diff --git a/app/services/supplementary-billing/check-live-bill-run.service.js b/app/services/supplementary-billing/check-live-bill-run.service.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..671a56edd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/services/supplementary-billing/check-live-bill-run.service.js
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+'use strict'
+
+/**
+ * Checks whether a "live" bill run exists for the specified region, scheme, type and financial year
+ * @module CheckLiveBillRunService
+ */
+
+const BillingBatchModel = require('../../models/water/billing-batch.model.js')
+
+const LIVE_STATUSES = ['processing', 'ready', 'review', 'queued']
+
+/**
+ * Check whether a "live" bill run exists for the specified region, scheme, type and financial year
+ *
+ * We define "live" as having the status `processing`, `ready`, `review` or `queued`
+ *
+ * @param {*} regionId The id of the region to be checked
+ * @param {*} financialYear The financial year to be checked
+ *
+ * @returns {Boolean} Whether a "live" bill run exists
+ */
+async function go (regionId, financialYear) {
+  const numberOfLiveBillRuns = await BillingBatchModel.query()
+    .select('billing_batch_id')
+    .where({
+      regionId,
+      toFinancialYearEnding: financialYear,
+      scheme: 'sroc',
+      batchType: 'supplementary'
+    })
+    .whereIn('status', LIVE_STATUSES)
+    .resultSize()
+
+  return numberOfLiveBillRuns !== 0
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  go
+}
diff --git a/app/services/supplementary-billing/initiate-billing-batch.service.js b/app/services/supplementary-billing/initiate-billing-batch.service.js
index ac1a613d66..cba3394c97 100644
--- a/app/services/supplementary-billing/initiate-billing-batch.service.js
+++ b/app/services/supplementary-billing/initiate-billing-batch.service.js
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 const BillingPeriodService = require('./billing-period.service.js')
 const ChargingModuleCreateBillRunService = require('../charging-module/create-bill-run.service.js')
+const CheckLiveBillRunService = require('./check-live-bill-run.service.js')
 const CreateBillingBatchPresenter = require('../../presenters/supplementary-billing/create-billing-batch.presenter.js')
 const CreateBillingBatchService = require('./create-billing-batch.service.js')
 const CreateBillingBatchEventService = require('./create-billing-batch-event.service.js')
@@ -28,6 +29,13 @@ async function go (billRunRequestData) {
 
   const { region, scheme, type, user } = billRunRequestData
 
+  const financialYear = billingPeriod.endDate.getFullYear()
+  const liveBillRunExists = await CheckLiveBillRunService.go(region, financialYear)
+
+  if (liveBillRunExists) {
+    throw Error(`Batch already live for region ${region}`)
+  }
+
   const chargingModuleBillRun = await ChargingModuleCreateBillRunService.go(region, 'sroc')
 
   // A failed response will be due to a failed `RequestLib` request so format an error message accordingly and throw it
diff --git a/test/services/supplementary-billing/check-live-bill-run.service.test.js b/test/services/supplementary-billing/check-live-bill-run.service.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b5859c744
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/services/supplementary-billing/check-live-bill-run.service.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+'use strict'
+
+// Test framework dependencies
+const Lab = require('@hapi/lab')
+const Code = require('@hapi/code')
+
+const { describe, it, beforeEach } = exports.lab = Lab.script()
+const { expect } = Code
+
+// Test helpers
+const BillingBatchHelper = require('../../support/helpers/water/billing-batch.helper.js')
+const DatabaseHelper = require('../../support/helpers/database.helper.js')
+
+// Thing under test
+const CheckLiveBillRunService = require('../../../app/services/supplementary-billing/check-live-bill-run.service.js')
+
+describe('Check Live Bill Run service', () => {
+  let billRun
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    await DatabaseHelper.clean()
+  })
+
+  describe('when an sroc supplementary bill run exists for this region and financial year', () => {
+    describe('with a status considered to be "live"', () => {
+      beforeEach(async () => {
+        billRun = await BillingBatchHelper.add()
+      })
+
+      it('returns `true`', async () => {
+        const result = await CheckLiveBillRunService.go(billRun.regionId, 2023)
+
+        expect(result).to.be.true()
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('with a status not considered to be "live"', () => {
+      beforeEach(async () => {
+        billRun = await BillingBatchHelper.add({ status: 'sent' })
+      })
+
+      it('returns `false`', async () => {
+        const result = await CheckLiveBillRunService.go(billRun.regionId, 2023)
+
+        expect(result).to.be.false()
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('when an sroc supplementary bill run does not exist for this region and financial year', () => {
+    beforeEach(async () => {
+      billRun = await BillingBatchHelper.add({ fromFinancialYearEnding: 2024, toFinancialYearEnding: 2024 })
+    })
+
+    it('returns `false`', async () => {
+      const result = await CheckLiveBillRunService.go(billRun.regionId, 2023)
+
+      expect(result).to.be.false()
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/test/services/supplementary-billing/initiate-billing-batch.service.test.js b/test/services/supplementary-billing/initiate-billing-batch.service.test.js
index 708cc0a2c6..f38212f6d2 100644
--- a/test/services/supplementary-billing/initiate-billing-batch.service.test.js
+++ b/test/services/supplementary-billing/initiate-billing-batch.service.test.js
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ const RegionHelper = require('../../support/helpers/water/region.helper.js')
 // Things we need to stub
 const BillingPeriodService = require('../../../app/services/supplementary-billing/billing-period.service.js')
 const ChargingModuleCreateBillRunService = require('../../../app/services/charging-module/create-bill-run.service.js')
+const CheckLiveBillRunService = require('../../../app/services/supplementary-billing/check-live-bill-run.service.js')
 
 // Thing under test
 const InitiateBillingBatchService = require('../../../app//services/supplementary-billing/initiate-billing-batch.service.js')
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ describe('Initiate Billing Batch service', () => {
     }
 
     Sinon.stub(BillingPeriodService, 'go').returns([currentBillingPeriod])
+    Sinon.stub(CheckLiveBillRunService, 'go').resolves(false)
   })
 
   afterEach(() => {
@@ -107,7 +109,20 @@ describe('Initiate Billing Batch service', () => {
       })
     })
 
-    describe('and the error doesn\'t include a messge', () => {
+    describe('because a bill run already exists for this region and financial year', () => {
+      beforeEach(() => {
+        CheckLiveBillRunService.go.resolves(true)
+      })
+
+      it('rejects with an appropriate error', async () => {
+        const err = await expect(InitiateBillingBatchService.go(validatedRequestData)).to.reject()
+
+        expect(err).to.be.an.error()
+        expect(err.message).to.equal(`Batch already live for region ${validatedRequestData.region}`)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('and the error doesn\'t include a message', () => {
       beforeEach(() => {
         Sinon.stub(ChargingModuleCreateBillRunService, 'go').resolves({
           succeeded: false,