diff --git a/frontend/__tests__/unit/components/AnchorTitle.test.tsx b/frontend/__tests__/unit/components/AnchorTitle.test.tsx
index 102f43f5bc..c328495d12 100644
--- a/frontend/__tests__/unit/components/AnchorTitle.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/__tests__/unit/components/AnchorTitle.test.tsx
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ const setupAnimationFrameForHash = (cb: (time: number) => void) => {
 describe('AnchorTitle Component', () => {
   afterEach(() => {
     jest.restoreAllMocks()
-    window.history.replaceState(null, '', window.location.pathname)
+    globalThis.history.replaceState(null, '', globalThis.location.pathname)
   })
 
   describe('Basic Rendering', () => {
@@ -157,10 +157,10 @@ describe('AnchorTitle Component', () => {
     let mockRequestAnimationFrame: jest.SpyInstance
 
     const setupMocks = () => {
-      mockScrollTo = jest.spyOn(window, 'scrollTo').mockImplementation()
-      mockPushState = jest.spyOn(window.history, 'pushState').mockImplementation()
+      mockScrollTo = jest.spyOn(globalThis, 'scrollTo').mockImplementation()
+      mockPushState = jest.spyOn(globalThis.history, 'pushState').mockImplementation()
       mockRequestAnimationFrame = jest
-        .spyOn(window, 'requestAnimationFrame')
+        .spyOn(globalThis, 'requestAnimationFrame')
         .mockImplementation(setupMockAnimationFrame)
 
       mockGetBoundingClientRect = jest.fn(createMockBoundingClientRect)
@@ -232,9 +232,9 @@ describe('AnchorTitle Component', () => {
     let mockRequestAnimationFrame: jest.SpyInstance
 
     const setupUseEffectMocks = () => {
-      mockScrollTo = jest.spyOn(window, 'scrollTo').mockImplementation()
+      mockScrollTo = jest.spyOn(globalThis, 'scrollTo').mockImplementation()
       mockRequestAnimationFrame = jest
-        .spyOn(window, 'requestAnimationFrame')
+        .spyOn(globalThis, 'requestAnimationFrame')
         .mockImplementation(setupAnimationFrameForUseEffect)
 
       const mockElement = createMockElementForUseEffect()
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ describe('AnchorTitle Component', () => {
     afterEach(cleanupUseEffectMocks)
 
     it('scrolls to element on mount when hash matches', async () => {
-      window.location.hash = '#test-scroll'
+      globalThis.location.hash = '#test-scroll'
 
       render(<AnchorTitle title="Test Scroll" />)
 
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ describe('AnchorTitle Component', () => {
     })
 
     it('does not scroll when hash does not match', () => {
-      window.location.hash = '#different-hash'
+      globalThis.location.hash = '#different-hash'
 
       render(<AnchorTitle title="Test Scroll" />)
 
@@ -276,10 +276,10 @@ describe('AnchorTitle Component', () => {
     it('handles popstate events correctly', async () => {
       render(<AnchorTitle title="Popstate Test" />)
 
-      window.location.hash = '#popstate-test'
+      globalThis.location.hash = '#popstate-test'
 
       const popstateEvent = new PopStateEvent('popstate')
-      fireEvent(window, popstateEvent)
+      fireEvent(globalThis as unknown as Window, popstateEvent)
 
       await waitFor(() => {
         expect(mockRequestAnimationFrame).toHaveBeenCalled()
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ describe('AnchorTitle Component', () => {
     })
 
     it('removes popstate event listener on unmount', () => {
-      const mockRemoveEventListener = jest.spyOn(window, 'removeEventListener')
+      const mockRemoveEventListener = jest.spyOn(globalThis, 'removeEventListener')
 
       const { unmount } = render(<AnchorTitle title="Cleanup Test" />)
       unmount()
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ describe('AnchorTitle Component', () => {
       const mockGetElementById = jest
         .spyOn(document, 'getElementById')
         .mockReturnValue(mockElement as unknown as HTMLElement)
-      const mockScrollTo = jest.spyOn(window, 'scrollTo').mockImplementation()
+      const mockScrollTo = jest.spyOn(globalThis, 'scrollTo').mockImplementation()
 
       render(<AnchorTitle title="No Anchor" />)
       const link = screen.getByRole('link')
@@ -381,8 +381,8 @@ describe('AnchorTitle Component', () => {
     })
 
     it('maintains focus management on interaction', () => {
-      const mockScrollTo = jest.spyOn(window, 'scrollTo').mockImplementation()
-      const mockPushState = jest.spyOn(window.history, 'pushState').mockImplementation()
+      const mockScrollTo = jest.spyOn(globalThis, 'scrollTo').mockImplementation()
+      const mockPushState = jest.spyOn(globalThis.history, 'pushState').mockImplementation()
 
       render(<AnchorTitle title="Focus Test" />)
 
@@ -418,8 +418,8 @@ describe('AnchorTitle Component', () => {
     })
 
     it('handles rapid successive clicks', () => {
-      const mockScrollTo = jest.spyOn(window, 'scrollTo').mockImplementation()
-      const mockPushState = jest.spyOn(window.history, 'pushState').mockImplementation()
+      const mockScrollTo = jest.spyOn(globalThis, 'scrollTo').mockImplementation()
+      const mockPushState = jest.spyOn(globalThis.history, 'pushState').mockImplementation()
 
       render(<AnchorTitle title="Rapid Click" />)
       const link = screen.getByRole('link')
@@ -450,10 +450,10 @@ describe('AnchorTitle Component', () => {
 
   describe('Browser API Interactions', () => {
     it('handles window.pageYOffset correctly', () => {
-      const mockScrollTo = jest.spyOn(window, 'scrollTo').mockImplementation()
+      const mockScrollTo = jest.spyOn(globalThis, 'scrollTo').mockImplementation()
       const originalPageYOffset = window.pageYOffset
 
-      Object.defineProperty(window, 'pageYOffset', {
+      Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'pageYOffset', {
         value: 500,
         configurable: true,
       })
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ describe('AnchorTitle Component', () => {
         behavior: 'smooth',
       })
 
-      Object.defineProperty(window, 'pageYOffset', {
+      Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'pageYOffset', {
         value: originalPageYOffset,
         configurable: true,
       })
@@ -483,17 +483,17 @@ describe('AnchorTitle Component', () => {
     })
 
     it('handles hash changes in the URL correctly', async () => {
-      const mockScrollTo = jest.spyOn(window, 'scrollTo').mockImplementation()
+      const mockScrollTo = jest.spyOn(globalThis, 'scrollTo').mockImplementation()
       const mockRequestAnimationFrame = jest
-        .spyOn(window, 'requestAnimationFrame')
+        .spyOn(globalThis, 'requestAnimationFrame')
         .mockImplementation(setupAnimationFrameForHash)
 
-      window.location.hash = ''
+      globalThis.location.hash = ''
       render(<AnchorTitle title="Hash Test" />)
 
-      window.location.hash = '#hash-test'
+      globalThis.location.hash = '#hash-test'
       const popstateEvent = new PopStateEvent('popstate')
-      fireEvent(window, popstateEvent)
+      fireEvent(globalThis as unknown as Window, popstateEvent)
 
       await waitFor(() => {
         expect(mockScrollTo).toHaveBeenCalled()
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ describe('AnchorTitle Component', () => {
 
   describe('Performance and Optimization', () => {
     it('uses useCallback for scrollToElement function', () => {
-      const mockScrollTo = jest.spyOn(window, 'scrollTo').mockImplementation()
+      const mockScrollTo = jest.spyOn(globalThis, 'scrollTo').mockImplementation()
 
       const { rerender } = render(<AnchorTitle title="Callback Test" />)
       const link1 = screen.getByRole('link')
@@ -523,8 +523,8 @@ describe('AnchorTitle Component', () => {
     })
 
     it('cleans up event listeners properly', () => {
-      const mockAddEventListener = jest.spyOn(window, 'addEventListener')
-      const mockRemoveEventListener = jest.spyOn(window, 'removeEventListener')
+      const mockAddEventListener = jest.spyOn(globalThis, 'addEventListener')
+      const mockRemoveEventListener = jest.spyOn(globalThis, 'removeEventListener')
 
       const { unmount } = render(<AnchorTitle title="Cleanup Test" />)
 
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ describe('AnchorTitle Component', () => {
 
   describe('State Changes and Internal Logic', () => {
     it('recalculates scroll position when element dimensions change', () => {
-      const mockScrollTo = jest.spyOn(window, 'scrollTo').mockImplementation()
+      const mockScrollTo = jest.spyOn(globalThis, 'scrollTo').mockImplementation()
 
       const offsetHeights = { current: 30 }
       const mockElement = {
@@ -570,8 +570,8 @@ describe('AnchorTitle Component', () => {
     })
 
     it('handles component rerender with different IDs', () => {
-      const mockAddEventListener = jest.spyOn(window, 'addEventListener')
-      const mockRemoveEventListener = jest.spyOn(window, 'removeEventListener')
+      const mockAddEventListener = jest.spyOn(globalThis, 'addEventListener')
+      const mockRemoveEventListener = jest.spyOn(globalThis, 'removeEventListener')
 
       const { rerender } = render(<AnchorTitle title="Original" />)
       const originalAddCalls = mockAddEventListener.mock.calls.length
@@ -657,8 +657,8 @@ describe('AnchorTitle Component', () => {
           .replace(/(^-{1,10}|-{1,10}$)/g, '')
       )
 
-      const mockScrollTo = jest.spyOn(window, 'scrollTo').mockImplementation()
-      const mockPushState = jest.spyOn(window.history, 'pushState').mockImplementation()
+      const mockScrollTo = jest.spyOn(globalThis, 'scrollTo').mockImplementation()
+      const mockPushState = jest.spyOn(globalThis.history, 'pushState').mockImplementation()
 
       render(<AnchorTitle title="User Journey" />)
 
diff --git a/frontend/__tests__/unit/components/AnimatedCounter.test.tsx b/frontend/__tests__/unit/components/AnimatedCounter.test.tsx
index e2ffc56ff9..1f1a1e421f 100644
--- a/frontend/__tests__/unit/components/AnimatedCounter.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/__tests__/unit/components/AnimatedCounter.test.tsx
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ describe('AnimatedCounter', () => {
 
   describe('Animation behavior', () => {
     it('calls requestAnimationFrame during animation', () => {
-      const requestAnimationFrameSpy = jest.spyOn(window, 'requestAnimationFrame')
+      const requestAnimationFrameSpy = jest.spyOn(globalThis, 'requestAnimationFrame')
       render(<AnimatedCounter end={100} duration={1} />)
 
       expect(requestAnimationFrameSpy).toHaveBeenCalled()
diff --git a/frontend/__tests__/unit/components/MultiSearch.test.tsx b/frontend/__tests__/unit/components/MultiSearch.test.tsx
index e5df9beebd..7d02fe1f41 100644
--- a/frontend/__tests__/unit/components/MultiSearch.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/__tests__/unit/components/MultiSearch.test.tsx
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jest.mock('@fortawesome/react-fontawesome', () => ({
 
 // Mock window.open globally
 const mockWindowOpen = jest.fn()
-Object.defineProperty(window, 'open', {
+Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'open', {
   value: mockWindowOpen,
   writable: true,
 })
diff --git a/frontend/__tests__/unit/components/ScrollToTop.test.tsx b/frontend/__tests__/unit/components/ScrollToTop.test.tsx
index 5f271eff26..ed1001db84 100644
--- a/frontend/__tests__/unit/components/ScrollToTop.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/__tests__/unit/components/ScrollToTop.test.tsx
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ import ScrollToTop from 'components/ScrollToTop'
 
 describe('ScrollToTop component test', () => {
   beforeEach(() => {
-    window.scrollTo = jest.fn()
-    Object.defineProperty(window, 'scrollY', { value: 0, writable: true })
-    Object.defineProperty(window, 'innerHeight', { value: 1000, writable: true })
+    globalThis.scrollTo = jest.fn()
+    Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'scrollY', { value: 0, writable: true })
+    Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'innerHeight', { value: 1000, writable: true })
   })
 
   afterEach(() => {
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ describe('ScrollToTop component test', () => {
     const { getByLabelText } = render(<ScrollToTop />)
     const button = getByLabelText(/scroll to top/i)
 
-    Object.defineProperty(window, 'scrollY', { value: 400, writable: true })
-    window.dispatchEvent(new Event('scroll'))
+    Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'scrollY', { value: 400, writable: true })
+    globalThis.dispatchEvent(new Event('scroll'))
 
     await waitFor(() => {
       expect(button).toHaveClass('opacity-100')
@@ -33,18 +33,18 @@ describe('ScrollToTop component test', () => {
     })
   })
 
-  test('Clicking the button should call window.scrollTo with smooth behavior', async () => {
+  test('Clicking the button should call globalThis.scrollTo with smooth behavior', async () => {
     const { getByLabelText } = render(<ScrollToTop />)
     const button = getByLabelText(/scroll to top/i)
 
-    Object.defineProperty(window, 'scrollY', { value: 400, writable: true })
-    window.dispatchEvent(new Event('scroll'))
+    Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'scrollY', { value: 400, writable: true })
+    globalThis.dispatchEvent(new Event('scroll'))
 
     await waitFor(() => {
       expect(button).toHaveClass('opacity-100')
     })
 
     fireEvent.click(button)
-    expect(window.scrollTo).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' })
+    expect(globalThis.scrollTo).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' })
   })
 })
diff --git a/frontend/__tests__/unit/components/Search.test.tsx b/frontend/__tests__/unit/components/Search.test.tsx
index b03ef8e352..91c2e81995 100644
--- a/frontend/__tests__/unit/components/Search.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/__tests__/unit/components/Search.test.tsx
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ describe('SearchBar Component', () => {
 
       expect(sendGTMEvent).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
         event: 'search',
-        path: window.location.pathname,
+        path: globalThis.location.pathname,
         value: 'test',
       })
     })
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ describe('SearchBar Component', () => {
       expect(mockOnSearch).toHaveBeenCalledWith('new query')
       expect(sendGTMEvent).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
         event: 'search',
-        path: window.location.pathname,
+        path: globalThis.location.pathname,
         value: 'new query',
       })
 
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ describe('SearchBar Component', () => {
       expect(mockOnSearch).toHaveBeenCalledWith('change query')
       expect(sendGTMEvent).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
         event: 'search',
-        path: window.location.pathname,
+        path: globalThis.location.pathname,
         value: 'change query',
       })
     })
diff --git a/frontend/__tests__/unit/pages/Header.test.tsx b/frontend/__tests__/unit/pages/Header.test.tsx
index f0a111df17..e12116319b 100644
--- a/frontend/__tests__/unit/pages/Header.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/__tests__/unit/pages/Header.test.tsx
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ describe('Header Component', () => {
   beforeEach(() => {
     mockUsePathname.mockReturnValue('/')
     // Mock window.innerWidth
-    Object.defineProperty(window, 'innerWidth', {
+    Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'innerWidth', {
       writable: true,
       configurable: true,
       value: 1024,
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ describe('Header Component', () => {
 
       // Simulate resize event
       await act(async () => {
-        window.dispatchEvent(new Event('resize'))
+        globalThis.dispatchEvent(new Event('resize'))
       })
 
       // Test passes if no errors are thrown
@@ -685,7 +685,7 @@ describe('Header Component', () => {
 
     it('shows mobile menu button for mobile screens', () => {
       // Set window width to simulate mobile
-      Object.defineProperty(window, 'innerWidth', {
+      Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'innerWidth', {
         writable: true,
         configurable: true,
         value: 400,
diff --git a/frontend/jest.setup.ts b/frontend/jest.setup.ts
index 19fa975c68..799e5d54e3 100644
--- a/frontend/jest.setup.ts
+++ b/frontend/jest.setup.ts
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ import '@testing-library/jest-dom'
 import React from 'react'
 import 'core-js/actual/structured-clone'
 
-global.React = React
+globalThis.React = React
 
 // Add fetch polyfill for jsdom test environment
 // Node.js 18+ has native fetch, but jsdom doesn't include it
-if (typeof global.fetch === 'undefined') {
+if (typeof globalThis.fetch === 'undefined') {
   // Use a simple mock fetch for testing
-  global.fetch = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+  globalThis.fetch = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({
     ok: true,
     status: 200,
     statusText: 'OK',
@@ -50,24 +50,24 @@ jest.mock('next-auth/react', () => {
   }
 })
 
-if (!global.structuredClone) {
-  global.structuredClone = (val) => JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(val))
+if (!globalThis.structuredClone) {
+  globalThis.structuredClone = (val) => JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(val))
 }
 
 beforeAll(() => {
-  if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
-    jest.spyOn(window, 'requestAnimationFrame').mockImplementation((cb) => {
+  if (typeof globalThis !== 'undefined') {
+    jest.spyOn(globalThis, 'requestAnimationFrame').mockImplementation((cb) => {
       return setTimeout(cb, 0)
     })
 
-    Object.defineProperty(window, 'runAnimationFrameCallbacks', {
+    Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'runAnimationFrameCallbacks', {
       value: () => {},
       configurable: true,
       writable: true,
     })
   }
 
-  global.ResizeObserver = class {
+  globalThis.ResizeObserver = class {
     disconnect() {}
     observe() {}
     unobserve() {}
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ beforeEach(() => {
     throw new Error(`Console error: ${args.join(' ')}`)
   })
 
-  jest.spyOn(global.console, 'warn').mockImplementation((message) => {
+  jest.spyOn(globalThis.console, 'warn').mockImplementation((message) => {
     if (
       typeof message === 'string' &&
       message.includes('[@zag-js/dismissable] node is `null` or `undefined`')
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ beforeEach(() => {
     }
   })
 
-  Object.defineProperty(window, 'matchMedia', {
+  Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'matchMedia', {
     writable: true,
     value: jest.fn().mockImplementation((query) => ({
       matches: false,
@@ -102,6 +102,6 @@ beforeEach(() => {
     })),
   })
 
-  global.runAnimationFrameCallbacks = jest.fn()
-  global.removeAnimationFrameCallbacks = jest.fn()
+  globalThis.runAnimationFrameCallbacks = jest.fn()
+  globalThis.removeAnimationFrameCallbacks = jest.fn()
 })
diff --git a/frontend/src/app/mentorship/programs/[programKey]/page.tsx b/frontend/src/app/mentorship/programs/[programKey]/page.tsx
index cf23164bb2..4adf2c0961 100644
--- a/frontend/src/app/mentorship/programs/[programKey]/page.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/app/mentorship/programs/[programKey]/page.tsx
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ const ProgramDetailsPage = () => {
           const params = new URLSearchParams(searchParams.toString())
           params.delete('refresh')
           const cleaned = params.toString()
-          router.replace(cleaned ? `?${cleaned}` : window.location.pathname, { scroll: false })
+          router.replace(cleaned ? `?${cleaned}` : globalThis.location.pathname, { scroll: false })
         }
       }
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/app/my/mentorship/page.tsx b/frontend/src/app/my/mentorship/page.tsx
index b95f6b5466..3de19c9c32 100644
--- a/frontend/src/app/my/mentorship/page.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/app/my/mentorship/page.tsx
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ const MyMentorshipPage: React.FC = () => {
     const params = new URLSearchParams()
     if (searchQuery) params.set('q', searchQuery)
     if (page > 1) params.set('page', String(page))
-    const nextUrl = params.toString() ? `?${params}` : window.location.pathname
-    if (window.location.search !== `?${params}`) {
+    const nextUrl = params.toString() ? `?${params}` : globalThis.location.pathname
+    if (globalThis.location.search !== `?${params}`) {
       router.push(nextUrl, { scroll: false })
     }
   }, [searchQuery, page, router])
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ const MyMentorshipPage: React.FC = () => {
         currentPage={page}
         onPageChange={(p) => {
           setPage(p)
-          window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' })
+          globalThis.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' })
         }}
         onSearch={(q) => {
           setSearchQuery(q)
diff --git a/frontend/src/app/my/mentorship/programs/[programKey]/page.tsx b/frontend/src/app/my/mentorship/programs/[programKey]/page.tsx
index c386ef1b44..0cec3c40ec 100644
--- a/frontend/src/app/my/mentorship/programs/[programKey]/page.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/app/my/mentorship/programs/[programKey]/page.tsx
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ const ProgramDetailsPage = () => {
           const params = new URLSearchParams(searchParams.toString())
           params.delete('refresh')
           const cleaned = params.toString()
-          router.replace(cleaned ? `?${cleaned}` : window.location.pathname, { scroll: false })
+          router.replace(cleaned ? `?${cleaned}` : globalThis.location.pathname, { scroll: false })
         }
       }
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/AnchorTitle.tsx b/frontend/src/components/AnchorTitle.tsx
index 7557d9114e..667b01d17c 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/AnchorTitle.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/AnchorTitle.tsx
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ const AnchorTitle: React.FC<AnchorTitleProps> = ({ title }) => {
   }
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    const hash = window.location.hash.replace('#', '')
+    const hash = globalThis.location.hash.replace('#', '')
     if (hash === id) {
       requestAnimationFrame(() => scrollToElement())
     }
@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ const AnchorTitle: React.FC<AnchorTitleProps> = ({ title }) => {
 
   useEffect(() => {
     const handlePopState = () => {
-      const hash = window.location.hash.replace('#', '')
+      const hash = globalThis.location.hash.replace('#', '')
       if (hash === id) {
         requestAnimationFrame(() => scrollToElement())
       }
     }
-    window.addEventListener('popstate', handlePopState)
-    return () => window.removeEventListener('popstate', handlePopState)
+    globalThis.addEventListener('popstate', handlePopState)
+    return () => globalThis.removeEventListener('popstate', handlePopState)
   }, [id, scrollToElement])
 
   return (
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/CardDetailsPage.tsx b/frontend/src/components/CardDetailsPage.tsx
index 1fde4c4490..ca2055cebb 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/CardDetailsPage.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/CardDetailsPage.tsx
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ const DetailsCard = ({
                   type="button"
                   className="flex items-center justify-center gap-2 rounded-md border border-[#0D6EFD] bg-transparent px-2 py-2 text-nowrap text-[#0D6EFD] transition-all hover:bg-[#0D6EFD] hover:text-white dark:border-sky-600 dark:text-sky-600 dark:hover:bg-sky-100"
                   onClick={() => {
-                    router.push(`${window.location.pathname}/edit`)
+                    router.push(`${globalThis.location.pathname}/edit`)
                   }}
                 >
                   Edit Module
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/ChapterMap.tsx b/frontend/src/components/ChapterMap.tsx
index 36c360aca5..ee145c1017 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/ChapterMap.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/ChapterMap.tsx
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ const ChapterMap = ({
       popupContent.className = 'popup-content'
       popupContent.textContent = chapter.name
       popupContent.addEventListener('click', () => {
-        window.location.href = `/chapters/${chapter.key}`
+        globalThis.location.href = `/chapters/${chapter.key}`
       })
       popup.setContent(popupContent)
       marker.bindPopup(popup)
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/Header.tsx b/frontend/src/components/Header.tsx
index 689eb6af90..d653ac4514 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/Header.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/Header.tsx
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ export default function Header({ isGitHubAuthEnabled }: { readonly isGitHubAuthE
 
   useEffect(() => {
     const handleResize = () => {
-      if (window.innerWidth >= desktopViewMinWidth) {
+      if (globalThis.innerWidth >= desktopViewMinWidth) {
         setMobileMenuOpen(false)
       }
     }
@@ -45,12 +45,12 @@ export default function Header({ isGitHubAuthEnabled }: { readonly isGitHubAuthE
       }
     }
 
-    window.addEventListener('resize', handleResize)
-    window.addEventListener('click', handleOutsideClick)
+    globalThis.addEventListener('resize', handleResize)
+    globalThis.addEventListener('click', handleOutsideClick)
 
     return () => {
-      window.removeEventListener('resize', handleResize)
-      window.removeEventListener('click', handleOutsideClick)
+      globalThis.removeEventListener('resize', handleResize)
+      globalThis.removeEventListener('click', handleOutsideClick)
     }
   }, [mobileMenuOpen])
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/ModuleCard.tsx b/frontend/src/components/ModuleCard.tsx
index d5f8cdb594..479e9ec136 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/ModuleCard.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/ModuleCard.tsx
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ const ModuleCard = ({ modules, accessLevel, admins }: ModuleCardProps) => {
 const ModuleItem = ({ details }: { details: Module }) => {
   const router = useRouter()
   const handleClick = () => {
-    router.push(`${window.location.pathname}/modules/${details.key}`)
+    router.push(`${globalThis.location.pathname}/modules/${details.key}`)
   }
 
   return (
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/MultiSearch.tsx b/frontend/src/components/MultiSearch.tsx
index e675021203..4643ae98e3 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/MultiSearch.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/MultiSearch.tsx
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ const MultiSearchBar: React.FC<MultiSearchBarProps> = ({
         if (query && query.trim() !== '') {
           sendGAEvent({
             event: 'homepageSearch',
-            path: window.location.pathname,
+            path: globalThis.location.pathname,
             value: query,
           })
         }
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ const MultiSearchBar: React.FC<MultiSearchBarProps> = ({
           router.push(`/chapters/${suggestion.key}`)
           break
         case 'events':
-          window.open((suggestion as Event).url, '_blank')
+          globalThis.open((suggestion as Event).url, '_blank')
           break
         case 'organizations':
           // Use type guard to safely access login property
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/ProgramActions.tsx b/frontend/src/components/ProgramActions.tsx
index 93f4e380e9..039dae5240 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/ProgramActions.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/ProgramActions.tsx
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ const ProgramActions: React.FC<ProgramActionsProps> = ({ status, setStatus }) =>
   const handleAction = (actionKey: string) => {
     switch (actionKey) {
       case 'edit Program':
-        router.push(`${window.location.pathname}/edit`)
+        router.push(`${globalThis.location.pathname}/edit`)
         break
       case 'create_module':
-        router.push(`${window.location.pathname}/modules/create`)
+        router.push(`${globalThis.location.pathname}/modules/create`)
         break
       case 'publish':
         setStatus(ProgramStatusEnum.Published)
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/Search.tsx b/frontend/src/components/Search.tsx
index 93f9743637..3e4f6c856a 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/Search.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/Search.tsx
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ const SearchBar: React.FC<SearchProps> = ({
         if (query && query.trim() !== '') {
           sendGTMEvent({
             event: 'search',
-            path: window.location.pathname,
+            path: globalThis.location.pathname,
             value: query,
           })
         }
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/SingleModuleCard.tsx b/frontend/src/components/SingleModuleCard.tsx
index 2b7d3f1435..ced93ecc44 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/SingleModuleCard.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/SingleModuleCard.tsx
@@ -37,17 +37,17 @@ const SingleModuleCard: React.FC<SingleModuleCardProps> = ({
 
   const handleView = () => {
     setDropdownOpen(false)
-    router.push(`${window.location.pathname}/modules/${module.key}`)
+    router.push(`${globalThis.location.pathname}/modules/${module.key}`)
   }
 
   const handleEdit = () => {
     setDropdownOpen(false)
-    router.push(`${window.location.pathname}/modules/${module.key}/edit`)
+    router.push(`${globalThis.location.pathname}/modules/${module.key}/edit`)
   }
 
   const handleCreate = () => {
     setDropdownOpen(false)
-    router.push(`${window.location.pathname}/modules/create`)
+    router.push(`${globalThis.location.pathname}/modules/create`)
   }
 
   const moduleDetails = [
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ const SingleModuleCard: React.FC<SingleModuleCardProps> = ({
         <div className="flex cursor-pointer items-center gap-2">
           <FontAwesomeIcon icon={faUsers} className="text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-300" />
           <Link
-            href={`${window.location.pathname}/modules/${module.key}`}
+            href={`${globalThis.location.pathname}/modules/${module.key}`}
             target="_blank"
             rel="noopener noreferrer"
             className="flex-1"
diff --git a/frontend/src/hooks/useIsMobile.ts b/frontend/src/hooks/useIsMobile.ts
index 90b59fe998..520c94c6e4 100644
--- a/frontend/src/hooks/useIsMobile.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/hooks/useIsMobile.ts
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ export const useIsMobile = () => {
 
   useEffect(() => {
     // check whether the browser supports matchMedia API
-    if (typeof window.matchMedia !== 'function') return
+    if (typeof globalThis.matchMedia !== 'function') return
 
-    const mediaQuery = window.matchMedia(`(max-width: ${desktopViewMinWidth - 1}px)`)
+    const mediaQuery = globalThis.matchMedia(`(max-width: ${desktopViewMinWidth - 1}px)`)
 
     const handleChange = (e: MediaQueryListEvent | MediaQueryList) => {
       setIsMobile(e.matches)
diff --git a/frontend/src/server/fetchMetricsPDF.ts b/frontend/src/server/fetchMetricsPDF.ts
index 8cd3ee97d7..8b1a91cf7d 100644
--- a/frontend/src/server/fetchMetricsPDF.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/server/fetchMetricsPDF.ts
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ export const fetchMetricsPDF = async (path: string, fileName: string): Promise<v
       handleAppError(new Error('No data received from the server'))
       return
     }
-    const url = window.URL.createObjectURL(blob)
+    const url = globalThis.URL.createObjectURL(blob)
     const link = document.createElement('a')
     link.href = url
     link.setAttribute('download', `${fileName}-${new Date().toISOString().split('T')[0]}.pdf`)
     document.body.appendChild(link)
     link.click()
     document.body.removeChild(link)
-    window.URL.revokeObjectURL(url)
+    globalThis.URL.revokeObjectURL(url)
   } catch (error) {
     handleAppError(error)
   }
diff --git a/frontend/src/utils/helpers/githubHeatmap.ts b/frontend/src/utils/helpers/githubHeatmap.ts
index 4fdd22d99f..fd06f967c7 100644
--- a/frontend/src/utils/helpers/githubHeatmap.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/utils/helpers/githubHeatmap.ts
@@ -168,10 +168,10 @@ interface Theme {
 }
 
 function getPixelRatio() {
-  if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+  if (typeof globalThis === 'undefined') {
     return 1
   }
-  return window.devicePixelRatio || 1
+  return globalThis.devicePixelRatio || 1
 }
 
 const DATE_FORMAT = 'yyyy-MM-dd'
diff --git a/frontend/src/utils/scrollToAnchor.ts b/frontend/src/utils/scrollToAnchor.ts
index a3c7d21c60..afae0b2a9c 100644
--- a/frontend/src/utils/scrollToAnchor.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/utils/scrollToAnchor.ts
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ export function scrollToAnchor(targetId: string, additionalOffset = 80): void {
     const yOffset = -headingHeight - additionalOffset
 
     // Use modern window.scrollY instead of deprecated pageYOffset
-    const y = element.getBoundingClientRect().top + window.scrollY + yOffset
-    window.scrollTo({
+    const y = element.getBoundingClientRect().top + globalThis.scrollY + yOffset
+    globalThis.scrollTo({
       top: y,
       behavior: 'smooth',
     })
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ export const scrollToAnchorWithHistory = (targetId: string, updateHistory = true
   if (updateHistory) {
     try {
       const href = `#${targetId}`
-      window.history.pushState(null, '', href)
+      globalThis.history.pushState(null, '', href)
     } catch {
       // Silently handle history update errors
     }