ld.man

LD (1)                     Fuzix Programmer's Manual                      LD (1)
NAME 
       ld - binary linker 

SYNOPSIS 
       ld [options] objfile* 

DESCRIPTION 
       Link one or more object files together to create an application, binary 
       image or an output object file. 

       The linker combines object files into an output file resolving any 
       symbols and searching library files for object modules needed to resolve 
       the symbols. After resolution it outputs a new file in the format 
       requested, and can also generate map files if requested. 

       For historical reasons the default output file name is "a.out" 

       The input object files contain blocks of data destined for multiple 
       different segments. The linker combines and relocates the data as needed 
       to create each segment. It lays out the segments according to the 
       addresses given or the ordering given or implied. 

       Three output formats are supported. The default is a Fuzix binary format 
       for user applications. It can also combine object files into a binary 
       image, or into another object file according to the options specified. 

       The segments are 
       ABSOLUTE 
           Data that is to be placed at the given address and not relocated. 
           This segment is not permitted in a Fuzix binary. 
       CODE 
           The man executable code for the program being linked. 
       LITERAL 
           Text strings and other read only non executable data. 
       DATA 
           Writeable data for the program being linked. 
       BSS 
           Empty space that is not included in a Fuzix binary and will be 
           cleared to zero on load. In a binary image this segment is zero 
           filled. 
       ZERO/DIRECT 
           The zero page or direct page found on some processors. It is also 
           used in certain cases where a processor has a unique register space. 
       DISCARD 
           Code that can be discarded after the program has begun execution. 
           Not supported in a Fuzix binary. 
       COMMON 
           Common (unbanked) code. Used for things like the Fuzix kernel. 
       COMMONDATA 
           Common (unbanked) data. Used for things like the Fuzix kernel. 
       BUFFERS 
           Buffer space. Used for things like the Fuzix kernel. 

           In a split I/D system CODE, DISCARD and COMMON are placed in the I 
           space, and the other segments in the D space. 

           The default link order is CODE, LITERAL, DATA, BSSS, DISCARD but 
           this can be changed by command line option. 


OPTIONS 
       -b 
       Output an absolute binary image. This will be a memory image of the 
       resulting linked binary starting at address 0. If split I/D is selected 
       it will be followed by a memory image of the data area. 
       -f 
       Set the order of segment linkage. Any segments without a given start 
       address will be placed after the previous segment in the order given. 
       -i 
       Generate a split I/D binary, where code and data live in their own 
       address space. 
       /-m map 
       Generate a map file 'map' as well as the linker output. 
       -r 
       Generate a linked object file as output. The output is an object module 
       that combines the object modules input. It retains relocation and symbol 
       data so can itself be used as linker input. 
       -s 
       Strip the binary of symbols if generating a Fuzix binary. 
       -t 
       Generate a verbose trace of the linking process. 
       -u symbol 
       Add an undefined symbol to the link to force loading of the module 
       providing it. 
       -v 
       Display the version of the linker. 
       -A align 
       Set the alignment of segments. All segments packed together will be 
       aligned to start on this alignment. 
       -B addr 
       Set the start address of the BSS segment. 
       -C addr 
       Set the start address of the CODE segment. 
       -D addr 
       Set the start address of the DATA segment. 
       -L addr 
       Set the start address of the LITERAL segment. 
       -R file 
       Output relocation data to a file. This can be combined with the binary 
       output to produce relocatable binaries in other formats if needed. 
       -S addr 
       Set the start address of the COMMON/SHARED segment 
       -X addr 
       Set the start address of the DISCARD segment 
       -Z addr 
       Set the start address of the ZERO/DIRECT segment 
       -8 addr 
       Set the start address of the COMMONDATA segment 


USAGE 
       Generate a Fuzix binary with symbols stripped and a map file. 
           ld -s -o foo foo.o -m foo.map

       Link the code at 0x0100 and data at 0x8000 for a ROM based application. 
       The linker does not deal with copying, packing and unpacking data for a 
       ROM itself. 
           ld -b -o foo.rom -C0x0100 -D0x8000 foo.o

SEE ALSO 
       as(1), dumprelocs(1), nm(1), osize(1).