1-0-Introduction/items/BZF6HRCH/library"
>🔗</a
>
</li>
<li>
South Carolina, 1845 - 1973. In pertinent part: “When a judgment or decree is reversed or affirmed
by the Supreme Court every point made and distinctly stated in the cause and fairly arising upon the
record of the case shall be considered and decided, and the reason thereof shall be concisely and
briefly stated in writing and preserved with the record of the case.” South Carolina Constitution,
Article V, Section 8.
<a
href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/2424402/ohio_supreme_court_reasons_therefor_research/tags/Section-1-0-Introduction/items/3PXMPK9G/library"
>🔗</a
>
</li>
<li>
West Virginia, since 1872. In pertinent part: “When a judgment or order of another court is
reversed, modified or affirmed by the court, every point fairly arising upon the record shall be
considered and decided; the reasons therefor shall be concisely stated in writing and preserved with
the record”. West Virginia Constitution, Article VIII Section 4.
<a
href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/2424402/ohio_supreme_court_reasons_therefor_research/tags/Section-1-0-Introduction/items/KGS344G2/library"
>🔗</a
>
</li>
<li>
Washington, since 1889. In pertinent part: “In the determination of causes all decisions of the
court shall be given in writing and the grounds of the decision shall be stated.” Washington
Constitution, Article IV Section 2.
<a
href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/2424402/ohio_supreme_court_reasons_therefor_research/tags/Section-1-0-Introduction/items/XHQHT2BB/library"
>🔗</a
>
</li>
<li>
Utah, 1895 - 1984. In pertinent part: “When a judgment or decree is reversed, modified or affirmed
by the Supreme Court, the reasons therefor shall be stated concisely in writing, signed by the
judges concurring, filed in the office of the Clerk of the Supreme Court, and preserved with a
record of the case.” Utah Constitution, Article VIII, Section 25.
<a
href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/2424402/ohio_supreme_court_reasons_therefor_research/tags/Section-1-0-Introduction/items/3ZS3JSCZ/library"
>🔗</a
>
</li>
<li>
Michigan, since 1908. In pertinent part: “Decisions of the supreme court, including all decisions on
prerogative writs, shall be in writing and shall contain a concise statement of the facts and
reasons for each decision and reasons for each denial of leave to appeal.” Michigan Constitution,
Article VI Section 6.
<a
href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/2424402/ohio_supreme_court_reasons_therefor_research/tags/Section-1-0-Introduction/items/TVRJVJQL/library"
>🔗</a
>
</li>
<li>
Arizona, since 1912. In pertinent part: “The decisions of the court shall be in writing and the
grounds stated.” Arizona Constitution, Article 6, Section 2.
<a
href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/2424402/ohio_supreme_court_reasons_therefor_research/tags/Section-1-0-Introduction/items/AFDU55BE/library"
>🔗</a
>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a
href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1IzK_5oz7UDo8n70S7H7YZBg0IKTLNtDxCN207gfasqE/edit?usp=sharing"
>Directory of Relevant People</a
>
(Google Sheet)
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.kaggle.com/jfreed/ohio-supreme-court-dockets">Docket Data</a>
@ Kaggle
</li>
<li>
Identifying the cases Justice Wanamaker referred to as the "big and most embarrasing ones".
<i>State, ex. rel Durbin, v. Smith</i>, supra.
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.kaggle.com/jfreed/ohio-supreme-court-reasons-therefor-research"
>Reasons Therefor Data Analysis</a
>
@ Kaggle
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://github.com/Ohio-Supreme-Court-Reasons-Therefor">Repositories</a>
@ GitHub
</li>
<li>
<a
href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1p_YHBs7puHTkDk7W4KtKsF46rI-MvZJgVYp3Vv5UVfY/edit?usp=sharing"
>Thesis Brainstorming</a
>.
<i
>Access by invitation only. Senior researcher Jon Freed is developing a thesis within the general topic
of the "reasons therefor" clause. Freed is doing the thesis to fulfill a requirement for a Bachelor of
Arts degree in
<a href="https://www.kenyon.edu/academics/departments-and-majors/history/">history at Kenyon College</a
>.</i
>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-7">
<h2 id="relatednews">Related News</h2>
<ul class="related-news-rss-items"></ul>
<script>
// To avoid cors problem, use a Google Apps Script to get Google News RSS feed.
// Edit at https://script.google.com/home/projects/1_VmEx8H0ZJ4q29f3fCNbL19W6phLE0uc2DPS-Q2g8rizMeLIdzCCxNrt/edit
let html = ``;
try {
fetch(
"https://script.google.com/macros/s/AKfycbx3b62UXRrTPWQWv40M1qERYm24N3LHYbHYpWUwKxgAgzmbnmdwrYzUpoDpIp8D_sgWkg/exec",
{
headers: {
origin: window.location.protocol + "//" + window.location.host,
"Content-Type": "text/plain;charset=utf-8",
},
}
)
.then((response) => response.text())
.then((str) => {
console.log("Google Apps Script (proxy for Google News RSS feed) response:", { str });
return new window.DOMParser().parseFromString(str, "text/xml");
})
.then((data) => {
const items = data.querySelectorAll("item");
if (items.length == 0) {
html =
'<a href="https://news.google.com/search?q=ohio+constitution+supreme+court+%22together+with+the+reasons+therefor%22&hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en">' +
"<i>No recent news.</i></a>";
}
items.forEach((el) => {
let pubDate = luxon.DateTime.fromJSDate(
new Date(el.querySelector("pubDate").innerHTML)
).toLocaleString(luxon.DATE_FULL);
html += `
<li>
<a href="${el.querySelector("link").innerHTML}"><i>${
el.querySelector("title").innerHTML
}</i></a>
(${pubDate})
</li>
`;
});
});
} catch (e) {
html =
'<i>Error <a href="https://news.google.com/search?q=ohio+constitution+supreme+court+%22together+with+the+reasons+therefor%22&hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en">' +
"news feed</a> for display. (See console for details.)</i>";
}
document.querySelector("ul.related-news-rss-items").insertAdjacentHTML("beforeend", html);
</script>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-5">
<div class="card" style="margin: 15px 10px 15px 10px; background-color: #faebd7; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5rem">
<div class="card-body">
<p>
<strong>Therefor? Therefore?</strong>
</p>
<p>
The spelling of "therefor" without a final "e" is not a mistake. As has been
<a href="https://www.lawprose.org/lawprose-lesson-128-therefore-vs-therefor/">explained</a> by the legal
writing scholar Bryan Garner, "therefore" means "for that reason", "consequently", or "so", while "therefor"
means "for that" or "for it". "Therefore" is usually found at the beginning of clauses and "therefor" at the
end.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="recentreferencesonthecourtswebsite">Recent references on the court's website</h2>
<p style="margin-left: 10px">
<em
><span style="color: #e24c00"
>These search results and any ads within them are by Google's
<a href="https://cse.google.com" style="color: inherit">Programmable Search Engine</a>. This website has no control
over the ads.</span
></em
>
</p>
<!-- Google Custom Search Engine. Control Panel = https://programmablesearchengine.google.com/cse/setup/basic?cx=b02f381327cd2a3d2 -->
<script async="" src="https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=b02f381327cd2a3d2"></script>
<div class="gcse-searchresults-only" data-autosearchonload="true" data-sort_by="date"></div>
<h2 id="acknowledgments">Acknowledgments</h2>
<p>
The research referenced above is primarily the product of senior researcher Jonathan "Jon" Freed, who has done his work in
relation to earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in History from Kenyon College. All criticisms for errors and
misunderstandings should be directed to him.
</p>
<p>
The research has been furthered by encouragement and information from many people that include, but are certainly not
limited to:
</p>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6">
<ul>
<li>James Freed, Ph.D., Professor, Ohio Wesleyan University Department of Zoology</li>
<li>Judith Freed, M.Ed., Delaware City Schools</li>
<li>Glenn McNair, Ph.D., Professor, Kenyon College Department of History, Advisor.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-6">
<ul>
<li>
Via a request for information about the Modern Courts Amendment of 1968:
<ul>
<li>David A. Hejmanowski, J.D., Judge, Delaware County Court of Common Pleas Probate/Juvenile Division</li>
<li>Richard M. Markus, J.D., Judge, Retired, Court of Appeals, Eighth District</li>
<li>
Steven H. Steinglass, J.D., Dean Emeritus & Professor Emeritus, Cleveland-Marshall College of Law
</li>
<li>Patrick F. Fischer, J.D., Justice, Supreme Court of Ohio</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="disclaimer">Disclaimer</h2>
<div class="row">
<div class="col">
<p>
<em>
This website and the referenced research initiatives are private and not a product of
<a href="https://supremecourt.ohio.gov">The Supreme Court of Ohio</a>, nor have they been
approved by the Court.</em
>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="end" style="height: 1000px"></div>
</main>
<script
src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"
integrity="sha384-JEW9xMcG8R+pH31jmWH6WWP0WintQrMb4s7ZOdauHnUtxwoG2vI5DkLtS3qm9Ekf"
crossorigin="anonymous"
></script>
</body>
</html>