diff --git a/starlette/middleware/base.py b/starlette/middleware/base.py
index bfb4a54a4..c1cdcc8ba 100644
--- a/starlette/middleware/base.py
+++ b/starlette/middleware/base.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 from starlette.requests import Request
 from starlette.responses import Response, StreamingResponse
-from starlette.types import ASGIApp, Receive, Scope, Send
+from starlette.types import ASGIApp, Message, Receive, Scope, Send
 
 RequestResponseEndpoint = typing.Callable[[Request], typing.Awaitable[Response]]
 DispatchFunction = typing.Callable[
@@ -29,9 +29,18 @@ async def call_next(request: Request) -> Response:
             async def coro() -> None:
                 nonlocal app_exc
 
+                app_receive = request.receive
+
+                if receive_called:
+                    # middleware consumed the request body
+                    async def error_receive() -> Message:
+                        raise RuntimeError("Receive stream already consumed")
+
+                    app_receive = error_receive
+
                 async with send_stream:
                     try:
-                        await self.app(scope, request.receive, send_stream.send)
+                        await self.app(scope, app_receive, send_stream.send)
                     except Exception as exc:
                         app_exc = exc
 
@@ -61,8 +70,15 @@ async def body_stream() -> typing.AsyncGenerator[bytes, None]:
             response.raw_headers = message["headers"]
             return response
 
+        receive_called = False
+
+        async def tracked_receive() -> Message:
+            nonlocal receive_called
+            receive_called = True
+            return await receive()
+
         async with anyio.create_task_group() as task_group:
-            request = Request(scope, receive=receive)
+            request = Request(scope, receive=tracked_receive)
             response = await self.dispatch_func(request, call_next)
             await response(scope, receive, send)
             task_group.cancel_scope.cancel()
diff --git a/tests/middleware/test_base.py b/tests/middleware/test_base.py
index 04da3a961..5b1d42667 100644
--- a/tests/middleware/test_base.py
+++ b/tests/middleware/test_base.py
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 from starlette.applications import Starlette
 from starlette.middleware import Middleware
 from starlette.middleware.base import BaseHTTPMiddleware
-from starlette.responses import PlainTextResponse, StreamingResponse
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import PlainTextResponse, Response, StreamingResponse
 from starlette.routing import Mount, Route, WebSocketRoute
 
 
@@ -163,3 +164,23 @@ def test_exception_on_mounted_apps(test_client_factory):
     with pytest.raises(Exception) as ctx:
         client.get("/sub/")
     assert str(ctx.value) == "Exc"
+
+
+def test_stream_consumed_in_middleware(test_client_factory) -> None:
+    class CustomMiddleware(BaseHTTPMiddleware):
+        async def dispatch(self, request, call_next):
+            await request.body()
+            response = await call_next(request)
+            return response  # pragma: no cover
+
+    async def endpoint(request: Request) -> Response:
+        await request.body()
+        return Response()  # pragma: no cover
+
+    app = Starlette(
+        middleware=[Middleware(CustomMiddleware)], routes=[Route("/", endpoint)]
+    )
+
+    client = test_client_factory(app)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Receive stream already consumed"):
+        client.get("/")