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data-and-methodology.html
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<html lang="en">
<head>
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<title>Missing Tracks : Data and Methodology</title>
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<header>
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<div class="story bg-color">
<div class="content-wide-75 content-box-type-3" id="data-and-methodology-lead">
<h1>Data and Methodology</h1>
</div>
<div class="content-wide-75 content-box-type-3 black-100">
<p>
The data used for Missing Tracks comes from the UKMPU (UK Missing Persons Unit) <a
href="http://missingpersons.police.uk/en-gb/resources/downloads/missing-persons-statistical-bulletins"
target="_blank">2016-2017 report</a>. This statistical bulletin outlines the extent and nature of
reports made to British Police on an annual basis. As explained in their website, police forces in
England and Wales are required to share this data as part of the 2009 Code of Practice on the Collection
of Missing Persons Data.
</p>
<p>
The 2016-2017 report was the first one published accompanied with a file with the underlying data,
rather than as appendices to the report. According to the UKMPU, this approach “allows a greater set of
data to be released allowing those interested to explore in more detail the data supplied by UK Police”.
</p>
<p>
The report provides key statistical data regarding missing people and unidentified individuals reported
to UK police in the financial year 2016-17. A missing person is defined as:
</p>
<blockquote>
“Anyone whose whereabouts cannot be established will be considered as missing until they have been
located, and their well-being or otherwise confirmed”
<p>
<cite>(UKMPU 2016-17 Data Report)</cite>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>
Prior to this, there was a distinction between a missing person and an absent person (no apparent risk),
a revision of the definition that was introduced in January 2017. Since then, all reports were to be
classified as missing. However, since this change was introduced late in the reporting year, <b>the
2016-17
publication still distinguishes between missing and absent reports.</b> The adoption of the revised
definition has varied across different police forces, therefore this should be taken in mind when
comparing the data between different forces and previous years.
</p>
<p>
Additionally, the data from <b>Scotland and Northern Ireland</b> has been left out of this analysis for
two reasons:
</p>
<p>
<ul>
<li>
Scotland and Northern Ireland record data for missing persons in a different way than in England
and Wales. This is also the first year in which Northern Ireland has been able to provide data
to include in the report.
</li>
<li>
Scotland and Northern Ireland don’t drill down in as much detail as England and Wales.
Therefore, in the articles in Missing Tracks the readers won’t find as many references to
Scotland and Northern Ireland apart from general figures.
</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p class="sub-topic data-methodology-1">
Definitions
</p>
<p>
<ul>
<li>
<b>Child:</b> anyone under the age of 18 (at the time they went missing).
</li>
<li>
<b>Missing:</b> Anyone whose whereabouts cannot be established and where the circumstances are
out of character or the context suggests the person may be subject of crime or at risk of harm
to themselves or another.
</li>
<li>
<b>Absent:</b> A person not at a place where they are expected or required to be and there is no
apparent risk.
</li>
<li>
<b>Calls:</b> Telephone calls to the police relating to a missing or absent person, recorded on
a command and control system. Multiple calls may relate to a single incident, or a call may
relate to multiple different incidents/individuals.
</li>
<li>
<b>Incidents:</b> A single episode of someone being reported as missing or absent, which is
recorded on a missing persons system. Multiple incidents can be attributable to a single
individual, and some incidents may involve more than one individual.
</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p class="sub-topic data-methodology-1">
Britain’s missing
</p>
<p>
The <a
href="https://www.missingpeople.org.uk/about-us/about-the-issue/research/76-keyinformation2.html">90-second
statistic</a> that opens the article ‘Britain’s Missing’ comes from the independent organization
Missing People. The first map, <b>‘Missing related calls by police forces’</b>, was made using the table
B2
(‘Number of missing incidents and individuals recorded by UK police forces 2016-17’) of the UKMPU
Missing Person’s Report. Some considerations about this chart:
</p>
<p>
<ol>
<li>
The data from Avon and Somerset includes both absent and missing cases as the force cannot
distinguish between the two.
</li>
<li>
The adult data for Lincolnshire only includes certain data from July 2016-March 2017 as it is
not possible to distinguish between missing and absent data.
</li>
<li>
Note as well that the highest rate happens in the City of London (15.4), which is not visible if
you don’t zoom in the map. You can zoom in the Metropolitan Police Service to see this. The City
has a resident population of 9,401 (ONS estimate, mid-2016).
</li>
</ol>
</p>
<p>
The second chart, <b>‘Age and gender distribution of missing incidents’</b>, was made using the table C4
of the
UKMPU Missing Person’s Report 2016-17 report. Some considerations about this chart:
</p>
<p>
<ol>
<li>
We are looking at the percentage of incidents recorded for each gender group.
</li>
<li>
The data from Avon and Somerset includes both absent and missing cases as the force cannot
distinguish between the two.
</li>
<li>
Greater Manchester is unable to provide this level of breakdown.
</li>
</ol>
</p>
<p>
The third chart, <b>‘Ethnicity distribution of missing incidents’</b>, was made using the table C8 of
the UKMPU
Missing Person’s Report 2016-17. Some considerations about this chart:
</p>
<p>
<ol>
<li>
We are looking at the ratio between incidents by ethnicity and total population by ethnicity in
England and Wales (2016-17).
</li>
<li>
The data from Avon and Somerset includes both absent and missing cases as the force cannot
distinguish between the two.
</li>
<li>
Greater Manchester is unable to provide this level of breakdown.
</li>
</ol>
</p>
<p>
The fourth chart, <b>‘Number of calls recorded regarding missing incidents’</b>, was made using the
table A1 of
the UKMPU Missing Person’s Report 2016-17. Some considerations about this chart:
</p>
<p>
<ol>
<li>
In 2011/12 and 2012/13, the call figure was reported as the incident figure. In 2013/14 a change
in terminology was made due to better understanding of the data being received.
</li>
<li>
The total increase in calls recorded has been calculated removing Dorset Police figures as the
force was unable to provide data for 2015/16 due to a change in IT system part way through the
year.
</li>
</ol>
</p>
<p class="sub-topic data-methodology-1">
Who is missing?
</p>
<p>
For this section the data from the UKMPU Missing Person’s Report 2016-2017 was filtered in order to show
only the data specific to young people under the age of 18. In this data a child is considered to be
anyone under the age of 18 at the time they went missing.
</p>
<p>
It’s important to note that the data is likely to be an underestimate of the real figure. Some police
forces also record data differently. In the instance of gender-related data there are a number of cases
where the gender of the child is unknown. The data from Avon and Somerset includes both absent and
missing cases as the force cannot distinguish between the two.
</p>
<p>
In the visualisation for reasons why people under the age of 18 go missing the reasons listed as ‘other’
include:
</p>
<p>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5">
<tr>
<td>
other medical
</td>
<td class="value">
205
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
lost
</td>
<td class="value">
172
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
asylum seeker
</td>
<td class="value">
146
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
abducted
</td>
<td class="value">
85
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
homeless
</td>
<td class="value">
81
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
forced to leave
</td>
<td class="value">
74
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
financial
</td>
<td class="value">
56
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
disorientated
</td>
<td class="value">
48
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
honour based violence
</td>
<td class="value">
35
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
trafficking
</td>
<td class="value">
35
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
employment
</td>
<td class="value">
24
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
terrorist offences
</td>
<td class="value">
20
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
forced marriage
</td>
<td class="value">
19
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
injured
</td>
<td class="value">
17
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
female genital mutilation
</td>
<td class="value">
9
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
alzheimer's disease
</td>
<td class="value">
2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
dementia
</td>
<td class="value">
1
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</p>
<p class="sub-topic data-methodology-1">
Why are they missing?
</p>
<p>
The data about reasons for missing incidents used in this section was published in the table E4 of UKMPU
Missing Person’s Report 2016-2017. They were collected from the closure reports completed by an officer
when a person is found. That means there may be other persons who went missing and have not been found,
and we cannot know the reasons for missing incidents from these persons. Moreover, among 106,212
incidents in which missing persons have been found, there are only 59,487 incidents (or 56 %) in which
the reasons for missing can be identified. We do not know the reasons for other remaining incidents as
well.
</p>
<p>
All percentage values used in the article relate to the proportion of closure reports in that age range
or that group of age ranges with the specified reason for missing endorsed.
</p>
<p>
Another point worth noting is, not all police forces provided this data. There are only 21 police forces
in England and Wales, which are using a missing persons case management system named ‘COMPACT’, that
supplied them. These police forces are Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Derbyshire, Devon and Cornwall,
Dyfed-Powys, Essex, Gloucestershire, Hertfordshire, Humberside, Kent, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire,
Merseyside, Norfolk, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, Staffordshire, Suffolk, Sussex, Warwickshire and
West Mercia, West Midlands.
</p>
<p class="sub-topic data-methodology-1">
How can we find them?
</p>
<p>
The <a href="https://www.missingpeople.org.uk/about-us/what-we-do/faqs.html" target="_blank">72-hour
figure</a> included in the article ‘How can we find them?’ comes from the independent organization
Missing People. The first chart, <b>‘Duration of missing incidents’</b>, was made using the table E5 of
the
UKMPU Missing Person’s Report (2016-17). Some considerations about this chart:
</p>
<p>
<ol>
<li>
This data reflects the time lapsed from when the person was reported missing to the police to
when the person was found. It does not include unresolved incidents.
</li>
<li>
Some police forces were unable to provide this information.
</li>
</ol>
</p>
<p>
The second chart, <b>‘Who finds missing people’</b>, was made using the table E6 of the UKMPU Missing
Person’s
Report (2016-17). Some considerations about this chart:
</p>
<p>
<ol>
<li>
This data is taken from the return report added when a person is found.
</li>
<li>
The total for England and Wales has been calculated excluding data from the Metropolitan and
Northumbria Police as they are unable to provide this for all categories.
</li>
<li>
Some forces are unable to provide certain data as they do not capture the information in this
manner.
</li>
<li>
The City of London was unable to provide this data for April-June.
</li>
<li>
The Metropolitan Police and Northumbria do not have the option to indicate if a person was found
by a carer, the Local Authority, or a friend/acquaintance.
</li>
</ol>
</p>
<p class="sub-topic data-methodology-1">
Bonus for techies
</p>
<p>
The set of tools we used in the implementation of this website are:
</p>
<p>
<ul>
<li>
We developed the different webpages using <b>HTML, SASS</b>, and <b>JavaScript</b>.
</li>
<li>
For visualisations, we mainly used <b>Datawrapper</b> for the charts on the content pages.
Additionally, for the map with tooltips on the index page, we used the <b>D3.js</b> library.
</li>
<li>
Our interview recordings were published on <b>SoundCloud</b>.
</li>
<li>
For the investigation, we used spreadsheet applications including <b>Google Sheets</b> and
<b>Microsoft
Excel</b>
</li>
<li>
We used the vectors in the splash screen from these contributors: <b>Openclipart</b> (Source
Link: <a
href="https://publicdomainvectors.org/en/free-clipart/Woman-silhouette-vector-graphics/14771.html"
target="_blank">1</a>, <a
href="https://publicdomainvectors.org/en/free-clipart/Lady-silhouette-vector-clip-art/7889.html"
target="_blank">2</a>, <a
href="https://publicdomainvectors.org/en/free-clipart/Man-silhouette-vector-illustration/14773.html"
target="_blank">3</a>), <b>GDJ</b> (Source Link: <a
href="https://openclipart.org/detail/250869/victory-boy-silhouette" target="_blank">1</a>,
<a href="https://openclipart.org/detail/250865/ambiguous-female-silhouette"
target="_blank">2</a>, <a
href="https://openclipart.org/detail/273477/little-girl-and-butterfly-silhouette"
target="_blank">3</a>, <a href="https://openclipart.org/detail/270416/pregnancy-silhouette"
target="_blank">4</a>), <b>Rejon</b> (<a
href="https://openclipart.org/detail/21968/person-outline-2-by-rejon" target="_blank">Source
Link</a>), <b>pax</b> (<a
href="https://openclipart.org/detail/202674/male-silhouette-presenting-or-pointing-by-pnx-202674"
target="_blank">Source Link</a>), and <b>radacina</b> (<a
href="https://openclipart.org/detail/24896/-by--24896" target="_blank">Source Link</a>)
</li>
<li>
We also used the background pictures from these contributors on pexels.com: <b>Mike Chai</b> (<a
href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/time-lapse-photography-of-people-walking-on-pedestrian-lane-842339/"
target="_blank">Source Link</a>), <b>Leo Cardelli</b> (<a
href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/photography-of-person-walking-on-road-1236701/"
target="_blank">Source Link</a>), <b>Kat Jayne</b> (<a
href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/architecture-boys-brick-wall-bricks-551594/"
target="_blank">Source Link</a>), <b>Download a pic Donate a buck! ^</b> (<a
href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/sunset-love-lake-resort-54379/" target="_blank">Source
Link</a>), <b>Lorenzo</b> (<a
href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/adventure-city-country-destination-240834/"
target="_blank">Source Link</a>), and <b>Kevin Ku</b> (<a
href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/coding-computer-data-depth-of-field-577585/"
target="_blank">Source Link</a>)
</li>
</ul>
</p>
</div>
<div class="content-wide-75" id="credit-method">
Background Photo: <a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/coding-computer-data-depth-of-field-577585/" target="_blank">'Kevin Ku' on pexels.com</a>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>