S1.ipynb

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   "source": [
    "## Introducción a Python\n",
    "\n",
    "Santiago Hincapie\n",
    "* shincapie@acm.org"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
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     "rise": {
      "scroll": true
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   "source": [
    "### Sección 1:\n",
    "* Características de Python.\n",
    "* Introducción al Notebook.\n",
    "* Tipos de datos:\n",
    "    + enteros\n",
    "    + floats\n",
    "    + complejos\n",
    "    + strings.\n",
    "* Estructuras de datos incorporadas:\n",
    "    + listas\n",
    "    + tuplas\n",
    "    + diccionarios\n",
    "    + conjuntos.\n",
    "* Packing, indexing, slicing.\n",
    "* Conceptos de mutabilidad, inmutabilidad, secuencia, iterador.\n",
    "* Estructuras de control:\n",
    "    + if\n",
    "    + for\n",
    "    + while\n",
    "    + Estructuras por comprensión."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## ¿ Python ?  \n",
    "\n",
    "Python es un lenguaje de programación:\n",
    "\n",
    "* Interpretado e Interactivo\n",
    "* De *alto nivel*\n",
    "* Multiparadigma\n",
    "* Open Source\n",
    "* Eficiente\n",
    "* Potente \n",
    "* Con gran documentación\n",
    "* Y una gran comunidad de usuarios"
   ]
  },
  {
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   "execution_count": 1,
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     "name": "stdout",
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     "text": [
      "The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters\n",
      "\n",
      "Beautiful is better than ugly.\n",
      "Explicit is better than implicit.\n",
      "Simple is better than complex.\n",
      "Complex is better than complicated.\n",
      "Flat is better than nested.\n",
      "Sparse is better than dense.\n",
      "Readability counts.\n",
      "Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.\n",
      "Although practicality beats purity.\n",
      "Errors should never pass silently.\n",
      "Unless explicitly silenced.\n",
      "In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.\n",
      "There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it.\n",
      "Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.\n",
      "Now is better than never.\n",
      "Although never is often better than *right* now.\n",
      "If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.\n",
      "If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.\n",
      "Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import this"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
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   },
   "source": [
    "#### Programas \n",
    "\n",
    "También podemos usar Python para hacer programas o scripts. \n",
    "Esto es, escribir nuestro código en un archivo con extensión `.py` y ejecutarlo con el intérprete de python.  \n",
    "Por ejemplo, el archivo hello.py (al que se le llama módulo) tiene este contenido:\n",
    "\n",
    "```python\n",
    "    print(\"¡Hola mundo!\")\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
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     "slide_type": "fragment"
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   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hola mundo\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print('Hola mundo')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### ¿Python 2 o Python 3? \n",
    "\n",
    "Hay dos versiones **actuales** de Python. La rama 2.7 (actualmente la version 2.7.14) y la rama 3 (actualmente 3.6.5)\n",
    "Todas las bibliotecas importantes de Python funcionan en ambas versiones. Pero [Python 2 perdera su mantenimiento en 2020](https://pythonclock.org/), asi que Python 3 es el futuro."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
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     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### Python como una super-calculadora\n",
    "\n",
    "Python es un lenguaje de muy alto nivel y por lo tanto trae muchos *tipos* de datos incluidos. \n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
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   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-9.6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1 + 1.4 - 12"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Ejecuten su consola y ¡a practicar!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "25279070162814602892416332909167230989159750079826794382624239047131088637588624086108407495497996962875"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "29348575847598437598437598347598435**3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "5 % 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Los tipos numéricos básicos son *int* (enteros sin limite), *float* (reales, ) y *complex* (complejos)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(6.4+24j)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(3.2 + 12j) * 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0.4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "0.1 + 0.3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "3 / 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "3 % 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Las operaciones aritméticas básicas son:\n",
    "\n",
    "* adición: `+`\n",
    "* sustracción: `-`\n",
    "* multiplicación: `*`\n",
    "* división: `/`\n",
    "* módulo (resto de división): `%`  \n",
    "* potencia: `**`\n",
    "* división entera: `//`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Las operaciones se pueden agrupar con paréntesis y tienen precedencia estándar "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
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   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "(1.4501492204343935+1j)\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(3.4501492204343935+1j)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = 1.32\n",
    "resultado = ((21.2 + 4.5)**0.2 / x) + 1j\n",
    "print(resultado)\n",
    "resultado + 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "#### Más funciones matemáticas\n",
    "\n",
    "Hay muchas más *funciones* matemáticas y algunas constantes extras definidas en el *módulo* `math`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
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   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import math   # se importa el modulo para poder usar sus funciones"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-2.4492935982947064e-16"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "math.sin(2*math.pi)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# round es una función built-in\n",
    "round(5.6)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3.1416"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "round(math.pi, 4)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "math.ceil(5.4)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "math.trunc(5.8)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
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   "outputs": [
    {
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      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math \n",
    "math.factorial(1e4)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "ValueError",
     "evalue": "math domain error",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-18-c25db3fc3441>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mmath\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0msqrt\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m-\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m  \u001b[0;31m# Ups!\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m: math domain error"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "math.sqrt(-1)  # Ups!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Pero existe un módulo equivalente para operaciones sobre el dominio complejo"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1j"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import cmath\n",
    "cmath.sqrt(-1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Y también, sabiendo por propiedad de la potencia, podriamos directamente hacer:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(6.123233995736766e-17+1j)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(-1)**0.5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### Todo es un \"objeto\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "En Python todo es un *objeto*, es decir, una *instancia* de un clase o tipo de datos. Los objetos no solo *guardan* valores (atributos) sino que que tienen acceso a *métodos*, es decir, traen acciones (funciones) que podemos ejecutar sobre esos valores, a veces requiriendo/permitiendo parámetros adicionales. \n",
    "\n",
    "Jupyter/IPython facilita conocer todos los atributos y métodos de un objeto mediante **instrospección**. Prueben escribir `resutado.` y apretar `<TAB>`. Por ejemplo:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "R = 4.2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "int"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(4)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Para conocer la clase/tipo de cualquier objecto se usa `type`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### Texto\n",
    "\n",
    "Una cadena o *string* es una **secuencia** de caracteres (letras, números, simbolos). Python 3 utiliza el estándar [unicode](http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode). "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hola mundo!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print('Hola mundo!')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "state = 'Государственный гимн Российской Федерации'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "str"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(state)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "str"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "emoji = '😂👌'\n",
    "type(emoji)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "De paso, `unicode` se aplica a todo el lenguaje, de manera que el propio código puede usar caracterés \"no ascii\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "str"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(r'hola')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Las cadenas se pueden definir con apóstrofes, comillas, o triple comillas, de manera que es menos frecuente la necesidad de \"escapar\" caracteres"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "cid = \"Tierras d'Alcañiz negras las va parando\"\n",
    "realidad = '\"Santiago es un buen profesor\" - Nadie nunca jamas'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Las triples comillas permiten crear cadenas multilínea"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'x, f(x)\\n1, 2\\n2, 4\\n3, 6\\n4, 8\\n5, 10'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# viudfhiguiugjdfiguiufgjiudjf\n",
    "V = \"\"\"x, f(x)\n",
    "1, 2\n",
    "2, 4\n",
    "3, 6\n",
    "4, 8\n",
    "5, 10\"\"\"\n",
    "V"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Las cadenas tienen sus propios **métodos**: pasar a mayúsculas, capitalizar, reemplazar una subcadena, etc. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Tengo sueño'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "v = \"tengo sUeño\"\n",
    "v.capitalize()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Hola Mundo'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = \"hOlA mUnDo\"\n",
    "a.title()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Las cadenas se pueden concatenar"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'tengo sUeño, mucho sueño'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "v + \", mucho sueño\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "y repetir"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla '"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"bla \"*10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Para separar una cadena se usa el método `split`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['hola', 'mundo']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = \"hola mundo\" \n",
    "a.split(' ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Y el método inverso es `join`, para unir muchas cadenas intercalandolas con otra"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'hola mundo'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "' '.join(['hola', 'mundo'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "#### Indizado y rebanado"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Las cadenas son **secuencias**. O sea, conjuntos ordenados que se pueden indizar, recortar, reordenar, etc. \n",
    "\n",
    "![](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/mgaitan/curso-python-cientifico/blob/fcefyn/img/index_slicing.png)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'A MUN'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "cadena = \"HOLA MUNDO\"\n",
    "cadena[3:-2]  "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'ODNUM ALOH'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "cadena[::-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'HO'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "cadena[0:2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "El tipo `str` en python es **inmutable**, lo que quiere decir que, una vez definido un objeto tipo cadena no podemos modificarlo. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "'str' object does not support item assignment",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-39-f75b4fd8a106>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mcadena\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'B'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'str' object does not support item assignment"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "cadena[0] = 'B'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Pero si podemos basarnos en un string para crear otro"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'BOLA MUNDO'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'B' + cadena[1:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'BOLA MUNDO'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "cadena = 'B'.join('HOLA MUNDO'.split('H'))\n",
    "cadena"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'BOLA SUBMUNDO'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "cadena[:4] + \" SUB\" + cadena[5:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "#### longitud de una secuencia\n",
    "\n",
    "La función `len` (de *lenght*) devuelve la cantidad de elementos de cualquier secuencia"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "10"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len('Hola mundo')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "#### interpolación\n",
    "\n",
    "Se puede crear un string a partir de una \"plantilla\" con un formato predeterminado. La forma más poderosa es a través del método [`format`](https://docs.python.org/3.4/library/string.html#format-examples)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'adios mundo'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"%s mundo\" % \"adios\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Hola Mundo'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 45,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"{} {}\".format('Hola', 'Mundo')    # placeholders por nombre de argumentos\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'La parte real es 2.00000 y la imaginaria es 4.0  (2+4j)'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"La parte real es {numero.real:.5f} y la imaginaria es {numero.imag}  {numero}\"\\\n",
    ".format(numero=2+4j)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "#### Casting de tipos\n",
    "\n",
    "Python es dinámico pero de **tipado es fuerte**. Quiere decir que no intenta adivinar lo que estamos intentando hacer y nos exige ser explícitos."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'22'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"2\" + \"2\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "int(float(\"2.096776\")) * float(\"2\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5.5011357025"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "float('2.34545') ** 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "#### Ejercicios\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "Dada una cadena de palabras separadas por coma, generar otra cadena multilinea de \"items\" que comienzan por `\"- [ ] \"`. Por ejemplo \"manzanas, naranjas, bananas\" debe imprimir:\n",
    "\n",
    "        * manzanas\n",
    "        * naranjas\n",
    "        * bananas\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "* manzanas\n",
      "* naranjas\n",
      "* bananas\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = \"manzanas, naranjas, bananas\"\n",
    "print(\"* \" + s.replace(\", \", \"\\n* \"))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "----\n",
    "\n",
    "### Listas y tuplas: contenedores universales"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "nombres = [\"Melisa\", 3, \"Daniel\"]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "list"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(nombres)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Las listas tambien son secuencias, por lo que el indizado y rebanado funciona igual"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'i'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 53,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "nombres[-1][3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[3, 'Daniel']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 54,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "nombres[-2:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Y pueden contener cualquier tipo de objetos"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1.2, 'Jairo', 12000000.0, <function max>, ['Melisa', 3, 'Daniel']]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mix = [1.2, \"Jairo\", 12e6, max, nombres]\n",
    "mix"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1.2, 'Jairo', 12000000.0, <built-in function max>, ['Melisa', 3, 'Daniel']]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(mix)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Hasta acá son iguales a las **tuplas**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'tuple'>\n",
      "(1.2, (1j, 'Melisa'))\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "('Santiago', 1.2, (1j, 'Melisa'))"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 57,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "una_tupla = (\"Santiago\", 1.2, (1j, nombres[0]))\n",
    "print(type(una_tupla))\n",
    "print(una_tupla[1:3])\n",
    "una_tupla"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['Santiago', 1.2, (1j, 'Melisa')]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 58,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list(una_tupla)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "**LA DIFERENCIA** es que las **listas son mutables**. Es decir, es un objeto que puede cambiar: extenderse con otra secuencia, agregar o quitar elementos, cambiar un elemento o una porción por otra, reordenarse *in place*, etc.  "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1.2, 'Jairo', 12000000.0, <function max>, ['Melisa', 3, 'Daniel'], 1, 2]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 59,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mix.extend([1,2])\n",
    "mix"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "AttributeError",
     "evalue": "'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-60-ff0ab357bfe5>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0muna_tupla\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mappend\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'a'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "una_tupla.append('a')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "'tuple' object does not support item assignment",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-61-70593c0d0208>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0muna_tupla\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"otra cosa\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "una_tupla [0] = \"otra cosa\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1.2, 'Jairo', 12000000.0, <function max>, ['Melisa', 3, 'Daniel'], 1, 2]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 62,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mix"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Incluso se pueden hacer asignaciones de secuencias sobres \"slices\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['A', 'B', 12000000.0, <function max>, ['Melisa', 3, 'Daniel'], 1, 2]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 63,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mix[0:2] = ['A', 'B']     # notar que no hace falta que el valor tenga el mismo tamaño que el slice\n",
    "mix"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Como las tuplas son inmutables (como las cadenas), no podemos hacer asignaciones"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "'tuple' object does not support item assignment",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-64-9d89cd817623>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0muna_tupla\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m-\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"Ups!\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "una_tupla[-1] = \"Ups!\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Las **tuplas** son mucho más eficientes (y seguras) si sólo vamos a **leer** elementos. Pero muchas operaciones son comunes. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "1\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 3, 4, 1, '8']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 65,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l = [1, 3, 4, 1]\n",
    "t = (1, 3, 1, 4)\n",
    "print(l.count(3))\n",
    "print(t.count(3))\n",
    "l.append('8')\n",
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "#### packing/unpacking\n",
    "\n",
    "Como toda secuencia, las listas y tuplas se pueden *desempacar*"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 66,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "ValueError",
     "evalue": "too many values to unpack (expected 2)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-66-df9763ab36c5>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mnombre\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnota\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"Juan\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m5\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"{} se sacó un {}\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mformat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mnombre\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnota\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;31m# igual a \"{0} se sacó un {1}\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m: too many values to unpack (expected 2)"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "nombre, nota = [\"Juan\", 5, 3]\n",
    "print(\"{} se sacó un {}\".format(nombre, nota))     # igual a \"{0} se sacó un {1}\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2.0\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a, b = 1, 2.0\n",
    "a, b = b, a\n",
    "print (a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Python 3 permite un desempacado extendido"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "(1, 2, [3, 4, 5])\n",
      "(1, [2, 3, 4], 5)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a, b, *c = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)\n",
    "print((a, b, c))\n",
    "\n",
    "a, *b, c = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
    "print((a, b, c))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1 [2, 3, 4] 5\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# antes era más complicado\n",
    "\n",
    "v = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
    "a, b, c = (v[0], v[1:-1], v[-1])\n",
    "print(a, b, c)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Como con los números, se pueden convertir las secuencias de un tipo de dato a otro. Por ejemplo:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['A', 1]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 70,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = (1, 3, 4)\n",
    "list(('A', 1))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Una función *builtin* muy útil es `range`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "range(0, 6)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 71,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "range(6)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 72,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list(range(6))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 73,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[-10, -9, -8, -7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 73,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list(range(-10, 10))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 74,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 74,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list(range(0, 26, 5))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "También hay una función estándar que da la sumatoria"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 75,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Help on built-in function sum in module builtins:\n",
      "\n",
      "sum(iterable, start=0, /)\n",
      "    Return the sum of a 'start' value (default: 0) plus an iterable of numbers\n",
      "    \n",
      "    When the iterable is empty, return the start value.\n",
      "    This function is intended specifically for use with numeric values and may\n",
      "    reject non-numeric types.\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "help(sum)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 76,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "45"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 76,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sum(range(10))\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "En toda secuencia tenemos el método index, que devuelve la posición en la que se encuentra un elemento"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 77,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = [1, 'hola', []]\n",
    "a.index('hola')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "y como las listas son *mutables* también se pueden reordenar *in place* (no se devuelve un valor, se cambia sobre la misma variable)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 78,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[3, 2, 1]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 78,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = [1, 2, 3]\n",
    "a.reverse()\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = [2,3,4,1,2,3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "La forma alternativa es usando una función, que **devuelve** un valor"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[3, 2, 1, 4, 3, 2]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 80,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b = list(reversed(a))\n",
    "b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 81,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[('Santiago', 'Hincapie', 'Col'), ('Camilo', 'Londoño', 'Col')]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 81,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Zip es muy util!\n",
    "nombres = ['Santiago', 'Camilo', 'Juan Camilo']\n",
    "pasiones = ['Hincapie', 'Londoño', 'Ramirez', 1]\n",
    "nacionalidad = ('Col', 'Col')\n",
    "list(zip(nombres, pasiones, nacionalidad))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "#### Ejercicios\n",
    "\n",
    "Dada cualquier secuencia, devolver una tupla con sus elementos concatenados en a la misma secuencia en orden inverso. \n",
    "\n",
    "Por ejemplo para `\"ABCD\"` devuelve\n",
    "\n",
    "`('A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'D', 'C', 'B', 'A')`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 82,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "('A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'D', 'C', 'B', 'A')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 82,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t = list(\"ABCD\")\n",
    "tuple(t + list(reversed(t)))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### Estructuras de control de flujos\n",
    "\n",
    "#### if/elif/else\n",
    "\n",
    "En todo lenguaje necesitamos controlar el flujo de una ejecución segun una condición Verdadero/Falso (booleana). *Si (condicion) es verdadero hacé (bloque A); Sino hacé (Bloque B)*. En pseudo código:\n",
    "\n",
    "    Si (condicion):\n",
    "        bloque A\n",
    "    sino:\n",
    "        bloque B\n",
    "\n",
    "y en Python es muy parecido! \n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 83,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "edad: 21\n",
      "😈\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "edad = int(input('edad: '))\n",
    "if edad < 18:\n",
    "    print(\"Usted es ilegal.\")    \n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(\"😈\")\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Podemos tener multiples condiciones en una estructura. Se ejecutará el primer bloque cuya condición sea verdadera, o en su defecto el bloque `else`. Esto es equivalente a la sentencia `switch` o `select case` de otros lenguajes "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 84,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "19.377162629757787\n",
      "Normal\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 84,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "peso, estatura = (56, 1.70)\n",
    "IMC = peso/(estatura**2)\n",
    "print(IMC)\n",
    "\n",
    "if IMC < 18.5:\n",
    "    print(\"Peso bajo\")\n",
    "elif 18 < IMC < 25:\n",
    "    print(\"Normal\")\n",
    "elif 25 < IMC < 27:\n",
    "    print(\"Sobrepeso\")\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(\"Obesidad\")\n",
    "\n",
    "any((\"o\" in \"hola\", \"a\" in \"hola\", \"h\" in \"hola\"))\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Los operadores lógicos en Python son muy explicitos. \n",
    "    \n",
    "    A == B \n",
    "    A > B \n",
    "    A < B\n",
    "    A >= B\n",
    "    A <= B\n",
    "    A != B\n",
    "    A in B\n",
    "\n",
    "* A todos los podemos combinar con `not`, que niega la condición\n",
    "* Podemos combinar condiciones con `AND` y `OR`, las funciones `all` y `any` y paréntesis"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 85,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 85,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "not(any([True, False, True]))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "En un `if`, la conversión a tipo *boolean* es implícita. El tipo `None` (vacío), el `0`,  una secuencia (lista, tupla, string) (o conjunto o diccionario, que ya veremos) vacía siempre evalua a ``False``. Cualquier otro objeto evalua a ``True``."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 86,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Dio cero\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = \"\"\n",
    "\n",
    "if a == 0: \n",
    "    a = \"No es cero\"\n",
    "else: \n",
    "    a = \"Dio cero\"\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Para hacer asignaciones condicionales se puede usar la *estructura ternaria* del `if`: `A si (condicion) sino B`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 87,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "No es cero\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b = 5 - 6\n",
    "a = \"No es cero\" if b else \"dio cero\"\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "#### For\n",
    "\n",
    "Otro control es **iterar** sobre una secuencia (o *\"iterador\"*). Obtener cada elemento para hacer algo. En Python se logra con la sentencia `for`\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 88,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "15"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 88,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sumatoria = 0\n",
    "for elemento in range(6):\n",
    "    sumatoria = sumatoria + elemento\n",
    "sumatoria"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Notar que no iteramos sobre el índice de cada elemento, sino sobre los elementos mismos. ¡Basta de `i`, `j` y esas variables innecesarias! . Si por alguna razon son necesarias, tenemos la función `enumerate`\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 89,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[(0, 'a'), (1, 'b'), (2, 'c')]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 89,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list(enumerate(['a', 'b', 'c']))\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 90,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "El valor de la posicion 0 es 4\n",
      "El valor de la posicion 1 es 3\n",
      "El valor de la posicion 2 es 19\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for (posicion, valor) in enumerate([4, 3, 19]):\n",
    "    print(\"El valor de la posicion %s es %d\" % (posicion, valor))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 91,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n",
      "5\n",
      "6\n",
      "7\n",
      "8\n",
      "9\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(10):\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "El bloque `for` se corre hasta el final del *iterador* o hasta encontrar un sentencia `break`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 92,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(5050, 101)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 92,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sumatoria = 0\n",
    "for elemento in range(1000):\n",
    "    if elemento > 100:\n",
    "        break\n",
    "    sumatoria = sumatoria + elemento\n",
    "sumatoria, elemento"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "También podemos usar `continue` para omitir la ejecución de \"una iteración\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 93,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
      "2\n",
      "4\n",
      "6\n",
      "8\n",
      "10\n",
      "12\n",
      "14\n",
      "16\n",
      "18\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "90"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 93,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sumatoria = 0\n",
    "for elemento in range(20):\n",
    "    if elemento % 2:\n",
    "        continue\n",
    "    print(elemento)\n",
    "    sumatoria = sumatoria + elemento\n",
    "sumatoria"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Muchas veces queremos iterar una lista para obtener otra, con sus elementos modificados. Por ejemplo, obtener una lista con los cuadrados de los primeros 10 enteros."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 94,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[9, 4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "cuadrados = []\n",
    "for i in range(-3,15,1):\n",
    "    cuadrados.append(i**2)\n",
    "print(cuadrados)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Una forma compacta y elegante (¡pythónica!) de escribir esta estructura muy frecuente son las **listas por comprehensión**:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 95,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "guardado = [i**2 for i in range(-3,15,1) if i % 2]\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 96,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 96,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "[n*2 for n in range(5)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "#### Expresiones generadores\n",
    "\n",
    "Al crear una lista por comprehensión, se calculan todos los valores y se agregan uno a uno a la lista, que una vez completa se \"devuelve\" como un objeto nuevo. \n",
    "\n",
    "Cuando no necesitamos todos los valores *al mismo tiempo*, porque por ejemplo podemos consumirlos de 1 en 1, es mejor crear *generadores*, que son tipos de datos **iterables pero no indizables** (es el mismo tipo de objeto que devuelve `reversed`, que ya vimos)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "#### Ejercicios\n",
    "\n",
    "Obtener la sumatoria de los cubos de los numeros impares menores a 100. $$\\sum_{a=0}^{100}a^3 \\mid a\\ impar $$"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 97,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "12497500"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 97,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sum(a**3 for a in range(101) if a % 2 != 0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "#### While\n",
    "\n",
    "Otro tipo de sentencia de control es *while*: iterar mientras se cumpla una condición"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 99,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "ingrese un numero\n",
      "6\n",
      "6\n",
      "7\n",
      "8\n",
      "9\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = int(input('ingrese un numero\\n'))\n",
    "while a < 10:\n",
    "    print (a)\n",
    "    a += 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Como en la iteración con `for` se puede utilizar la sentencia `break` para \"romper\" el bucle. Entonces puede modificarse para que la condición esté en una posicion arbitraria"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 100,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2 elefantes se balanceaban sobre la tela de una araña\n",
      "Desea invitar a otro elefante?\n",
      "3 elefantes se balanceaban sobre la tela de una araña\n",
      "Desea invitar a otro elefante?\n",
      "4 elefantes se balanceaban sobre la tela de una araña\n",
      "Desea invitar a otro elefante?\n",
      "5 elefantes se balanceaban sobre la tela de una araña\n",
      "Desea invitar a otro elefante?\n",
      "6 elefantes se balanceaban sobre la tela de una araña\n",
      "Desea invitar a otro elefante?\n",
      "7 elefantes se balanceaban sobre la tela de una araña\n",
      "Desea invitar a otro elefante?no\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "n = 1\n",
    "while True:\n",
    "    n = n + 1\n",
    "    print('{} elefantes se balanceaban sobre la tela de una araña'.format(n))\n",
    "    continuar = input('Desea invitar a otro elefante?')\n",
    "    if continuar == 'no':\n",
    "        break"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### Diccionarios\n",
    "\n",
    "La diccionarios son otro tipo de estructuras de alto nivel que ya vienen incorporados. A diferencia de las secuencias, los valores **no están en una posición** sino bajo **una clave**: son asociaciones `clave:valor`\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 101,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "Eid = {'Santiago':3123423, 'Sara':'...'}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Accedemos al valor a traves de un clave"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 102,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3123423"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 102,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Eid['Santiago']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Los diccionarios **son mutables**. Es decir, podemos cambiar el valor de una clave, agregar o quitar.  "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 103,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "Eid['Andrés'] = 23423423j"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 104,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "Eid['Santiago'] = 'Hola'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 105,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "del Eid['Sara']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 106,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Andrés': 23423423j, 'Santiago': 'Hola'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 106,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Eid"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Se puede crear un diccionario a partir de tuplas `(clave, valor)` a traves de la propia clase `dict()`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 107,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{3: 'oe@eafit.edu.co',\n",
       " 'CIGMA': 'cigma_oe@eafit.edu.co',\n",
       " 'Yo': 'shinca12@eafit.edu.co'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 107,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dict([('Yo', 'shinca12@eafit.edu.co'), (3, 'oe@eafit.edu.co'), ('CIGMA', 'cigma_oe@eafit.edu.co')])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### Un pequeño ejemplo real\n",
    "Live coding!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 112,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "carreras = '''ADMINISTRACIÓN DE NEGOCIOS\t2514\n",
    "NEGOCIOS INTERNACIONALES\t1057\n",
    "ECONOMÍA\t396\n",
    "INGENIERÍA DE PROCESOS\t174\n",
    "INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS\t505\n",
    "CONTADURÍA PÚBLICA\t117\n",
    "INGENIERÍA DE PRODUCCIÓN\t301\n",
    "INGENIERÍA CIVIL\t982\n",
    "INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA\t596\n",
    "GEOLOGÍA\t322\n",
    "DERECHO\t841\n",
    "INGENIERÍA DE DISEÑO DE PRODUCTO\t682\n",
    "INGENIERÍA MATEMÁTICA\t94\n",
    "CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS\t235\n",
    "COMUNICACIÓN SOCIAL\t660\n",
    "INGENIERÍA FÍSICA\t110\n",
    "PSICOLOGÍA\t293\n",
    "MERCADEO\t649\n",
    "BIOLOGÍA\t160\n",
    "FINANZAS\t285\n",
    "MUSICA\t181\n",
    "LITERATURA\t18'''"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Las claves pueden ser cualquier objeto inmutable (cadenas, numeros, tuplas) y los valores pueden ser cualquier tipo de objeto. Las claves no se pueden repetir pero los valores sí.\n",
    "\n",
    "**Importante**: los diccionarios **no tienen un orden definido**. Si por alguna razón necesitamos un orden, debemos obtener las claves, ordenarlas e iterar por esa secuencia de claves ordenadas.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Que es muy útil usar con la función `zip()` que ya vimos"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 113,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Juan Camilo': 'jurami28@eafit.edu.co', 'Santiago': 'shinca12@eafit.edu.co'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 113,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "nombres = (\"Santiago\", \"Juan Camilo\")\n",
    "emails = (\"shinca12@eafit.edu.co\", \"jurami28@eafit.edu.co\")\n",
    "\n",
    "dict(zip(nombres, emails))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "#### Ejercicio\n",
    "\n",
    "Dados la lista de precios por kilo:\n",
    "\n",
    "        precios = {\n",
    "            \"banana\": 12,\n",
    "            \"manzana\": 8.5,\n",
    "            \"naranja\": 6,\n",
    "            \"pera\": 18\n",
    "        }\n",
    "\n",
    " Y la siguiente lista de compras \n",
    "\n",
    "        compras = {\n",
    "            \"banana\": 1,\n",
    "            \"naranja\": 3,\n",
    "            \"pera\": 0,\n",
    "            \"manzana\": 1\n",
    "        }\n",
    "\n",
    " Calcule el costo total de la compra. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 114,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "no hay piña :)\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "38.5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 114,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "precios = {\n",
    "        \"banana\": 12,\n",
    "        \"manzana\": 8.5,\n",
    "        \"naranja\": 6,\n",
    "        \"pera\": 18\n",
    "    }\n",
    "\n",
    "compras = {\n",
    "        \"banana\": 1,\n",
    "        \"naranja\": 3,\n",
    "        \"pera\": 0,\n",
    "        \"manzana\": 1,\n",
    "        \"piña\" : 0\n",
    "    }\n",
    "\n",
    "suma = 0\n",
    "for i in compras:\n",
    "    if i in precios:\n",
    "        suma += compras[i]*precios[i]\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print(\"no hay %s :)\" % i)\n",
    "suma"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### Conjuntos\n",
    "\n",
    "Los conjuntos (`set()` o `{}`) son grupos de elementos únicos. Al igual que los diccionarios, no están necesariamente ordenados"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 115,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mamiferos = set(['perro', 'gato', 'leon'])\n",
    "domesticos = {'perro', 'gato', 'gallina'}\n",
    "aves = {'gallina', 'halcón', 'colibrí'}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 116,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'gato', 'leon', 'perro'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 116,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mamiferos"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Los conjuntos tienen métodos para cada una de las operaciones del [álgebra de conjuntos](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lgebra_de_conjuntos)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 117,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'gato', 'perro'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 117,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mamiferos.intersection(domesticos)    #  mamiferos & domesticos"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 118,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'gallina', 'gato', 'leon', 'perro'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 118,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mamiferos.union(domesticos)     #  mamiferos | domesticos"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 119,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'colibrí', 'halcón'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 119,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "aves.difference(domesticos)     # mamiferos - domesticos"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 120,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'gallina', 'leon'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 120,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mamiferos.symmetric_difference(domesticos)    # mamiferos ^ domesticos"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Se puede comparar pertenencia de elementos y subconjuntos"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 121,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 121,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'gato' in mamiferos"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 122,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 122,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "domesticos.issubset(mamiferos)  "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Además, tienen métodos para agregar o extraer elementos"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 123,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'elefante', 'gato', 'leon', 'perro'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 123,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mamiferos.add('elefante')\n",
    "mamiferos"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Por supuesto, se puede crear un conjunto a partir de cualquier iterador"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 124,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{' ', ',', '1', '2', '3', '[', ']'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 124,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "set(\"[1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 3]\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Existe también una **versión inmutable** de los diccionarios, llamado `frozenset`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 125,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "frozenset"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 125,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "frozenset"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "#### Ejercicio\n",
    "\n",
    "La función `dir()` devuelve una lista con los nombre de todos los métodos y atributos de un objeto. Obtener una lista ordenada de los métodos en común entre `list`, `tuple` y `str` y los que son exclusivos para cada uno"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 126,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'__delitem__',\n",
       " '__iadd__',\n",
       " '__imul__',\n",
       " '__reversed__',\n",
       " '__setitem__',\n",
       " 'append',\n",
       " 'clear',\n",
       " 'copy',\n",
       " 'extend',\n",
       " 'insert',\n",
       " 'pop',\n",
       " 'remove',\n",
       " 'reverse',\n",
       " 'sort'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 126,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "set(dir(list)) - set(dir(tuple)) #& set(dir(str))"
   ]
  }
 ],
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