diff --git a/.jules/sentinel.md b/.jules/sentinel.md
index bc5c6e1..23fd648 100644
--- a/.jules/sentinel.md
+++ b/.jules/sentinel.md
@@ -12,3 +12,8 @@
 **Vulnerability:** Raw `stop()` and `warning()` calls without `call. = FALSE` in `llcont.R` and `vuongtest.R` exposed execution stack/call details when raised.
 **Learning:** While some instances of `stop()` inside `tryCatch()` were previously fixed to hide the call stack, other standalone exceptions and warnings still leaked call context. Security must be consistently applied across the entire codebase.
 **Prevention:** Always set `call. = FALSE` when using `stop()` or `warning()` to enforce a secure-by-default boundary and prevent internal execution paths from being disclosed to the end user.
+
+## 2024-07-24 - Validate all arguments in exported functions
+**Vulnerability:** Unvalidated arguments passed to exported functions like `vuongtest()` and `icci()` could trigger raw R errors deep inside internal logic (e.g., `if (adj == "aic")` failing with "missing value where TRUE/FALSE needed" when `adj=NA`), leaking internal execution contexts.
+**Learning:** In R, evaluating unvalidated inputs (such as NA or vectors) inside control flow statements (`if`) throws raw errors that bypass top-level `stop(..., call. = FALSE)` safeguards, inadvertently exposing internal variables and call context.
+**Prevention:** Always strictly validate the type, length, and bounds of user inputs at the very beginning of exported functions and fail securely using `stop("...", call. = FALSE)`.
diff --git a/R/icci.R b/R/icci.R
index f22278a..6a1eb1d 100644
--- a/R/icci.R
+++ b/R/icci.R
@@ -65,6 +65,10 @@
 #' @export
 icci <- function(object1, object2, conf.level=.95, ll1=llcont, ll2=llcont) {
 
+  if (!is.numeric(conf.level) || length(conf.level) != 1 || is.na(conf.level) || conf.level <= 0 || conf.level >= 1) {
+    stop("Argument 'conf.level' must be a single numeric value between 0 and 1.", call. = FALSE)
+  }
+
   ## check objects, issue warnings/errors, get classes/calls
   obinfo <- check.obj(object1, object2)
   callA <- obinfo$callA; classA <- obinfo$classA
diff --git a/R/vuongtest.R b/R/vuongtest.R
index 2bdfbf6..0c450ae 100644
--- a/R/vuongtest.R
+++ b/R/vuongtest.R
@@ -98,6 +98,13 @@
 #' @export
 vuongtest <- function(object1, object2, nested=FALSE, adj="none", ll1=llcont, ll2=llcont, score1=NULL, score2=NULL, vc1=vcov, vc2=vcov) {
 
+  if (!is.logical(nested) || length(nested) != 1 || is.na(nested)) {
+    stop("Argument 'nested' must be a single logical value.", call. = FALSE)
+  }
+  if (!is.character(adj) || length(adj) != 1 || is.na(adj) || !(adj %in% c("none", "aic", "bic"))) {
+    stop("Argument 'adj' must be one of 'none', 'aic', or 'bic'.", call. = FALSE)
+  }
+
   ## check objects, issue warnings/errors, get classes/calls
   obinfo <- check.obj(object1, object2)
   callA <- obinfo$callA; classA <- obinfo$classA