diff --git a/packages/desktop-electron/src/main/menu-labels.ts b/packages/desktop-electron/src/main/menu-labels.ts
index 17b307ea3..182cf8b16 100644
--- a/packages/desktop-electron/src/main/menu-labels.ts
+++ b/packages/desktop-electron/src/main/menu-labels.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ export type MenuLabelKey =
   | "file"
   | "edit"
   | "view"
+  | "window"
   | "go"
   | "help"
   | "checkForUpdates"
@@ -25,11 +26,35 @@ export type MenuLabelKey =
   | "reportProblem"
   | "openGithubIssue"
 
+export type MenuRoleLabelKey =
+  | "about"
+  | "hide"
+  | "hideOthers"
+  | "unhide"
+  | "quit"
+  | "close"
+  | "undo"
+  | "redo"
+  | "cut"
+  | "copy"
+  | "paste"
+  | "selectAll"
+  | "reload"
+  | "toggleDevTools"
+  | "resetZoom"
+  | "zoomIn"
+  | "zoomOut"
+  | "togglefullscreen"
+  | "minimize"
+  | "zoom"
+  | "front"
+
 const labels: Record<MenuLocale, Record<MenuLabelKey, string>> = {
   en: {
     file: "File",
     edit: "Edit",
     view: "View",
+    window: "Window",
     go: "Go",
     help: "Help",
     checkForUpdates: "Check for Updates...",
@@ -55,6 +80,7 @@ const labels: Record<MenuLocale, Record<MenuLabelKey, string>> = {
     file: "文件",
     edit: "编辑",
     view: "视图",
+    window: "窗口",
     go: "前往",
     help: "帮助",
     checkForUpdates: "检查更新...",
@@ -78,6 +104,57 @@ const labels: Record<MenuLocale, Record<MenuLabelKey, string>> = {
   },
 }
 
+// Keep explicit English role labels so role-backed menu templates stay deterministic
+// in unit tests and non-macOS environments instead of depending on Electron runtime defaults.
+const roleLabels: Record<MenuLocale, Record<MenuRoleLabelKey, string>> = {
+  en: {
+    about: "About {appName}",
+    hide: "Hide {appName}",
+    hideOthers: "Hide Others",
+    unhide: "Show All",
+    quit: "Quit {appName}",
+    close: "Close Window",
+    undo: "Undo",
+    redo: "Redo",
+    cut: "Cut",
+    copy: "Copy",
+    paste: "Paste",
+    selectAll: "Select All",
+    reload: "Reload",
+    toggleDevTools: "Toggle Developer Tools",
+    resetZoom: "Actual Size",
+    zoomIn: "Zoom In",
+    zoomOut: "Zoom Out",
+    togglefullscreen: "Toggle Full Screen",
+    minimize: "Minimize",
+    zoom: "Zoom",
+    front: "Bring All to Front",
+  },
+  zh: {
+    about: "关于 {appName}",
+    hide: "隐藏 {appName}",
+    hideOthers: "隐藏其他",
+    unhide: "显示全部",
+    quit: "退出 {appName}",
+    close: "关闭窗口",
+    undo: "撤销",
+    redo: "重做",
+    cut: "剪切",
+    copy: "复制",
+    paste: "粘贴",
+    selectAll: "全选",
+    reload: "重新加载",
+    toggleDevTools: "切换开发者工具",
+    resetZoom: "实际大小",
+    zoomIn: "放大",
+    zoomOut: "缩小",
+    togglefullscreen: "切换全屏",
+    minimize: "最小化",
+    zoom: "缩放",
+    front: "全部移到前面",
+  },
+}
+
 function parseStoredOrRaw(value: unknown): unknown {
   if (typeof value !== "string") return value
   try {
@@ -127,3 +204,12 @@ export function menuLabel(locale: MenuLocale, key: MenuLabelKey) {
   if (import.meta.env.DEV) console.warn("[menu] missing desktop label", { locale, key })
   return key
 }
+
+export function menuRoleLabel(locale: MenuLocale, key: MenuRoleLabelKey, appName: string) {
+  if (import.meta.env.DEV && locale !== "en" && roleLabels[locale]?.[key] === undefined) {
+    console.warn("[menu] missing locale role label, falling back to en", { locale, key })
+  }
+  const template = roleLabels[locale]?.[key] ?? roleLabels.en[key] ?? key
+  if (template === key && import.meta.env.DEV) console.warn("[menu] missing desktop role label", { locale, key })
+  return template.replaceAll("{appName}", appName)
+}
diff --git a/packages/desktop-electron/src/main/menu-template.ts b/packages/desktop-electron/src/main/menu-template.ts
index b6c6abe38..d27b1c742 100644
--- a/packages/desktop-electron/src/main/menu-template.ts
+++ b/packages/desktop-electron/src/main/menu-template.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { menuLabel, type MenuLocale } from "./menu-labels"
+import { menuLabel, menuRoleLabel, type MenuLocale, type MenuRoleLabelKey } from "./menu-labels"
 import { PAWWORK_GITHUB_ISSUE_URL, PAWWORK_GITHUB_URL } from "./support-links"
 
 export type MenuItemTemplate = {
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ type BuildMenuOptions = {
 export function buildMenuTemplate(options: BuildMenuOptions): MenuItemTemplate[] {
   const { deps, appName, locale, feedbackEnabled } = options
   const t = (key: Parameters<typeof menuLabel>[1]) => menuLabel(locale, key)
+  const roleLabel = (key: MenuRoleLabelKey) => menuRoleLabel(locale, key, appName)
 
   const helpSubmenu: MenuItemTemplate[] = [
     { label: t("pawworkOnGithub"), click: () => deps.openExternal(PAWWORK_GITHUB_URL) },
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ export function buildMenuTemplate(options: BuildMenuOptions): MenuItemTemplate[]
     {
       label: appName,
       submenu: [
-        { role: "about" },
+        { label: roleLabel("about"), role: "about" },
         {
           label: t("checkForUpdates"),
           click: () => deps.checkForUpdates(),
@@ -61,11 +62,11 @@ export function buildMenuTemplate(options: BuildMenuOptions): MenuItemTemplate[]
           click: () => deps.relaunch(),
         },
         { type: "separator" },
-        { role: "hide" },
-        { role: "hideOthers" },
-        { role: "unhide" },
+        { label: roleLabel("hide"), role: "hide" },
+        { label: roleLabel("hideOthers"), role: "hideOthers" },
+        { label: roleLabel("unhide"), role: "unhide" },
         { type: "separator" },
-        { role: "quit" },
+        { label: roleLabel("quit"), role: "quit" },
       ],
     },
     {
@@ -75,19 +76,19 @@ export function buildMenuTemplate(options: BuildMenuOptions): MenuItemTemplate[]
         { label: t("openProject"), accelerator: "Cmd+O", click: () => deps.trigger("project.open") },
         { label: t("newWindow"), accelerator: "Cmd+Shift+N", click: () => deps.newWindow() },
         { type: "separator" },
-        { role: "close" },
+        { label: roleLabel("close"), role: "close" },
       ],
     },
     {
       label: t("edit"),
       submenu: [
-        { role: "undo" },
-        { role: "redo" },
+        { label: roleLabel("undo"), role: "undo" },
+        { label: roleLabel("redo"), role: "redo" },
         { type: "separator" },
-        { role: "cut" },
-        { role: "copy" },
-        { role: "paste" },
-        { role: "selectAll" },
+        { label: roleLabel("cut"), role: "cut" },
+        { label: roleLabel("copy"), role: "copy" },
+        { label: roleLabel("paste"), role: "paste" },
+        { label: roleLabel("selectAll"), role: "selectAll" },
       ],
     },
     {
@@ -97,14 +98,14 @@ export function buildMenuTemplate(options: BuildMenuOptions): MenuItemTemplate[]
         { label: t("toggleTerminal"), accelerator: "Ctrl+`", click: () => deps.trigger("terminal.toggle") },
         { label: t("toggleFileTree"), click: () => deps.trigger("fileTree.toggle") },
         { type: "separator" },
-        { role: "reload" },
-        { role: "toggleDevTools" },
+        { label: roleLabel("reload"), role: "reload" },
+        { label: roleLabel("toggleDevTools"), role: "toggleDevTools" },
         { type: "separator" },
-        { role: "resetZoom" },
-        { role: "zoomIn" },
-        { role: "zoomOut" },
+        { label: roleLabel("resetZoom"), role: "resetZoom" },
+        { label: roleLabel("zoomIn"), role: "zoomIn" },
+        { label: roleLabel("zoomOut"), role: "zoomOut" },
         { type: "separator" },
-        { role: "togglefullscreen" },
+        { label: roleLabel("togglefullscreen"), role: "togglefullscreen" },
       ],
     },
     {
@@ -120,7 +121,20 @@ export function buildMenuTemplate(options: BuildMenuOptions): MenuItemTemplate[]
         { label: t("nextProject"), accelerator: "Cmd+Option+Down", click: () => deps.trigger("project.next") },
       ],
     },
-    { role: "windowMenu" },
+    {
+      label: t("window"),
+      // Electron 40.8.0 on macOS 15 still keeps our labeled submenu entries while
+      // preserving the native window list for the parent windowMenu role.
+      // If an Electron upgrade stops honoring this merge, localize the generated
+      // window submenu items after Menu.buildFromTemplate instead of dropping the role.
+      role: "windowMenu",
+      submenu: [
+        { label: roleLabel("minimize"), role: "minimize" },
+        { label: roleLabel("zoom"), role: "zoom" },
+        { type: "separator" },
+        { label: roleLabel("front"), role: "front" },
+      ],
+    },
     {
       label: t("help"),
       submenu: helpSubmenu,
diff --git a/packages/desktop-electron/src/main/menu.test.ts b/packages/desktop-electron/src/main/menu.test.ts
index dd89574c5..a0bf56b3b 100644
--- a/packages/desktop-electron/src/main/menu.test.ts
+++ b/packages/desktop-electron/src/main/menu.test.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,107 @@ function labels(template: MenuItemTemplate[]) {
 }
 
 function submenu(template: MenuItemTemplate[], label: string) {
-  return template.find((item) => item.label === label)?.submenu ?? []
+  const item = menuItem(template, label)
+  expect(item, `menu '${label}' not found`).toBeDefined()
+  return item?.submenu ?? []
+}
+
+function menuItem(template: MenuItemTemplate[], label: string) {
+  return template.find((item) => item.label === label)
+}
+
+function expectRoleLabels(items: MenuItemTemplate[], expected: Record<string, string>) {
+  const roleItems = items.filter((item) => item.role !== undefined)
+  expect(roleItems).toHaveLength(Object.keys(expected).length)
+  for (const [role, label] of Object.entries(expected)) {
+    expect(items).toContainEqual(expect.objectContaining({ role, label }))
+  }
+}
+
+function expectWindowMenuRoleLabels(template: MenuItemTemplate[], locale: "en" | "zh", appName: string) {
+  const labelsByLocale = {
+    en: {
+      appMenu: {
+        about: `About ${appName}`,
+        hide: `Hide ${appName}`,
+        hideOthers: "Hide Others",
+        unhide: "Show All",
+        quit: `Quit ${appName}`,
+      },
+      file: {
+        close: "Close Window",
+      },
+      edit: {
+        undo: "Undo",
+        redo: "Redo",
+        cut: "Cut",
+        copy: "Copy",
+        paste: "Paste",
+        selectAll: "Select All",
+      },
+      view: {
+        reload: "Reload",
+        toggleDevTools: "Toggle Developer Tools",
+        resetZoom: "Actual Size",
+        zoomIn: "Zoom In",
+        zoomOut: "Zoom Out",
+        togglefullscreen: "Toggle Full Screen",
+      },
+      windowMenu: {
+        label: "Window",
+        minimize: "Minimize",
+        zoom: "Zoom",
+        front: "Bring All to Front",
+      },
+    },
+    zh: {
+      appMenu: {
+        about: `关于 ${appName}`,
+        hide: `隐藏 ${appName}`,
+        hideOthers: "隐藏其他",
+        unhide: "显示全部",
+        quit: `退出 ${appName}`,
+      },
+      file: {
+        close: "关闭窗口",
+      },
+      edit: {
+        undo: "撤销",
+        redo: "重做",
+        cut: "剪切",
+        copy: "复制",
+        paste: "粘贴",
+        selectAll: "全选",
+      },
+      view: {
+        reload: "重新加载",
+        toggleDevTools: "切换开发者工具",
+        resetZoom: "实际大小",
+        zoomIn: "放大",
+        zoomOut: "缩小",
+        togglefullscreen: "切换全屏",
+      },
+      windowMenu: {
+        label: "窗口",
+        minimize: "最小化",
+        zoom: "缩放",
+        front: "全部移到前面",
+      },
+    },
+  } as const
+
+  const expected = labelsByLocale[locale]
+
+  expectRoleLabels(submenu(template, appName), expected.appMenu)
+  expectRoleLabels(submenu(template, locale === "zh" ? "文件" : "File"), expected.file)
+  expectRoleLabels(submenu(template, locale === "zh" ? "编辑" : "Edit"), expected.edit)
+  expectRoleLabels(submenu(template, locale === "zh" ? "视图" : "View"), expected.view)
+  expect(menuItem(template, expected.windowMenu.label)).toEqual(expect.objectContaining({ role: "windowMenu" }))
+  expectRoleLabels(submenu(template, expected.windowMenu.label), {
+    minimize: expected.windowMenu.minimize,
+    zoom: expected.windowMenu.zoom,
+    front: expected.windowMenu.front,
+  })
 }
 
 describe("desktop menu template", () => {
@@ -36,6 +136,30 @@ describe("desktop menu template", () => {
     expect(labels(template)).toContain("帮助")
   })
 
+  test("localizes Chinese labels for role-backed menu items while preserving roles", () => {
+    const appName = "PawWork"
+    const template = buildMenuTemplate({
+      deps: deps(),
+      appName,
+      locale: "zh",
+      feedbackEnabled: true,
+    })
+
+    expectWindowMenuRoleLabels(template, "zh", appName)
+  })
+
+  test("localizes English labels for role-backed menu items while preserving roles", () => {
+    const appName = "PawWork"
+    const template = buildMenuTemplate({
+      deps: deps(),
+      appName,
+      locale: "en",
+      feedbackEnabled: true,
+    })
+
+    expectWindowMenuRoleLabels(template, "en", appName)
+  })
+
   test("renames stale webview label", () => {
     const template = buildMenuTemplate({
       deps: deps(),