Style guide

Following are the coding conventions that Materialize developers should strive to adhere to.

SQL style

The PostgreSQL manual adheres to a consistent style for its SQL statements, and we strive to do the same.

The basic idea is to capitalize keywords, but lowercase identifiers. What counts as a keyword and what counts as an identifier is often surprising, especially when the identifier refers to a built-in function or type.

For example, here is a properly formatted CREATE TABLE statement:

CREATE TABLE distributors (
    id integer PRIMARY KEY,
    name varchar(40)
)

CREATE and TABLE are obviously both keywords, and are capitalized as such. Perhaps surprisingly, integer is a type name—an identifier—and therefore is not capitalized. The same is true for varchar. But PRIMARY and KEY are keywords, and are again capitalized.

The formatting of SQL statements is generally straightforward. For example:

SELECT
    sum(l_extendedprice * l_discount) AS revenue,
    EXTRACT (DAY FROM l_shipdate)
FROM
    lineitem
WHERE
    l_quantity < 24
    AND l_shipdate >= DATE '1994-01-01'
    AND l_shipdate < DATE '1994-01-01' + INTERVAL '1' YEAR
    AND l_discount BETWEEN 0.06 - 0.01 AND 0.07

A few tokens require special attention.

Aggregate functions, like sum, are not capitalized. In general, functions are never capitalized. EXTRACT, however, is capitalized, because EXTRACT is a function-like operator that has special syntax—notice how it its argument is DAY FROM l_shipdate, where DAY and FROM are keywords. If it were a normal function, it would be formatted as extract('day', l_shipdate).

Type constructors like DATE '1994-01-01 and INTERVAL '1' YEAR do capitalize the type name, because in this case the type name is a keyword. These date-time related keywords are strange corner of SQL's syntax. There is no INTEGER '7' syntax, for example.

The keywords TRUE, FALSE, and NULL are always capitalized, even though they are often rendered in output as lowercase.

Function calls, including type constructors that take arguments, should not have a space between the name of the function and the open parenthesis, but keywords followed by an open parenthesis should have a space in between. Symbolic operators, like = and +, should always be surrounded by spaces, and commas should always be followed by a space. Following are several examples of queries that obey the spacing rules

CREATE TABLE t (a varchar(40));
CREATE CONNECTION kafka_conn TO KAFKA (BROKER 'localhost:9092');
CREATE SOURCE test FROM KAFKA CONNECTION kafka_conn (TOPIC 'top') WITH (config_param = 'yes') FORMAT BYTES;
SELECT coalesce(1, NULL, 2);
SELECT CAST (1 AS text); -- note the space after CAST
SELECT (1 + 2) - (7 * 4);

and several queries that don't:

CREATE TABLE t (a varchar (40));
CREATE CONNECTION kafka_conn TO KAFKA (BROKER 'localhost:9092');
CREATE SOURCE test FROM KAFKA CONNECTION kafka_conn )TOPIC 'top') WITH (tail=true);
SELECT coalesce (1, NULL,2);
SELECT CAST(1 AS text);
SELECT 1+2;

There are no rules about how to break a SQL query across multiple lines, and how to indent the resulting pieces, so just do whatever you think looks best.

These rules are admittedly somewhat obtuse, and even the PostgreSQL manual is not entirely consistent on the finer points, so don't worry about being exact. But please at least capitalize the obvious keywords, like SELECT, INSERT, FROM, WHERE, AS, AND, etc.

Error message style

Portions of this section are copied from the PostgreSQL documentation and subject to the PostgreSQL license, a copy of which is available in the LICENSE file at the root of this repository.

For error message style, we strive to adhere to the guidelines in the PostgreSQL manual, and use a format that consists of a required primary message followed by optional detail and hint messages.

Primary message: short, factual, and avoids reference to implementation details. Lowercase the first letter and do not end with any punctuation.
Detail message: factual, use if needed to keep the primary message short or to mention implementation details. Use complete sentences, each of which starts with a capitalized letter and ends with a period. Separate sentences with two spaces.
Hint message: suggestions about what to do to fix the problem. This should be actionable, and can provide a shortlink to direct the user to more information. Use complete sentences, each of which starts with a capitalized letter and ends with a period. Separate sentences with two spaces.

Primary: could not parse column "bar.foo"
Detail: Column "bar.foo" contains an unsupported type.
Hint: Try using CAST in the CREATE SOURCE statement or excluding this column from replication.

To use a shortlink in a Hint, add the shortlink to this file in your PR to add/modify the hint message. Be mindful that we are committed to the upkeep of the referenced link.

Some key principles to highlight are:

Do not put any formatting into message texts, such as newlines.
Use quotes to delimit file names, user-supplied identifiers, and other variables that might contain words.
Use double quotes when quoting is appropriate.
Use past tense if an attempt to do something failed, but could perhaps succeed next time (perhaps after fixing some problem). Use present tense if the failure is certainly permanent.
When citing the name of an object, state what kind of object it is. Print the type in all lowercase.
Avoid mentioning called function names. Instead say what the code was trying to do.
Tricky words to avoid: unable, bad, illegal, unknown.
Avoid contractions and spell out words in full.
Word choices to be mindful of: find vs. exist, may vs. can vs. might.

System catalog style

We adhere to standards for our system catalog relations (tables, views), which includes both the stable mz_catalog relations and the unstable mz_internal relations.

Modeling standards:

Normalize the schema for tables. If you’re adding a table that adds detail to rows in an existing table, refer to those rows by ID, and don’t duplicate columns that already exist. E.g., the mz_kafka_sources table does not include the name of the source, since that information is available in the mz_sources table.
- Remember, Materialize is good at joins! We can always add syntax sugar via a SHOW command or a view to spare users from typing out the joins for common queries.
Use the interval type to represent durations. Do not use integers where the unit is indicated as a suffix on the column name. E.g., use startup_time interval, not startup_time_ms integer. The only exception is durations with nanosecond precision. Since the interval type only has millisecond precision, it is acceptable to use <$name>_ns integer when necessary (e.g., delay_ns).

Naming standards:

Catalog relation names should be consistent with the user-facing naming and messaging in our docs. The names should not reference internal-only concepts when possible.
Avoid all but the most common abbreviations. Say position instead of pos. Say return instead of ret. Say definition instead of def.
- We allow four abbreviations at present: id, oid, ip, and url.
Use kebab-case for enum values. E.g., the type of a Confluent Schema Registry connection is confluent-schema-registry and the type of a materialized view is materialized-view. Only use hyphens to separate multiple words. Don’t introduce hyphens for CamelCased proper nouns. For example, the “AWS PrivateLink” connection is represented as aws-privatelink.
Name timestamp fields with an _at suffix, e.g., occurred_at.
Do not name boolean fields with an is_ prefix. E.g., say indexed, not is_indexed.
For relation names, pluralize the final noun, unless the final noun in the name is a collective noun. Most relations in the catalog will be plural, e.g. mz_sources and mz_connections.
- Examples of collective final nouns are _usage, _history, and _utilization.
- A good example of these standards in practice is the set of relations mz_sources, mz_source_statuses, and mz_source_status_history.

Function Style

We adhere to standards for our SQL functions.

Naming standards:

If the function exists in PostgreSQL, then use the PostgreSQL function and argument names.
If the function is specific to Materialize internals, then the name should be prefixed with mz_. For example, mz_now().
If the function does not exist in PostgreSQL, but it is not specific to Materialize internals, then the name does not need to be prefixed with mz_. However, it should not collide with an existing PostgreSQL function.

Log message style

We use the tracing crate's log macros. Observe the following guidelines:

Use sentence fragment style (no initial capitalization and no terminating period). Say "beginning operation", not "Beginning operation."
Prefer structured fields to string formatting when it may be valuable to search by the value of said field, e.g.:
```
fn handle_persist_thingy(shard_id: ShardId) {
    // Preferred.
    info!(shard_id = ?shard_id, "handling persist thingy");
    // Acceptable.
    info!("handling persist thingy for shard {}", shard_id);
}
```
(We're still working on deploying the log aggregator that will allow for searching by structured fields.)

Messages at each level must meet the indicated standard:

ERROR: Reports an error that certainly indicates data corruption, data loss, unavailability, or an invariant violation that results in undefined behavior.

Use judiciously. These errors are reported to Sentry. The goal is to eventually have every occurrence of an error! log message in production to automatically start an incident and page the on-call engineer.

Consider instead using panic! or unreachable!. The scenarios in which a correctness invariant is violated but it is safe to proceed without crashing are quite rare.

Examples:
- A referenced collection is not present in the storage controller.
- A source ingested the deletion of a record that does not exist, causing a "negative multiplicity."
WARN: Either:
- Like an ERROR, but where there is some uncertainty about the error condition.
- A recoverable error that is still unexpected.
These warnings are not reported to Sentry and do not require urgent attention on our end, but they should be the first events looked at when a problem has been identified.

Any changes to the occurrence of WARN-level log events that are noticed during release qualification should be investigated before proceeding with the release.
- A cancellation request was received for an unknown peek.
- A Kafka source cannot connect to any of its brokers.
INFO: Reports normal system status changes. Messages at this level are likely to be of interest to the support or engineering team during an investigation of a problem, but do not otherwise require attention.

Examples:
- A process has started listening for incoming connections.
- A view was created.
- A view was dropped.
DEBUG: Like INFO, but for events where the likelihood of usefulness is too low for the event to be emitted by default.

The idea is that when you are debugging a problem in a particular crate or module, you can temporarily enable DEBUG-level logs for that specific crate or module in the affected environment.

Examples:
- An HTTP request was routed through a proxy specified by the http_proxy environment variable.
- An S3 object downloaded by an S3 source had an invalid Content-Encoding header that was ignored, but the object was nonetheless decoded successfully.
TRACE: Like DEBUG, but for events that meet an even lower standard of relevance or importance.

Enabling TRACE logs can generate multiple gigabytes of log messages per hour. Use extreme caution when enabling this log level. You should generally only enable this log level when developing locally, and only for a single module at a time.

Examples:
- A Kafka source consumed a message.
- A SQL client issued a command.

Rust style

Clippy and rustfmt are enforced via CI, and they are quite opinionated on many matters of style.

Consider also familiarizing yourself with the Rust API guidelines, which summarize many lessons learned by the Rust team as they designed the standard library. Not all of these guidelines generalize well to application code, so use your judgement.¹

¹ For example, the C-EXAMPLE guideline suggests that all public items (modules, traits, structs, enums, functions, methods, macros, and type definitions) should have rustdoc examples. This is a great standard for libraries, but total overkill for a fast-moving startup like Materialize.

Tokio-specific

You should use the spawn and spawn_blocking functions in the ore::task module as opposed to the native. There is also a RuntimeExt trait that adds spawn_named and spawn_blocking_named to Arc<Runtime> and Handle from tokio. They are named different as to avoid clashing with inherent methods.

These functions require a closure that produces a name for the task, to improve the use of tokio-console

Test-specific

You should prefer to panic in tests rather than returning an error. Tests that return errors do not produce useful backtraces and instead just point to the line in libtest that asserts that the test didn't return an error. Panics will produce useful backtraces that include the line where the panic occurred. This is especially useful for debugging flaky tests in CI.

Errors

Prefer structured errors over strings

Common case: Use thiserror to define structured errors instead of using strings as errors. Meaning, you should not use anyhow!("this is my error"). When your error wraps other errors or contain other errors as the underlying cause or source, you should make sure to tag them with #[from] or #[source].

If you write your own error enums, make sure to implement the standard Error trait and to properly implement source(). This makes it so that we can get the chain of causing/underlying errors so that they can be reported correctly when needed. With thiserror this will happen automatically when you use the #[from] attribute.

The Display impl of your error type should not print the chain of errors but only print itself and rely on callers to print the error chain when needed. Again, this is the behaviour you will get by just using thiserror. There could be exceptions when your error type is wrapping another error type or is compositionally including one or multiple other errors, but those should be very rare!

Printing errors

As mentioned above, the Display impl of an error should not print the chain of source errors. Whenever you do need to print an error with its chain of errors, say when tracing/logging or surfacing an error to users, you should make that explicit. We have the ResultExt and ErrorExt traits that provide map_err_to_string_with_causes/err_to_string_with_causes (for results) and display_with_causes/to_string_with_causes (for errors), that do this for you.

Imports

There are unfortunately no good ways of enforcing a consistent import style in CI. In particular, most of the import formatting features of rustfmt are unstable and will presumably remain so for some time.

In absence of opinionated auto-formatting, we instead use an import style that is compatible with rust-analyzer's auto import feature. The intention is to reduce the friction experienced during normal development as much as possible. A match between the code editor's auto import style and our preferred code style also makes it less likely that incorrectly formatted imports end up in PRs.

You should follow these rules for formatting imports in Rust:

Group imports in the following order:

// `std`/`core` imports
use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
use std::iter::repeat;

// imports from external crates (including `mz_` crates)
use itertools::Itertools;
use mz_ore::collections::CollectionExt;
use tracing::info;

// `crate` imports
use crate::util::{index_sql, ResultExt};
use crate::{AdapterError, ExecuteResponse};

Merge imports from the same module into a single use statement.
Do not merge imports from different modules.
Use absolute paths for crate-level imports, i.e. crate:: rather than super:: or self::.
- Note that there are cases where readability is significantly improved by ignoring this rule, the most prominent one being the use of use super::*; to make the code under test available inside a tests submodule.

rust-analyzer Configuration

rust-analyzer's auto import feature can be configured to adhere to the above rules by setting the following options:

imports.granularity.group = module
imports.prefix = crate

Tests

Use the mz_ore::test macro instead of test, since it automatically initializes logging. For tokio tests you can use #[mz_ore::test(tokio::test)].

Before:

#[test]
fn test_auth_base() {
    mz_ore::test::init_logging();
    // Test body here
}

After:

#[mz_ore::test]
fn test_auth_base() {
    // Test body here
}

For tokio tests with parameters:

#[mz_ore::test(tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread"))]
async fn state_cache_concurrency() {
    // Test body here
}

By default the "info" logging level is used. You can still set a different logging level inside your test manually if you wish:

mz_ore::test::init_logging_default("warn");

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style.md

style.md

Style guide

SQL style

Error message style

System catalog style

Function Style

Log message style

Rust style

Tokio-specific

Test-specific

Errors

Prefer structured errors over strings

Printing errors

Imports

rust-analyzer Configuration

Tests

Files

style.md

Latest commit

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style.md

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Style guide

SQL style

Error message style

System catalog style

Function Style

Log message style

Rust style

Tokio-specific

Test-specific

Errors

Prefer structured errors over strings

Printing errors

Imports

rust-analyzer Configuration

Tests