c4x86.c

// c4.c - C in four functions

// char, int, and pointer types
// if, while, return, and expression statements
// just enough features to allow self-compilation and a bit more

// Written by Robert Swierczek
// + x86 JIT compiler by Dmytro Sirenko

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <memory.h>
#ifndef _WIN32
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <dlfcn.h>
#else
#include "mman32.h"
#include "dlfcn32.h"
#define CHAR TYCHAR
#define INT TYINT
#endif

char *p, *lp, // current position in source code
     *jitmem, // executable memory for JIT-compiled native code
     *data,   // data/bss pointer
     **linemap; // maps a line number into its source position

int *e, *le, *text, // current position in emitted code
    *id,      // currently parsed indentifier
    *sym,     // symbol table (simple list of identifiers)
    tk,       // current token
    ival,     // current token value
    ty,       // current expression type
    loc,      // local variable offset
    line,     // current line number
    *srcmap,  // maps a bytecode into its corresponding source line number
    src;      // print source, c4 assembly and JIT addresses

enum Token {
  Num = 128, Fun, Sys, Glo, Loc, Id,
  Char, Else, Enum, If, Int, Return, Sizeof, While,
  Assign, Cond, Lor, Lan, Or, Xor, And, Eq, Ne, Lt, Gt, Le, Ge, Shl, Shr, Add, Sub, Mul, Div, Mod, Inc, Dec, Brak
};

enum Opcode {
  LEA ,IMM ,JMP ,JSR ,BZ  ,BNZ ,ENT ,ADJ ,LEV ,LI  ,LC  ,SI  ,SC  ,PSH ,
  OR  ,XOR ,AND ,EQ  ,NE  ,LT  ,GT  ,LE  ,GE  ,SHL ,SHR ,ADD ,SUB ,MUL ,DIV ,MOD ,
  OPEN,READ,CLOS,PRTF,MALC,MSET,MCMP,MCPY,MMAP,DOPN,DSYM,QSRT,EXIT
};

enum Ty { CHAR, INT, PTR };

// identifier offsets (since we can't create an ident struct)
enum Identifier { Tk, Hash, Name, Class, Type, Val, HClass, HType, HVal, Idsz };

void next()
{
  char *pp;

  while (tk = *p) {
    ++p;
    if (tk == '\n') {
      if (src) {
        linemap[line] = lp;
        while (le < e) { srcmap[le - text] = line; le++; };
      }
      lp = p;
      ++line;
    }
    else if (tk == '#') {
      while (*p != 0 && *p != '\n') ++p;
    }
    else if ((tk >= 'a' && tk <= 'z') || (tk >= 'A' && tk <= 'Z') || tk == '_') {
      pp = p - 1;
      while ((*p >= 'a' && *p <= 'z') || (*p >= 'A' && *p <= 'Z') || (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9') || *p == '_')
        tk = tk * 147 + *p++;
      tk = (tk << 6) + (p - pp);
      id = sym;
      while (id[Tk]) {
        if (tk == id[Hash] && !memcmp((char *)id[Name], pp, p - pp)) { tk = id[Tk]; return; }
        id = id + Idsz;
      }
      id[Name] = (int)pp;
      id[Hash] = tk;
      tk = id[Tk] = Id;
      return;
    }
    else if (tk >= '0' && tk <= '9') {
      if (ival = tk - '0') { while (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9') ival = ival * 10 + *p++ - '0'; }
      else if (*p == 'x' || *p == 'X') {
        while ((tk = *++p) && ((tk >= '0' && tk <= '9') || (tk >= 'a' && tk <= 'f') || (tk >= 'A' && tk <= 'F')))
          ival = ival * 16 + (tk & 15) + (tk >= 'A' ? 9 : 0);
      }
      else { while (*p >= '0' && *p <= '7') ival = ival * 8 + *p++ - '0'; }
      tk = Num;
      return;
    }
    else if (tk == '/') {
      if (*p == '/') {
        ++p;
        while (*p != 0 && *p != '\n') ++p;
      }
      else {
        tk = Div;
        return;
      }
    }
    else if (tk == '\'' || tk == '"') {
      pp = data;
      while (*p != 0 && *p != tk) {
        if ((ival = *p++) == '\\') {
          if ((ival = *p++) == 'n') ival = '\n';
        }
        if (tk == '"') *data++ = ival;
      }
      ++p;
      if (tk == '"') ival = (int)pp; else tk = Num;
      return;
    }
    else if (tk == '=') { if (*p == '=') { ++p; tk = Eq; } else tk = Assign; return; }
    else if (tk == '+') { if (*p == '+') { ++p; tk = Inc; } else tk = Add; return; }
    else if (tk == '-') { if (*p == '-') { ++p; tk = Dec; } else tk = Sub; return; }
    else if (tk == '!') { if (*p == '=') { ++p; tk = Ne; } return; }
    else if (tk == '<') { if (*p == '=') { ++p; tk = Le; } else if (*p == '<') { ++p; tk = Shl; } else tk = Lt; return; }
    else if (tk == '>') { if (*p == '=') { ++p; tk = Ge; } else if (*p == '>') { ++p; tk = Shr; } else tk = Gt; return; }
    else if (tk == '|') { if (*p == '|') { ++p; tk = Lor; } else tk = Or; return; }
    else if (tk == '&') { if (*p == '&') { ++p; tk = Lan; } else tk = And; return; }
    else if (tk == '^') { tk = Xor; return; }
    else if (tk == '%') { tk = Mod; return; }
    else if (tk == '*') { tk = Mul; return; }
    else if (tk == '[') { tk = Brak; return; }
    else if (tk == '?') { tk = Cond; return; }
    else if (tk == '~' || tk == ';' || tk == '{' || tk == '}' || tk == '(' || tk == ')' || tk == ']' || tk == ',' || tk == ':') return;
  }
}

void expr(int lev)
{
  int t, *d;

  if (!tk) { printf("%d: unexpected eof in expression\n", line); exit(-1); }
  else if (tk == Num) { *++e = IMM; *++e = ival; next(); ty = INT; }
  else if (tk == '"') {
    *++e = IMM; *++e = ival; next();
    while (tk == '"') next();
    data = (char *)((int)data + sizeof(int) & -sizeof(int)); ty = PTR;
  }
  else if (tk == Sizeof) {
    next(); if (tk == '(') next(); else { printf("%d: open paren expected in sizeof\n", line); exit(-1); }
    ty = INT; if (tk == Int) next(); else if (tk == Char) { next(); ty = CHAR; }
    while (tk == Mul) { next(); ty = ty + PTR; }
    if (tk == ')') next(); else { printf("%d: close paren expected in sizeof\n", line); exit(-1); }
    *++e = IMM; *++e = (ty == CHAR) ? sizeof(char) : sizeof(int);
    ty = INT;
  }
  else if (tk == Id) {
    d = id; next();
    if (tk == '(') {
      next();
      t = 0;
      while (tk != ')') { expr(Assign); *++e = PSH; ++t; if (tk == ',') next(); }
      next();
      if (d[Class] == Sys) *++e = d[Val];
      else if (d[Class] == Fun) { *++e = JSR; *++e = d[Val]; }
      else { printf("%d: bad function call\n", line); exit(-1); }
      if (t) { *++e = ADJ; *++e = t; }
      ty = d[Type];
    }
    else if (d[Class] == Num) { *++e = IMM; *++e = d[Val]; ty = INT; }
    else {
      if (d[Class] == Loc) { *++e = LEA; *++e = loc - d[Val]; }
      else if (d[Class] == Glo) { *++e = IMM; *++e = d[Val]; }
      else { printf("%d: undefined variable\n", line); exit(-1); }
      *++e = ((ty = d[Type]) == CHAR) ? LC : LI;
    }
  }
  else if (tk == '(') {
    next();
    if (tk == Int || tk == Char) {
      t = (tk == Int) ? INT : CHAR; next();
      while (tk == Mul) { next(); t = t + PTR; }
      if (tk == ')') next(); else { printf("%d: bad cast\n", line); exit(-1); }
      expr(Inc);
      ty = t;
    }
    else {
      expr(Assign);
      if (tk == ')') next(); else { printf("%d: close paren expected\n", line); exit(-1); }
    }
  }
  else if (tk == Mul) {
    next(); expr(Inc);
    if (ty > INT) ty = ty - PTR; else { printf("%d: bad dereference\n", line); exit(-1); }
    *++e = (ty == CHAR) ? LC : LI;
  }
  else if (tk == And) {
    next(); expr(Inc);
    if (*e == LC || *e == LI) --e; else { printf("%d: bad address-of\n", line); exit(-1); }
    ty = ty + PTR;
  }
  else if (tk == '!') { next(); expr(Inc); *++e = PSH; *++e = IMM; *++e = 0; *++e = EQ; ty = INT; }
  else if (tk == '~') { next(); expr(Inc); *++e = PSH; *++e = IMM; *++e = -1; *++e = XOR; ty = INT; }
  else if (tk == Add) { next(); expr(Inc); ty = INT; }
  else if (tk == Sub) {
    next(); *++e = IMM;
    if (tk == Num) { *++e = -ival; next(); } else { *++e = -1; *++e = PSH; expr(Inc); *++e = MUL; }
    ty = INT;
  }
  else if (tk == Inc || tk == Dec) {
    t = tk; next(); expr(Inc);
    if (*e == LC) { *e = PSH; *++e = LC; }
    else if (*e == LI) { *e = PSH; *++e = LI; }
    else { printf("%d: bad lvalue in pre-increment\n", line); exit(-1); }
    *++e = PSH;
    *++e = IMM; *++e = (ty > PTR) ? sizeof(int) : sizeof(char);
    *++e = (t == Inc) ? ADD : SUB;
    *++e = (ty == CHAR) ? SC : SI;
  }
  else { printf("%d: bad expression\n", line); exit(-1); }

  while (tk >= lev) { // "precedence climbing" or "Top Down Operator Precedence" method
    t = ty;
    if (tk == Assign) {
      next();
      if (*e == LC || *e == LI) *e = PSH; else { printf("%d: bad lvalue in assignment\n", line); exit(-1); }
      expr(Assign); *++e = ((ty = t) == CHAR) ? SC : SI;
    }
    else if (tk == Cond) {
      next();
      *++e = BZ; d = ++e;
      expr(Assign);
      if (tk == ':') next(); else { printf("%d: conditional missing colon\n", line); exit(-1); }
      *d = (int)(e + 3); *++e = JMP; d = ++e;
      expr(Cond);
      *d = (int)(e + 1);
    }
    else if (tk == Lor) { next(); *++e = BNZ; d = ++e; expr(Lan); *d = (int)(e + 1); ty = INT; }
    else if (tk == Lan) { next(); *++e = BZ;  d = ++e; expr(Or);  *d = (int)(e + 1); ty = INT; }
    else if (tk == Or)  { next(); *++e = PSH; expr(Xor); *++e = OR;  ty = INT; }
    else if (tk == Xor) { next(); *++e = PSH; expr(And); *++e = XOR; ty = INT; }
    else if (tk == And) { next(); *++e = PSH; expr(Eq);  *++e = AND; ty = INT; }
    else if (tk == Eq)  { next(); *++e = PSH; expr(Lt);  *++e = EQ;  ty = INT; }
    else if (tk == Ne)  { next(); *++e = PSH; expr(Lt);  *++e = NE;  ty = INT; }
    else if (tk == Lt)  { next(); *++e = PSH; expr(Shl); *++e = LT;  ty = INT; }
    else if (tk == Gt)  { next(); *++e = PSH; expr(Shl); *++e = GT;  ty = INT; }
    else if (tk == Le)  { next(); *++e = PSH; expr(Shl); *++e = LE;  ty = INT; }
    else if (tk == Ge)  { next(); *++e = PSH; expr(Shl); *++e = GE;  ty = INT; }
    else if (tk == Shl) { next(); *++e = PSH; expr(Add); *++e = SHL; ty = INT; }
    else if (tk == Shr) { next(); *++e = PSH; expr(Add); *++e = SHR; ty = INT; }
    else if (tk == Add) {
      next(); *++e = PSH; expr(Mul);
      if ((ty = t) > PTR) { *++e = PSH; *++e = IMM; *++e = sizeof(int); *++e = MUL;  }
      *++e = ADD;
    }
    else if (tk == Sub) {
      next(); *++e = PSH; expr(Mul);
      if ((ty = t) > PTR) { *++e = PSH; *++e = IMM; *++e = sizeof(int); *++e = MUL;  }
      *++e = SUB;
    }
    else if (tk == Mul) { next(); *++e = PSH; expr(Inc); *++e = MUL; ty = INT; }
    else if (tk == Div) { next(); *++e = PSH; expr(Inc); *++e = DIV; ty = INT; }
    else if (tk == Mod) { next(); *++e = PSH; expr(Inc); *++e = MOD; ty = INT; }
    else if (tk == Inc || tk == Dec) {
      if (*e == LC) { *e = PSH; *++e = LC; }
      else if (*e == LI) { *e = PSH; *++e = LI; }
      else { printf("%d: bad lvalue in post-increment\n", line); exit(-1); }
      *++e = PSH; *++e = IMM; *++e = (ty > PTR) ? sizeof(int) : sizeof(char);
      *++e = (tk == Inc) ? ADD : SUB;
      *++e = (ty == CHAR) ? SC : SI;
      *++e = PSH; *++e = IMM; *++e = (ty > PTR) ? sizeof(int) : sizeof(char);
      *++e = (tk == Inc) ? SUB : ADD;
      next();
    }
    else if (tk == Brak) {
      next(); *++e = PSH; expr(Assign);
      if (tk == ']') next(); else { printf("%d: close bracket expected\n", line); exit(-1); }
      if (t > PTR) { *++e = PSH; *++e = IMM; *++e = sizeof(int); *++e = MUL;  }
      else if (t < PTR) { printf("%d: pointer type expected\n", line); exit(-1); }
      *++e = ADD;
      *++e = ((ty = t - PTR) == CHAR) ? LC : LI;
    }
    else { printf("%d: compiler error tk=%d\n", line, tk); exit(-1); }
  }
}

void stmt()
{
  int *a, *b;

  if (tk == If) {
    next();
    if (tk == '(') next(); else { printf("%d: open paren expected\n", line); exit(-1); }
    expr(Assign);
    if (tk == ')') next(); else { printf("%d: close paren expected\n", line); exit(-1); }
    *++e = BZ; b = ++e;
    stmt();
    if (tk == Else) {
      *b = (int)(e + 3); *++e = JMP; b = ++e;
      next();
      stmt();
    }
    *b = (int)(e + 1);
  }
  else if (tk == While) {
    next();
    a = e + 1;
    if (tk == '(') next(); else { printf("%d: open paren expected\n", line); exit(-1); }
    expr(Assign);
    if (tk == ')') next(); else { printf("%d: close paren expected\n", line); exit(-1); }
    *++e = BZ; b = ++e;
    stmt();
    *++e = JMP; *++e = (int)a;
    *b = (int)(e + 1);
  }
  else if (tk == Return) {
    next();
    if (tk != ';') expr(Assign);
    *++e = LEV;
    if (tk == ';') next(); else { printf("%d: semicolon expected\n", line); exit(-1); }
  }
  else if (tk == '{') {
    next();
    while (tk != '}') stmt();
    next();
  }
  else if (tk == ';') {
    next();
  }
  else {
    expr(Assign);
    if (tk == ';') next(); else { printf("%d: semicolon expected\n", line); exit(-1); }
  }
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
  int fd, bt, ty, poolsz, *idmain;
  int *pc;
  int i, tmp; // temps
  void *dl;
  int (*jitmain)();
  char *je,      // current position in emitted native code
       **jitmap;  // maps c4 bytecode index into native code position

  --argc; ++argv;
  if (argc > 0 && **argv == '-' && (*argv)[1] == 's') { src = 1; --argc; ++argv; }
  if (argc < 1) { printf("usage: c4x86 [-s] file ...\n"); return -1; }

  if ((fd = open(*argv, 0)) < 0) { printf("could not open(%s)\n", *argv); return -1; }

  poolsz = 256*1024; // arbitrary size
  if (!(sym = malloc(poolsz))) { printf("could not malloc(%d) symbol area\n", poolsz); return -1; }
  if (!(text = le = e = malloc(poolsz))) { printf("could not malloc(%d) text area\n", poolsz); return -1; }
  if (!(data = malloc(poolsz))) { printf("could not malloc(%d) data area\n", poolsz); return -1; }

  memset(sym,  0, poolsz);
  memset(e,    0, poolsz);
  memset(data, 0, poolsz);

  p = "char else enum if int return sizeof while "
      "open read close printf malloc memset memcmp memcpy mmap dlopen dlsym qsort exit void main";
  i = Char; while (i <= While) { next(); id[Tk] = i++; } // add keywords to symbol table
  i = OPEN; while (i <= EXIT) { next(); id[Class] = Sys; id[Type] = INT; id[Val] = i++; } // add library to symbol table
  next(); id[Tk] = Char; // handle void type
  next(); idmain = id; // keep track of main

  if (!(lp = p = malloc(poolsz))) { printf("could not malloc(%d) source area\n", poolsz); return -1; }
  if ((i = read(fd, p, poolsz-1)) <= 0) { printf("read() returned %d\n", i); return -1; }
  close(fd);
  p[i] = 0;
  if (src) {
    linemap = (char **)(((int)(p + i + 1) & 0xffffff00) + 0x100);
    srcmap = text + (poolsz / 8);
  }

  // parse declarations
  line = 1;
  next();
  while (tk) {
    bt = INT; // basetype
    if (tk == Int) next();
    else if (tk == Char) { next(); bt = CHAR; }
    else if (tk == Enum) {
      next();
      if (tk != '{') next();
      if (tk == '{') {
        next();
        i = 0;
        while (tk != '}') {
          if (tk != Id) { printf("%d: bad enum identifier %d\n", line, tk); return -1; }
          next();
          if (tk == Assign) {
            next();
            if (tk != Num) { printf("%d: bad enum initializer\n", line); return -1; }
            i = ival;
            next();
          }
          id[Class] = Num; id[Type] = INT; id[Val] = i++;
          if (tk == ',') next();
        }
        next();
      }
    }
    while (tk != ';' && tk != '}') {
      ty = bt;
      while (tk == Mul) { next(); ty = ty + PTR; }
      if (tk != Id) { printf("%d: bad global declaration\n", line); return -1; }
      if (id[Class]) { printf("%d: duplicate global definition\n", line); return -1; }
      next();
      id[Type] = ty;
      if (tk == '(') { // function
        id[Class] = Fun;
        id[Val] = (int)(e + 1);
        next(); i = 0;
        while (tk != ')') {
          ty = INT;
          if (tk == Int) next();
          else if (tk == Char) { next(); ty = CHAR; }
          while (tk == Mul) { next(); ty = ty + PTR; }
          if (tk != Id) { printf("%d: bad parameter declaration\n", line); return -1; }
          if (id[Class] == Loc) { printf("%d: duplicate parameter definition\n", line); return -1; }
          id[HClass] = id[Class]; id[Class] = Loc;
          id[HType]  = id[Type];  id[Type] = ty;
          id[HVal]   = id[Val];   id[Val] = i++;
          next();
          if (tk == ',') next();
        }
        next();
        if (tk != '{') { printf("%d: bad function definition\n", line); return -1; }
        loc = ++i;
        next();
        while (tk == Int || tk == Char) {
          bt = (tk == Int) ? INT : CHAR;
          next();
          while (tk != ';') {
            ty = bt;
            while (tk == Mul) { next(); ty = ty + PTR; }
            if (tk != Id) { printf("%d: bad local declaration\n", line); return -1; }
            if (id[Class] == Loc) { printf("%d: duplicate local definition\n", line); return -1; }
            id[HClass] = id[Class]; id[Class] = Loc;
            id[HType]  = id[Type];  id[Type] = ty;
            id[HVal]   = id[Val];   id[Val] = ++i;
            next();
            if (tk == ',') next();
          }
          next();
        }
        *++e = ENT; *++e = i - loc;
        while (tk != '}') stmt();
        *++e = LEV;
        id = sym; // unwind symbol table locals
        while (id[Tk]) {
          if (id[Class] == Loc) {
            id[Class] = id[HClass];
            id[Type] = id[HType];
            id[Val] = id[HVal];
          }
          id = id + Idsz;
        }
      }
      else {
        id[Class] = Glo;
        id[Val] = (int)data;
        data = data + sizeof(int);
      }
      if (tk == ',') next();
    }
    next();
  }

  dl = dlopen(0, RTLD_LAZY | RTLD_GLOBAL); // RTLD_LAZY = 1

  // setup jit memory
  //jitmem = mmap(0, poolsz, PROT_EXEC | PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON, -1, 0);
  jitmem = mmap(0, poolsz, 7, 0x1002 | MAP_ANON, -1, 0);
  if (!jitmem) { printf("could not mmap(%d) jit executable memory\n", poolsz); return -1; }

  jitmap = (char **)(jitmem + poolsz / 2);

  // first pass: emit native code
  pc = text + 1; je = jitmem; line = 0;
  while (pc <= e) {
    i = *pc;
    if (src) {
        while (line < srcmap[pc - text]) {
            line++; printf("% 4d | %.*s", line, linemap[line + 1] - linemap[line], linemap[line]);
        }
        printf("0x%05x (%p):\t%8.4s", pc - text, je,
                        &"LEA ,IMM ,JMP ,JSR ,BZ  ,BNZ ,ENT ,ADJ ,LEV ,LI  ,LC  ,SI  ,SC  ,PSH ,"
                         "OR  ,XOR ,AND ,EQ  ,NE  ,LT  ,GT  ,LE  ,GE  ,SHL ,SHR ,ADD ,SUB ,MUL ,DIV ,MOD ,"
                         "OPEN,READ,CLOS,PRTF,MALC,MSET,MCMP,MCPY,MMAP,DOPN,DSYM,QSRT,EXIT,"[i * 5]);
        if (i <= ADJ) printf(" 0x%x\n", *(pc + 1)); else printf("\n");
    }
    jitmap[pc - text] = je;  // for later relocation of JMP/JSR/BZ/BNZ
    pc++;
    if (i == LEA) {
      i = 4 * *pc++; if (i < -128 || i > 127) { printf("jit: LEA out of bounds\n"); return -1; }
      *(int*)je = 0x458d; je = je + 2; *je++ = i;  // leal $(4 * n)(%ebp), %eax
    }
    else if (i == ENT) {
      i = 4 * *pc++; if (i < -128 || i > 127) { printf("jit: ENT out of bounds\n"); return -1; }
      *(int *)je = 0xe58955; je = je + 3;  // push %ebp; movl %esp, %ebp
      if (i > 0) { *(int *)je = 0xec83; je = je + 2; *(int*)je++ = i; } // subl $(i*4), %esp
    }
    else if (i == IMM) { *je++ = 0xb8; *(int *)je = *pc++; je = je + 4; } // movl $imm, %eax
    else if (i == ADJ) { i = 4 * *pc++; *(int *)je = 0xc483; je = je + 2; *(int *)je = i; je++; } // addl $(n * 4), %esp
    else if (i == PSH)   *(int *)je++ = 0x50;                    // push %eax
    else if (i == LEV) { *(int *)je = 0xc35dec89; je = je + 4; } // mov %ebp, %esp; pop %ebp; ret
    else if (i == LI)  { *(int *)je = 0x008b;     je = je + 2; } // movl (%eax), %eax
    else if (i == LC)  { *(int *)je = 0x00b60f;   je = je + 3; } // movzbl (%eax), %eax
    else if (i == SI)  { *(int *)je = 0x018959;   je = je + 3; } // pop %ecx; movl %eax, (%ecx)
    else if (i == SC)  { *(int *)je = 0x018859;   je = je + 3; } // pop %ecx; movb %al, (%ecx)
    else if (i == OR)  { *(int *)je = 0xc80959;   je = je + 3; } // pop %ecx; orl %ecx, %eax
    else if (i == XOR) { *(int *)je = 0xc83159;   je = je + 3; } // pop %ecx; xorl %ecx, %eax
    else if (i == AND) { *(int *)je = 0xc82159;   je = je + 3; } // pop %ecx; andl %ecx, %eax
    else if (EQ <= i && i <= GE) {
        *(int*)je=0x0fc13959; je = je + 4; *(int*)je=0x9866c094; // pop %ecx; cmp %ecx, %eax; sete %al; cbw; - EQ
        if      (i == NE)  { *je = 0x95; } // setne %al
        else if (i == LT)  { *je = 0x9c; } // setl %al
        else if (i == GT)  { *je = 0x9f; } // setg %al
        else if (i == LE)  { *je = 0x9e; } // setle %al
        else if (i == GE)  { *je = 0x9d; } // setge %al
        je=je+4; *je++=0x98;  // cwde
    }
    else if (i == SHL) { *(int*)je = 0xe0d39159; je = je + 4; } // pop %ecx; xchg %eax, %ecx; shl %cl, %eax
    else if (i == SHR) { *(int*)je = 0xe8d39159; je = je + 4; } // pop %ecx; xchg %eax, %ecx; shr %cl, %eax
    else if (i == ADD) { *(int*)je = 0xc80159;   je = je + 3; } // pop %ecx; addl %ecx, %eax
    else if (i == SUB) { *(int*)je = 0xc8299159; je = je + 4; } // pop %ecx; xchg %eax, %ecx; subl %ecx, %eax
    else if (i == MUL) { *(int*)je = 0xc1af0f59; je = je + 4; } // pop %ecx; imul %ecx, %eax
    else if (i == DIV) { *(int*)je = 0xf9f79159; je = je + 4; } // pop %ecx; xchg %eax, %ecx; idiv %ecx, %eax
    else if (i == MOD) { *(int*)je = 0xd2319159; je = je + 4; *(int *)je = 0x92f9f7; je = je + 3; }
    else if (i == JMP) { ++pc; *je       = 0xe9;     je = je + 5; } // jmp <off32>
    else if (i == JSR) { ++pc; *je       = 0xe8;     je = je + 5; } // call <off32>
    else if (i == BZ)  { ++pc; *(int*)je = 0x840fc085; je = je + 8; } // test %eax, %eax; jz <off32>
    else if (i == BNZ) { ++pc; *(int*)je = 0x850fc085; je = je + 8; } // test %eax, %eax; jnz <off32>
    else if (i >= OPEN) {
      if      (i == OPEN) tmp = (int)dlsym(dl, "open");
      else if (i == READ) tmp = (int)dlsym(dl, "read");
      else if (i == CLOS) tmp = (int)dlsym(dl, "close");
      else if (i == PRTF) tmp = (int)dlsym(dl, "printf");
      else if (i == MALC) tmp = (int)dlsym(dl, "malloc");
      else if (i == MSET) tmp = (int)dlsym(dl, "memset");
      else if (i == MCMP) tmp = (int)dlsym(dl, "memcmp");
      else if (i == MCPY) tmp = (int)dlsym(dl, "memcpy");
      else if (i == MMAP) tmp = (int)dlsym(dl, "mmap");
      else if (i == DOPN) tmp = (int)dlsym(dl, "dlopen");
      else if (i == DSYM) tmp = (int)dlsym(dl, "dlsym");
      else if (i == QSRT) tmp = (int)dlsym(dl, "qsort");
      else if (i == EXIT) tmp = (int)dlsym(dl, "exit");

      if (*pc++ == ADJ) { i = *pc++; } else { printf("no ADJ after native proc!\n"); exit(2); }

      *je++ = 0xb9; *(int*)je = i << 2; je = je + 4;  // movl $(4 * n), %ecx;
      *(int*)je = 0xce29e689; je = je + 4; // mov %esp, %esi; sub %ecx, %esi;  -- %esi will adjust the stack
      *(int*)je = 0x8302e9c1; je = je + 4; // shr $2, %ecx; and                -- alignment of %esp for OS X
      *(int*)je = 0x895af0e6; je = je + 4; // $0xfffffff0, %esi; pop %edx; mov..
      *(int*)je = 0xe2fc8e54; je = je + 4; // ..%edx, -4(%esi,%ecx,4); loop..  -- reversing args order
      *(int*)je = 0xe8f487f9; je = je + 4; // ..<'pop' offset>; xchg %esi, %esp; call    -- saving old stack in %esi
      *(int*)je = tmp - (int)(je + 4); je = je + 4; // <*tmp offset>;
      *(int*)je = 0xf487; je = je + 2;     // xchg %esi, %esp  -- ADJ, back to old stack without arguments
    }
    else { printf("code generation failed for %d!\n", i); return -1; }
  }

  // second pass, relocation
  pc = text + 1;
  while (pc <= e) {
    je = jitmap[pc - text];
    i = *pc++;
    if (i == JSR || i == JMP || i == BZ || i == BNZ) {
        tmp = (int)jitmap[(int *)*pc++ - text];
        if      (i == JSR || i == JMP) { je = je + 1; *(int*)je = tmp - (int)(je + 4); }
        else if (i == BZ  || i == BNZ) { je = je + 4; *(int*)je = tmp - (int)(je + 4); }
    }
    else if (i < LEV) { ++pc; }
  }

  // run jitted code
  pc = (int *) idmain[Val];
  jitmain = (void *) jitmap[ pc - text ];
  return jitmain(argv, argc); // c4 vm pushes first argument first, unlike cdecl
}