diff --git a/app/javascript/packages/verify-flow/steps/personal-key-confirm/personal-key-input.spec.tsx b/app/javascript/packages/verify-flow/steps/personal-key-confirm/personal-key-input.spec.tsx
index 70d63c24fb6..828de0d5291 100644
--- a/app/javascript/packages/verify-flow/steps/personal-key-confirm/personal-key-input.spec.tsx
+++ b/app/javascript/packages/verify-flow/steps/personal-key-confirm/personal-key-input.spec.tsx
@@ -49,17 +49,17 @@ describe('PersonalKeyInput', () => {
     expect(input.value).to.equal('1234-1234-1234-1234');
   });
 
-  it('validates the input value against the expected value', async () => {
-    const { getByRole } = render(<PersonalKeyInput expectedValue="0000-0000-0000-0000" />);
+  it('validates the input value against the expected value (case-insensitive, crockford)', async () => {
+    const { getByRole } = render(<PersonalKeyInput expectedValue="abcd-0011-DEFG-1111" />);
 
     const input = getByRole('textbox') as HTMLInputElement;
 
-    await userEvent.type(input, '0000-0000-0000-000');
+    await userEvent.type(input, 'ABCDoOlL-defg-iI1');
     input.checkValidity();
     expect(input.validationMessage).to.equal('users.personal_key.confirmation_error');
 
-    await userEvent.type(input, '0');
+    await userEvent.type(input, '1');
     input.checkValidity();
-    expect(input.validationMessage).to.be.empty();
+    expect(input.validity.valid).to.be.true();
   });
 });
diff --git a/app/javascript/packages/verify-flow/steps/personal-key-confirm/personal-key-input.tsx b/app/javascript/packages/verify-flow/steps/personal-key-confirm/personal-key-input.tsx
index 478244e64bb..03d2a835c3f 100644
--- a/app/javascript/packages/verify-flow/steps/personal-key-confirm/personal-key-input.tsx
+++ b/app/javascript/packages/verify-flow/steps/personal-key-confirm/personal-key-input.tsx
@@ -17,13 +17,22 @@ interface PersonalKeyInputProps {
   onChange?: (nextValue: string) => void;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Normalize an input value for validation comparison.
+ *
+ * @param string Denormalized value.
+ *
+ * @return Normalized value.
+ */
+const normalize = (string: string) => string.toLowerCase().replace(/o/g, '0').replace(/[il]/g, '1');
+
 function PersonalKeyInput(
   { expectedValue, onChange = () => {} }: PersonalKeyInputProps,
   ref: ForwardedRef<HTMLElement>,
 ) {
   const validate = useCallback<ValidatedFieldValidator>(
     (value) => {
-      if (expectedValue && value !== expectedValue) {
+      if (expectedValue && normalize(value) !== normalize(expectedValue)) {
         throw new Error(t('users.personal_key.confirmation_error'));
       }
     },
diff --git a/spec/support/features/personal_key_helper.rb b/spec/support/features/personal_key_helper.rb
index 7b95f69a9a6..3b2a651a25c 100644
--- a/spec/support/features/personal_key_helper.rb
+++ b/spec/support/features/personal_key_helper.rb
@@ -28,10 +28,6 @@ def trigger_reset_password_and_click_email_link(email)
   end
 
   def scrape_personal_key
-    new_personal_key_words = []
-    page.all(:css, '[data-personal-key]').each do |node|
-      new_personal_key_words << node.text
-    end
-    new_personal_key_words.join('-')
+    page.all(:css, '.separator-text__code').map(&:text).join('-')
   end
 end
diff --git a/spec/support/features/session_helper.rb b/spec/support/features/session_helper.rb
index 931eabe6d07..a12a124dbff 100644
--- a/spec/support/features/session_helper.rb
+++ b/spec/support/features/session_helper.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 module Features
   module SessionHelper
+    include PersonalKeyHelper
+
     VALID_PASSWORD = 'Val!d Pass w0rd'.freeze
 
     def sign_up_with(email)
@@ -307,18 +309,11 @@ def sign_in_with_totp_enabled_user
     end
 
     def acknowledge_and_confirm_personal_key(js: true)
-      extra_characters_get_ignored = 'abc123qwerty'
-      code_words = []
-
-      page.all(:css, '[data-personal-key]').map do |node|
-        code_words << node.text
-      end
-
       button_text = t('forms.buttons.continue')
 
       click_on button_text, class: 'personal-key-continue' if js
 
-      fill_in 'personal_key', with: code_words.join.downcase + extra_characters_get_ignored
+      fill_in 'personal_key', with: scrape_personal_key
 
       find_all('.personal-key-confirm', text: button_text).first.click
     end
diff --git a/spec/support/shared_examples_for_personal_keys.rb b/spec/support/shared_examples_for_personal_keys.rb
index a6d7b950c77..ca655eaedd2 100644
--- a/spec/support/shared_examples_for_personal_keys.rb
+++ b/spec/support/shared_examples_for_personal_keys.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 shared_examples_for 'personal key page' do
-  include XPathHelper
+  include PersonalKeyHelper
 
   context 'informational text' do
     context 'modal content' do
@@ -33,5 +33,28 @@
       code = page.all('[data-personal-key]').map(&:text).join('-')
       expect(copied_text).to eq(code)
     end
+
+    it 'validates as case-insensitive, crockford-normalized, length-limited, dash-flexible' do
+      code_segments = scrape_personal_key.split('-')
+
+      # Include dash between some segments and not others
+      code = code_segments[0..1].join('-') + code_segments[2..3].join
+
+      # Randomize case
+      code = code.chars.map { |c| (rand 2) == 0 ? c.downcase : c.upcase }.join
+
+      # De-normalize Crockford encoding
+      code = code.sub('1', 'l').sub('0', 'O')
+
+      # Add extra characters
+      code += 'abc123qwerty'
+
+      click_acknowledge_personal_key
+      page.find(':focus').fill_in with: code
+
+      path_before_submit = current_path
+      within('[role=dialog]') { click_on t('forms.buttons.continue') }
+      expect(current_path).not_to eq path_before_submit
+    end
   end
 end