diff --git a/.eslintrc.json b/.eslintrc.json
index 73acfd71ca..1ec3087f50 100644
--- a/.eslintrc.json
+++ b/.eslintrc.json
@@ -3,8 +3,15 @@
   "env": {
     "mocha": true
   },
+  "parserOptions": {
+    "sourceType": "module",
+    "ecmaVersion": 2020
+  },
   "rules": {
     "node/no-missing-require": ["off"], 
-    "node/no-unpublished-require": ["off"]
+    "node/no-missing-import": ["off"], 
+    "node/no-unpublished-require": ["off"],
+    "node/no-unpublished-import": ["off"],
+    "node/no-unsupported-features/es-syntax": ["off"]
   }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/eventarc/audit-storage/package.json b/eventarc/audit-storage/package.json
index c9629bcf03..bd0289611b 100644
--- a/eventarc/audit-storage/package.json
+++ b/eventarc/audit-storage/package.json
@@ -10,8 +10,9 @@
     "type": "git",
     "url": "https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/nodejs-docs-samples.git"
   },
+  "type": "module",
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">= 12.0.0"
+    "node": ">= 12.2.0"
   },
   "scripts": {
     "start": "node index.js",
@@ -24,7 +25,9 @@
     "express": "^4.16.4"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "got": "^11.5.0",
+    "@types/sinon": "^10.0.13",
+    "@types/supertest": "^2.0.12",
+    "got": "^12.0.0",
     "mocha": "^10.0.0",
     "sinon": "^15.0.0",
     "supertest": "^6.0.0"
diff --git a/eventarc/audit-storage/test/app.test.js b/eventarc/audit-storage/test/app.test.js
index 3138250af1..fd28b5c135 100644
--- a/eventarc/audit-storage/test/app.test.js
+++ b/eventarc/audit-storage/test/app.test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2020, Google LLC.
+// Copyright 2020 Google LLC
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 // You may obtain a copy of the License at
@@ -18,16 +18,22 @@
 
 'use strict';
 
-const assert = require('assert');
-const path = require('path');
-const supertest = require('supertest');
-const sinon = require('sinon');
+import assert from 'assert';
+import path from 'path';
+import supertest from 'supertest';
+import sinon from 'sinon';
+import {createRequire} from 'module';
+
+import {fileURLToPath} from 'url';
+import {dirname} from 'path';
+const __filename = fileURLToPath(import.meta.url);
+const __dirname = dirname(__filename);
 
 let request;
 
 describe('Unit Tests', () => {
   before(() => {
-    const app = require(path.join(__dirname, '..', 'app'));
+    const app = createRequire(path.join(__dirname, '..', 'app'));
     request = supertest(app);
   });
 
diff --git a/eventarc/audit-storage/test/system.test.js b/eventarc/audit-storage/test/system.test.js
index 9ba94a66b6..2d027291e4 100644
--- a/eventarc/audit-storage/test/system.test.js
+++ b/eventarc/audit-storage/test/system.test.js
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-const assert = require('assert');
-const got = require('got');
+import assert from 'assert';
+import got from 'got';
 
-const request = (method, route, base_url) => {
+function request(method, route, base_url) {
   const {ID_TOKEN} = process.env;
   if (!ID_TOKEN) {
     throw Error('"ID_TOKEN" environment variable is required.');
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ const request = (method, route, base_url) => {
     method: method || 'get',
     throwHttpErrors: false,
   });
-};
+}
 
 describe('End-to-End Tests', () => {
   const {BASE_URL} = process.env;
diff --git a/eventarc/generic/package.json b/eventarc/generic/package.json
index ded0be6c20..634a251bdd 100644
--- a/eventarc/generic/package.json
+++ b/eventarc/generic/package.json
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
   "name": "cloud-eventarc-generic",
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
   "main": "index.js",
   "author": "Google LLC",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@
     "url": "https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/nodejs-docs-samples.git"
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">= 12.0.0"
+    "node": ">= 12.2.0"
   },
   "scripts": {
     "start": "node index.js",
@@ -21,7 +22,9 @@
     "express": "^4.16.4"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "got": "^11.5.0",
+    "@types/sinon": "^10.0.13",
+    "@types/supertest": "^2.0.12",
+    "got": "^12.0.0",
     "mocha": "^10.0.0",
     "sinon": "^15.0.0",
     "supertest": "^6.0.0",
diff --git a/eventarc/generic/test/app.test.js b/eventarc/generic/test/app.test.js
index 34b490930e..07451fcae1 100644
--- a/eventarc/generic/test/app.test.js
+++ b/eventarc/generic/test/app.test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2019, Google LLC.
+// Copyright 2019 Google LLC
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 // You may obtain a copy of the License at
@@ -18,15 +18,21 @@
 
 'use strict';
 
-const assert = require('assert');
-const path = require('path');
-const supertest = require('supertest');
+import assert from 'assert';
+import path from 'path';
+import supertest from 'supertest';
+import {createRequire} from 'module';
+import {fileURLToPath} from 'url';
+import {dirname} from 'path';
+
+const __filename = fileURLToPath(import.meta.url);
+const __dirname = dirname(__filename);
 
 let request;
 
 describe('Unit Tests', () => {
   before(() => {
-    const app = require(path.join(__dirname, '..', 'app'));
+    const app = createRequire(path.join(__dirname, '..', 'app'));
     request = supertest(app);
   });
 
diff --git a/eventarc/generic/test/system.test.js b/eventarc/generic/test/system.test.js
index 159f30037a..f8db39e0cb 100644
--- a/eventarc/generic/test/system.test.js
+++ b/eventarc/generic/test/system.test.js
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-const assert = require('assert');
-const got = require('got');
+import assert from 'assert';
+import got from 'got';
 
 const request = (method, route, base_url) => {
   const {ID_TOKEN} = process.env;
diff --git a/eventarc/pubsub/package.json b/eventarc/pubsub/package.json
index 0bb76d3165..fe9cb104eb 100644
--- a/eventarc/pubsub/package.json
+++ b/eventarc/pubsub/package.json
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
   "name": "cloud-eventarc-pubsub",
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
   "description": "Simple Events for Cloud Run – Pub/Sub sample",
   "main": "index.js",
   "author": "Google LLC",
@@ -11,7 +12,7 @@
     "url": "https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/nodejs-docs-samples.git"
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">= 12.0.0"
+    "node": ">= 12.2.0"
   },
   "scripts": {
     "start": "node index.js",
@@ -25,7 +26,9 @@
     "express": "^4.16.4"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "got": "^11.5.0",
+    "@types/sinon": "^10.0.13",
+    "@types/supertest": "^2.0.12",
+    "got": "^12.0.0",
     "mocha": "^10.0.0",
     "sinon": "^15.0.0",
     "supertest": "^6.0.0",
diff --git a/eventarc/pubsub/test/app.test.js b/eventarc/pubsub/test/app.test.js
index 7cbd73d174..fbfd7acc03 100644
--- a/eventarc/pubsub/test/app.test.js
+++ b/eventarc/pubsub/test/app.test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2019, Google LLC.
+// Copyright 2019 Google LLC
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 // You may obtain a copy of the License at
@@ -18,15 +18,21 @@
 
 'use strict';
 
-const assert = require('assert');
-const path = require('path');
-const supertest = require('supertest');
+import assert from 'assert';
+import path from 'path';
+import supertest from 'supertest';
+import {createRequire} from 'module';
+import {fileURLToPath} from 'url';
+import {dirname} from 'path';
+
+const __filename = fileURLToPath(import.meta.url);
+const __dirname = dirname(__filename);
 
 let request;
 
 describe('Unit Tests', () => {
   before(() => {
-    const app = require(path.join(__dirname, '..', 'app'));
+    const app = createRequire(path.join(__dirname, '..', 'app'));
     request = supertest(app);
   });
 
diff --git a/eventarc/pubsub/test/system.test.js b/eventarc/pubsub/test/system.test.js
index 159f30037a..f8db39e0cb 100644
--- a/eventarc/pubsub/test/system.test.js
+++ b/eventarc/pubsub/test/system.test.js
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-const assert = require('assert');
-const got = require('got');
+import assert from 'assert';
+import got from 'got';
 
 const request = (method, route, base_url) => {
   const {ID_TOKEN} = process.env;
diff --git a/run/hello-broken/package.json b/run/hello-broken/package.json
index d639034de3..2fbdabf5a0 100644
--- a/run/hello-broken/package.json
+++ b/run/hello-broken/package.json
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
   "description": "Broken Cloud Run service for troubleshooting practice",
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
   "main": "index.js",
   "scripts": {
     "start": "node index.js",
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "google-auth-library": "^8.0.0",
-    "got": "^11.0.0",
+    "got": "^12.0.0",
     "mocha": "^10.0.0"
   }
 }
diff --git a/run/hello-broken/test/system.test.js b/run/hello-broken/test/system.test.js
index 639c8dc07e..bb75c77537 100644
--- a/run/hello-broken/test/system.test.js
+++ b/run/hello-broken/test/system.test.js
@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-const assert = require('assert');
-const request = require('got');
-const {execSync} = require('child_process');
-const {GoogleAuth} = require('google-auth-library');
+import assert from 'assert';
+import got from 'got';
+import {execSync} from 'child_process';
+import {GoogleAuth} from 'google-auth-library';
 const auth = new GoogleAuth();
 
 const get = (route, base_url, id_token, retry = 3) => {
-  return request(new URL(route, base_url.trim()), {
+  return got(new URL(route, base_url.trim()), {
     headers: {
       Authorization: `${id_token.trim()}`,
     },
diff --git a/run/helloworld/package.json b/run/helloworld/package.json
index 50ae6e0245..a7bd2bb771 100644
--- a/run/helloworld/package.json
+++ b/run/helloworld/package.json
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
   "description": "Simple hello world sample in Node",
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
   "main": "index.js",
   "scripts": {
     "start": "node index.js",
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@
     "system-test": "NAME=Cloud mocha test/system.test.js --timeout=180000"
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">= 12.0.0"
+    "node": ">= 12.2.0"
   },
   "author": "Google LLC",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "google-auth-library": "^8.0.0",
-    "got": "^11.0.0",
+    "got": "^12.0.0",
     "mocha": "^10.0.0",
     "supertest": "^6.0.0"
   }
diff --git a/run/helloworld/test/index.test.js b/run/helloworld/test/index.test.js
index 7e73b12888..884408b592 100644
--- a/run/helloworld/test/index.test.js
+++ b/run/helloworld/test/index.test.js
@@ -12,14 +12,20 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-const assert = require('assert');
-const path = require('path');
-const supertest = require('supertest');
+import assert from 'assert';
+import path from 'path';
+import supertest from 'supertest';
+import {createRequire} from 'module';
+import {fileURLToPath} from 'url';
+import {dirname} from 'path';
+
+const __filename = fileURLToPath(import.meta.url);
+const __dirname = dirname(__filename);
 
 let request;
 describe('Unit Tests', () => {
   before(() => {
-    const app = require(path.join(__dirname, '..', 'index'));
+    const app = createRequire(path.join(__dirname, '..', 'index'));
     request = supertest(app);
   });
 
diff --git a/run/helloworld/test/system.test.js b/run/helloworld/test/system.test.js
index d37258d935..c41d251cfe 100644
--- a/run/helloworld/test/system.test.js
+++ b/run/helloworld/test/system.test.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 const assert = require('assert');
 const {execSync} = require('child_process');
-const request = require('got');
+import got from 'got';
 const {GoogleAuth} = require('google-auth-library');
 const auth = new GoogleAuth();
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ const get = (route, base_url) => {
     throw Error('"ID_TOKEN" environment variable is required.');
   }
 
-  return request(new URL(route, base_url.trim()), {
+  return got(new URL(route, base_url.trim()), {
     headers: {
       Authorization: `${ID_TOKEN.trim()}`,
     },
diff --git a/run/idp-sql/package.json b/run/idp-sql/package.json
index d35eefa03e..8331837e9a 100644
--- a/run/idp-sql/package.json
+++ b/run/idp-sql/package.json
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
   "description": "Identity Platform and Cloud SQL integrations sample for Cloud Run.",
   "version": "0.0.1",
   "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "author": "Google LLC",
   "repository": {
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@
     "url": "https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/nodejs-docs-samples.git"
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">=12.0.0"
+    "node": ">=12.2.0"
   },
   "scripts": {
     "start": "node index.js",
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@
     "winston": "3.8.2"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "got": "^11.7.0",
+    "got": "^12.0.0",
     "mocha": "^10.0.0",
     "short-uuid": "^4.1.0",
     "sinon": "^15.0.0",
diff --git a/run/idp-sql/test/app.test.js b/run/idp-sql/test/app.test.js
index 3d4f989840..6fa53e9067 100644
--- a/run/idp-sql/test/app.test.js
+++ b/run/idp-sql/test/app.test.js
@@ -14,16 +14,22 @@
 
 'use strict';
 
-const path = require('path');
-const assert = require('assert');
-const supertest = require('supertest');
-const {buildRenderedHtml} = require('../handlebars');
+import path from 'path';
+import assert from 'assert';
+import supertest from 'supertest';
+import {createRequire} from 'module';
+import {fileURLToPath} from 'url';
+import {dirname} from 'path';
+import {buildRenderedHtml} from '../handlebars';
+
+const __filename = fileURLToPath(import.meta.url);
+const __dirname = dirname(__filename);
 
 let request;
 
 describe('Unit Tests', () => {
   before(async () => {
-    const app = require(path.join(__dirname, '..', 'app'));
+    const app = createRequire(path.join(__dirname, '..', 'app'));
     request = supertest(app);
   });
 
diff --git a/run/idp-sql/test/system.test.js b/run/idp-sql/test/system.test.js
index 343718467c..11dabb9583 100644
--- a/run/idp-sql/test/system.test.js
+++ b/run/idp-sql/test/system.test.js
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@
 
 'use strict';
 
-const assert = require('assert');
-const got = require('got');
-const admin = require('firebase-admin');
-const {spawnSync, execSync} = require('child_process');
+import assert from 'assert';
+import got from 'got';
+import admin from 'firebase-admin';
+import {spawnSync, execSync} from 'child_process';
 
 admin.initializeApp();
 
diff --git a/run/image-processing/package.json b/run/image-processing/package.json
index 3881b2ead3..fbd21ee1db 100644
--- a/run/image-processing/package.json
+++ b/run/image-processing/package.json
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
     "url": "https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/nodejs-docs-samples.git"
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">= 12.0.0"
+    "node": ">= 12.2.0"
   },
   "scripts": {
     "start": "node index.js",
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "google-auth-library": "^8.0.0",
-    "got": "^11.5.0",
+    "got": "^12.0.0",
     "mocha": "^10.0.0",
     "supertest": "^6.0.0"
   }
diff --git a/run/image-processing/test/app.test.js b/run/image-processing/test/app.test.js
index 0e9b12da37..a6c214a7ee 100644
--- a/run/image-processing/test/app.test.js
+++ b/run/image-processing/test/app.test.js
@@ -1,11 +1,31 @@
-const path = require('path');
-const supertest = require('supertest');
+// Copyright 2019 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+import path from 'path';
+import supertest from 'supertest';
+import {createRequire} from 'module';
+import {fileURLToPath} from 'url';
+import {dirname} from 'path';
+
+const __filename = fileURLToPath(import.meta.url);
+const __dirname = dirname(__filename);
 
 let request;
 
 describe('Unit Tests', () => {
   before(() => {
-    const app = require(path.join(__dirname, '..', 'app'));
+    const app = createRequire(path.join(__dirname, '..', 'app'));
     request = supertest(app);
   });
 
diff --git a/run/image-processing/test/system.test.js b/run/image-processing/test/system.test.js
index 65722bb83a..c4e39ca78a 100644
--- a/run/image-processing/test/system.test.js
+++ b/run/image-processing/test/system.test.js
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-const assert = require('assert');
-const {execSync} = require('child_process');
-const got = require('got');
-const {GoogleAuth} = require('google-auth-library');
+import assert from 'assert';
+import {execSync} from 'child_process';
+import got from 'got';
+import {GoogleAuth} from 'google-auth-library';
 const auth = new GoogleAuth();
 
 let BASE_URL, ID_TOKEN;
diff --git a/run/logging-manual/metadata.js b/run/logging-manual/metadata.js
index 720654c3a7..1d6ef3a3b3 100644
--- a/run/logging-manual/metadata.js
+++ b/run/logging-manual/metadata.js
@@ -1,4 +1,18 @@
-const request = require('got');
+// Copyright 2023 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+import got from 'got';
 
 // Load the project ID from GCP metadata server.
 // You can also use https://www.npmjs.com/package/gcp-metadata.
@@ -8,6 +22,6 @@ exports.getProjectId = async () => {
   const options = {
     headers: {'Metadata-Flavor': 'Google'},
   };
-  const response = await request(METADATA_PROJECT_ID_URL, options);
+  const response = await got(METADATA_PROJECT_ID_URL, options);
   return response.body;
 };
diff --git a/run/logging-manual/package.json b/run/logging-manual/package.json
index 39f08e92b1..b8291d37e9 100644
--- a/run/logging-manual/package.json
+++ b/run/logging-manual/package.json
@@ -3,10 +3,14 @@
   "description": "Demonstrates logging on Cloud Run",
   "main": "index.js",
   "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
   "repository": {
     "type": "git",
     "url": "https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/nodejs-docs-samples.git"
   },
+  "engines": {
+    "node": ">=12.2.0"
+  },
   "scripts": {
     "start": "node index.js",
     "test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 0",
@@ -16,7 +20,7 @@
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "dependencies": {
     "express": "^4.17.1",
-    "got": "^11.0.0"
+    "got": "^12.0.0"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "@google-cloud/logging": "^10.0.0",
diff --git a/run/logging-manual/test/system.test.js b/run/logging-manual/test/system.test.js
index 9f1a8d36eb..f40854b0e8 100644
--- a/run/logging-manual/test/system.test.js
+++ b/run/logging-manual/test/system.test.js
@@ -12,11 +12,12 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-const assert = require('assert');
-const request = require('got');
-const {Logging} = require('@google-cloud/logging');
-const {execSync} = require('child_process');
-const {GoogleAuth} = require('google-auth-library');
+import assert from 'assert';
+import got from 'got';
+import {Logging} from '@google-cloud/logging';
+import {execSync} from 'child_process';
+import {createRequire} from 'module';
+import {GoogleAuth} from 'google-auth-library';
 const auth = new GoogleAuth();
 
 const {promisify} = require('util');
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ const setTimeoutPromise = promisify(setTimeout);
 
 // Support concurrency by setting the service name to something unique.
 // The service name must be the same used to deploy to Cloud Run.
-const service_name = process.env.SERVICE_NAME || require('../package').name;
+const service_name = process.env.SERVICE_NAME || createRequire('../package').name;
 
 const logging = new Logging({
   projectId: process.env.GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT,
@@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ describe('Logging', () => {
       }
 
       console.log(`Sending test requests to ${BASE_URL}`);
-      await request(BASE_URL.trim(), {
+      await got(BASE_URL.trim(), {
         headers: {
           Authorization: `${ID_TOKEN.trim()}`,
         },
diff --git a/run/markdown-preview/editor/package.json b/run/markdown-preview/editor/package.json
index fba1085409..336faa2c00 100644
--- a/run/markdown-preview/editor/package.json
+++ b/run/markdown-preview/editor/package.json
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
   "dependencies": {
     "express": "^4.17.1",
     "google-auth-library": "^8.0.0",
-    "got": "^11.8.0",
+    "got": "^12.0.0",
     "handlebars": "^4.7.6"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
diff --git a/run/markdown-preview/editor/render.js b/run/markdown-preview/editor/render.js
index 9a35f6c3b5..49e0105d4a 100644
--- a/run/markdown-preview/editor/render.js
+++ b/run/markdown-preview/editor/render.js
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 // [START cloudrun_secure_request]
 // [START run_secure_request]
 const {GoogleAuth} = require('google-auth-library');
-const got = require('got');
+import got from 'got';
 const auth = new GoogleAuth();
 
 let client, serviceUrl;
diff --git a/run/markdown-preview/editor/test/system.test.js b/run/markdown-preview/editor/test/system.test.js
index da5f55e622..e82ad5e063 100644
--- a/run/markdown-preview/editor/test/system.test.js
+++ b/run/markdown-preview/editor/test/system.test.js
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 const assert = require('assert');
-const got = require('got');
+import got from 'got';
 const {execSync} = require('child_process');
 const {GoogleAuth} = require('google-auth-library');
 const auth = new GoogleAuth();
diff --git a/run/markdown-preview/renderer/package.json b/run/markdown-preview/renderer/package.json
index 301a74c3ad..d0ff257c8f 100644
--- a/run/markdown-preview/renderer/package.json
+++ b/run/markdown-preview/renderer/package.json
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "google-auth-library": "^8.0.0",
-    "got": "^11.5.0",
+    "got": "^12.0.0",
     "mocha": "^10.0.0",
     "sinon": "^15.0.0",
     "supertest": "^6.0.0"
diff --git a/run/markdown-preview/renderer/test/system.test.js b/run/markdown-preview/renderer/test/system.test.js
index f1ac45557c..fd4b98d25b 100644
--- a/run/markdown-preview/renderer/test/system.test.js
+++ b/run/markdown-preview/renderer/test/system.test.js
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 const assert = require('assert');
-const got = require('got');
+import got from 'got';
 const {execSync} = require('child_process');
 const {GoogleAuth} = require('google-auth-library');
 const auth = new GoogleAuth();
diff --git a/run/pubsub/package.json b/run/pubsub/package.json
index 6cd8833dd9..4b07a8fae9 100644
--- a/run/pubsub/package.json
+++ b/run/pubsub/package.json
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
     "url": "https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/nodejs-docs-samples.git"
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">= 12.0.0"
+    "node": ">= 12.2.0"
   },
   "scripts": {
     "start": "node index.js",
@@ -22,8 +22,9 @@
     "express": "^4.16.4"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
+    "@types/uuid": "9.0.0",
     "google-auth-library": "^8.0.0",
-    "got": "^11.5.0",
+    "got": "^12.0.0",
     "mocha": "^10.0.0",
     "sinon": "^15.0.0",
     "supertest": "^6.0.0",
diff --git a/run/pubsub/test/app.test.js b/run/pubsub/test/app.test.js
index db1b2a34cc..ef25398ade 100644
--- a/run/pubsub/test/app.test.js
+++ b/run/pubsub/test/app.test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2019, Google LLC.
+// Copyright 2019 Google LLC
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 // You may obtain a copy of the License at
@@ -18,17 +18,18 @@
 
 'use strict';
 
-const assert = require('assert');
-const path = require('path');
-const supertest = require('supertest');
-const uuid = require('uuid');
-const sinon = require('sinon');
+import assert from 'assert';
+import path from 'path';
+import supertest from 'supertest';
+import uuid from 'uuid';
+import sinon from 'sinon';
+import {createRequire} from 'module';
 
 let request;
 
 describe('Unit Tests', () => {
   before(() => {
-    const app = require(path.join(__dirname, '..', 'app'));
+    const app = createRequire(path.join(__dirname, '..', 'app'));
     request = supertest(app);
   });
 
diff --git a/run/pubsub/test/system.test.js b/run/pubsub/test/system.test.js
index 86dffceaee..f70e86c5d7 100644
--- a/run/pubsub/test/system.test.js
+++ b/run/pubsub/test/system.test.js
@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-const assert = require('assert');
-const got = require('got');
-const {GoogleAuth} = require('google-auth-library');
+import assert from 'assert';
+import got from 'got';
+import GoogleAuth from 'google-auth-library';
 const auth = new GoogleAuth();
-const {execSync} = require('child_process');
+import {execSync} from 'child_process';
 
 let BASE_URL, ID_TOKEN;
 describe('End-to-End Tests', () => {
diff --git a/run/system-package/package.json b/run/system-package/package.json
index d15e391b80..426ce2ed1c 100644
--- a/run/system-package/package.json
+++ b/run/system-package/package.json
@@ -4,20 +4,21 @@
   "description": "Demonstrates a Cloud Run service which provides a CLI tool over HTTP.",
   "main": "index.js",
   "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
   "scripts": {
     "start": "node index.js",
     "test": "mocha test/app.test.js --check-leaks",
     "system-test": "mocha test/system.test.js --timeout=360000 --exit"
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">= 12.0.0"
+    "node": ">= 12.2.0"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "express": "^4.17.1"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "google-auth-library": "^8.0.0",
-    "got": "^11.5.0",
+    "got": "^12.0.0",
     "mocha": "^10.0.0",
     "supertest": "^6.0.0"
   }
diff --git a/run/system-package/test/app.test.js b/run/system-package/test/app.test.js
index affcaefb88..24bd296623 100644
--- a/run/system-package/test/app.test.js
+++ b/run/system-package/test/app.test.js
@@ -14,11 +14,12 @@
 
 'use strict';
 
-const path = require('path');
-const supertest = require('supertest');
+import path from 'path';
+import supertest from 'supertest';
+import {createRequire} from 'module';
 
 describe('Unit Tests', () => {
-  const app = require(path.join(__dirname, '..', 'app'));
+  const app = createRequire(path.join(__dirname, '..', 'app'));
   const request = supertest(app);
 
   describe('should fail', () => {
diff --git a/run/system-package/test/system.test.js b/run/system-package/test/system.test.js
index 2797e16dfa..50b91e6d81 100644
--- a/run/system-package/test/system.test.js
+++ b/run/system-package/test/system.test.js
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-const assert = require('assert');
-const got = require('got');
-const {execSync} = require('child_process');
-const {GoogleAuth} = require('google-auth-library');
+import assert from 'assert';
+import got from 'got';
+import {execSync} from 'child_process';
+import {GoogleAuth} from 'google-auth-library';
 const auth = new GoogleAuth();
 
 const request = (method, route, base_url, id_token) => {
diff --git a/run/websockets/package.json b/run/websockets/package.json
index 5b979484b3..6d5330abc0 100644
--- a/run/websockets/package.json
+++ b/run/websockets/package.json
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
   "description": "Node.js websockets sample for Cloud Run",
   "version": "0.0.1",
   "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
   "license": "Apache Version 2.0",
   "author": "Google LLC",
   "scripts": {
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "google-auth-library": "^8.0.2",
-    "got": "^11.8.3",
+    "got": "^12.0.0",
     "puppeteer": "^15.1.0"
   }
 }
diff --git a/run/websockets/test/system.test.js b/run/websockets/test/system.test.js
index 642da06785..6e1cdc2a29 100644
--- a/run/websockets/test/system.test.js
+++ b/run/websockets/test/system.test.js
@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-const assert = require('assert');
-const got = require('got');
-const {execSync} = require('child_process');
-const {GoogleAuth} = require('google-auth-library');
-const puppeteer = require('puppeteer');
+import assert from 'assert';
+import got from 'got';
+import {execSync} from 'child_process';
+import {GoogleAuth} from 'google-auth-library';
+import puppeteer from 'puppeteer';
 const auth = new GoogleAuth();
 
 describe('End-to-End Tests', () => {