Reworked / harmonized error handling and propagation for custom TypeConverter-errors

[N-Olbert]

Summary of the changes (Less than 80 chars)

• Exceptions thrown by type converters while parsing client input are no longer swallowed. Instead, they are:

  • consistently returned to the client / to the outside world using the same error message and code for all kinds of input
  • propagated to the error filter
    • within the error filter, developers can freely decide whether exception details (e.g. the message) should be exposed publicly or not.

• This is a breaking change, but currently the behavior is inconsistent and depended on the input type used, see Exceptions thrown in type converters are not surfaced #7404 .

• I did not look at exceptions thrown within the output, as C# is strongly typed and threfore such exceptions are unlikely to be relevant at all.

Closes #7404 (in this specific format)
Closes #6385

[tobias-tengler]

Thanks for the contribution @N-Olbert! :)
I left a few comments.

[tobias-tengler]

Looks good! Thank you again for your time and thoroughness 🙌

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 0.00%. Comparing base (6a3b7a3) to head (ee8d74b).
⚠️ Report is 426 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #8677       +/-   ##
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- Coverage   74.16%       0   -74.17%     
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  Files        2677       0     -2677     
  Lines      140790       0   -140790     
  Branches    16371       0    -16371     
==========================================
- Hits       104421       0   -104421     
+ Misses      30774       0    -30774     
+ Partials     5595       0     -5595     

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